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1、Chapter 7 Sense Relations Between Words 7Synonymy同义关系 7.2Antonymy反义关系 7.3Hyponymy上下义关系 7.4Semantic Field 语义场7.1 SynonymySynonyms: words differing in sound fonn but identical or similar in meaning.* Synonymy: a relationship of sameness of meaning5 that may hold between two words. Synonym: a word that
2、 means the same as anothe匚*Or exactly one of two or more words which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning. Kinds of synonymsThere are two kinds of synonyms1) Complete synonyms: are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects.*Theyre rare.Two words are totally synonyms
3、only if they are fully identical in meaning and interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative ,affective and stylistic meanings . Eg. spirants fricative (phonetics ) caecitis -typhlitis (medicine ) vvord-formation - word-building (lexicology )2) Relative synonyms : a
4、lso called quasi-synonyms.Differ from complete synonyms in the following respects:a) In degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning;Eg. small .tiny .diminutive .minute .microscopic .infinitesimal -一they denote different degrees of smallnessanger .rage 9fuiy .indignation .wrath -they denote the
5、emotional excitement induced by intense displeasure .b) In affective meaning, and stylistic meaning;i. affective meaning(emotive meaning )Eg. little -smalllittle -emotion is associate with the designationsmall -has no affective meaningthrifty /frugal -niggardly /miserlyblack -niggerii. stylistic mea
6、ning: words which refers to the same thing but belong to different stylistic layers :neutral (common ),colloquial,literary ,slang ,vulgar ,scientific and technical ,ect Eg. chide (literary )berate (neutral ) scold (neutral) blame (neutral) carpet (colloquial ,esp. BrE) tell (colloquial) bawl out (Am
7、E.,slang )c) In collocation and distribution:Eg. pretty -girl /child /flower /garden /colour /village/cottagehandsome -boy /masterpiece /car /table /overcoat /airliner /housed) Some sets of synonyms belong to different dialects of the language Synonymous patternsa) The double scale patternEgNativeLa
8、tinfriendshipamityhelpaidinnerconcealsameidenticalb) The triple scale patternEgNativeFrenchLatinaskquestioninterrogatefireflameconflagrationfearterrortrepidationgoodnessvirtueprobityholysacredconsecrated The choice and appropriate use of synonyms1) Difference in denotationSynonyms may differ in the
9、range and intensity of meaning Some words have a wider range of meaning than prehend / understandextend / increase / expandlauh: chortle, chuckle, giggle, guffaw, snicker/sniper, titter2) Difference in connotation.By connotation, we mean the stylistic and emotive coloring of words. Some words share
10、the same denotation but differ in their stylistic (emotional) appropriateness.unlike / dissimilar homely / domesticLook at that lovely little boy.Look at that small boy.Look at that tiny boy.3) Difference in application.Many words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage in simple4) Differen
11、ce in applicationMany words are synonymous in meaning but different in usage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into different sentence patterns (distribution: pre- or post- modifier).empty (box, street, room), vacant (seat, chair, apartment), blank (check, a blank sheet of pa
12、per) accuse.of, charge.with, rebuke.for, reproach.with/for水synonyms also includes three other aspects:(1) synonyms of different word-class (jealous -jealousy)(2) words synonymous with phrases (to tolerate -to put up with )(3) different sentence patterns expressing roughly the same ideaeg. He was the
13、 sole provider of the family He alone had to support the family .He was the only person to provide for the family .7-2 Antonymy反义关系Antonyms: words which are opposite in meaning.(opDOsiteness of meaning ) Types of antonymsA. antonyms classified on the basis of semantic contrasta) Contraries相对反义词Anton
14、yms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes. The two opposites are gradable.-hot, warm, cool, cold-beautiful, pretty, good-looking, plain, ugly- old-young, open-close, big-small, poor-richb) Complementaries绝对反义词/互补反义词These antonyms truly represent oppos
