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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 薄冰初中英语语法之 非谓语动词主 编 薄 冰 执行主编 秦桂枝 王 璐 孙晓芳山西教育出版社2014年第四版出 版 人 雷俊林 出版策划 苗补坤责任编辑 仇小燕ISBN 978-7-5440-5629-8 语法学习交流微平台 纸介图书京东旗舰店 纸介图书天猫旗舰店 百度阅读手持媒体免费读丨学英语,凭什么让我学语法吗?不时听到一些青年问道:学英语一定要学语法吗?语法应该怎么学呢?我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。对中国学生来说,尤其是成年人,我看是学点语法好。语法,顾名思义,乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法,尤其是一些基本法则,至少有下列几个好处:第一可以使你学得快
2、些,因为已有现成的前人总结的法则,用不着你从头摸索。第二可以使你学得透些,因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然,而且可以知其所以然。第三可以使你学得准些,因为语法法则就是一条条准绳,可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。第四语法不但可以引你入门,更可以引你入胜,使你逐渐眼界开阔,语感加深,从而使你的英语水平不断提高。丨那么应该如何学习语法呢?我认为在学习语法过程中,应该注意下面几点:第一基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时,一定要把它的基本概念搞清,牢记在心。第二要大量地实践,大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面,练习要着重说和写。第三学习语法时,应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名词的单
3、、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较,效果就比较好。 第四要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法,就不必钻牛角尖,进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。第五将一本语法书通读一遍,当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书,像词典一样地经常查阅,始能学得比较细致牢靠。第六实用英语语法只应是入门的向导,像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后,就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑,影响你说和写的流利性。最后可能还会有人说,语法应该学,就是太枯燥。我的感觉是:开头有点枯燥,过些时候,就会像嚼橄榄似的,越学越有味了。如若不信,请试试看。 薄冰初中英语语法之非谓语动词目 录1 动词不定式
4、动词不定式的构成和特征 动词不定式的句法功能 动词不定式的否定形式 动词不定式与疑问词连用的作用 动词不定式的复合结构 动词不定式的语态2 分词 分词作表语 分词作宾语补足语 分词作定语3 动名词 作主语 作宾语4 动名词与不定式作直接宾语的比较5 单元练习 Unit 13 非 谓 语 动 词 非谓语动词在句中不可单独用作谓语,不受主语人称和数的限制,在