15、iteness. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them (non-gradable).The assertion of one is the denial of the other.-dead-alive, approval-disapprovalpresent-absent,male-female,true-false,capable-incapable一 Prefixes: dis-, in-, il-, ir-, im
16、-, un-c) Coversives换位反义词/关系反义词This third type consists of relational opposites, one member of the antonyms pair presupposes the other member.一 Husband-wife, fiance-fiancee, employer-employee, debtor-creditor- Above-below, in front of-behind, up-down一 Buy-sell, give-receive, go-come, gain-loseB. anto
17、nyms classified on the basis of the morphological structurea) Marked and unmarked members (有标记项和无标记项)E.g.： tiger(unmarked), tigress(marked) The unmarked member is used much more widely than merely as a contrast with the marked one, which is more specific in denotation. Old/young;“How old/young are y
18、ou? big/small; How big ? wide/naiTow; “How wide .?M Heavy/light*The cover teim is called unmarked, i.e. usual; and the covered marked, or unusual.b) Some words without antonyms*Not all words have antonyms:Eg. House, window, forest, hook, coal.d) Different antonyms under different circumstanceEg. an
19、old man -a young man a thin slice -a thick slice a tall building -a low buildingan old house -a modern /new house a thin man -a fat mana tall man -a short mane) Lexical antonyms vs syntactic negationLexical antonyms is often stronger than syntactic negation.(using not)Eg. impossible -not possibleunf
20、air -not fair disloyal-not loyal to disobey -not to obeyf) Word order of antonymous pairs Eg.heaven and earth 天地 man and wife 夫妻 cause and effect 因果 come and go 来去 far and near /wide 远近 black and white 黑白 thick and thin 厚薄fire and water 水火 heat and cold 寒暑 eat and drink 饮食 right and left 左右 rich and
21、 poor 聘夫 old and new 新旧 heavy and light 轻重 sooner or later 迟早 Use of antonymsAntonyms are often used for the sake of contrast to impress one s listeners or readers.Eg. in proverbial sayingsSweet as honey .bitter as gall .Art is long Jife is shortMore haste .less speed Light come ,light go .7.3 Hypon
22、ymy上下义关系Hyponymy: is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical itemsEg.cat is a hyponymy of animal flute of instrument .chair of furnitureThis sense relation may be shown by the following diagram：foodmeatvegetableBeef pork muttoncelery spinach cabbage apple orangeFood is a
23、superordinate （上 义i司），meat, vegetable and fruit are hyponyms（卜 义词）or subordinates of food, and they are co-hyponyms（共下 义词）.But their status either as superordinate or subordinate is relative to other terms.7.4 Semantic Field 语义场Semantic Field Theory语义场理论德国Jost Trier 20世纪30年代 The set of terms which a
24、re hyponyms of the same superordinate terms are called co-hyponyms, which are also knows as semantic fields. The words of language can be classified into sets which are related to conceptual fields and divide up the semantic space or the semantic domain in certain ways. For example, apple, pear, dat
25、e and etc. make up the semantic field ofufruits, The German linguist Jost Trier saw vocabulary as an integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sensei Therefore, the words of language can be classified into semantically related sets of fields.Eg. -Semantic field of colours: red, orange.-Semantic f
26、ield of kinship: son,fat her.-The semantic field of kinship: father, mother, son, daughter, brother, sister. 联系性 I like lemon. orange, apple, grapered, black, green禽兽层次性鸟、鱼、昆虫、哺乳动物I猪、牛、马 Characteristics1) Words in the same field are joined by a common semantic feature, such as the concept of color o
27、r of the kinship.2) Word frequency in the same field varies,e.g. in the field of color:The words with the highest frequency: white, black, green, blue, red, yellowThe ones with the second highest frequency: pink, orange, scarlet, crimson, violet The ones with the least frequency: lemon, emerald, san
28、dy, coral3) Words of the same field are semantically interdependent: the meaning of one word in a semantic field is limited by the meaning of its neighbors, or is determined by the position the word occupies in the field. Only the neighbouring words can identify the semantic fieldLemon: orange, apple, bananaLemon: red, orange, blueI like lemon.4) Words in the same semantic field are likely to have a number of collocations in common.(raw / taste /fiy)pork, beef, mutton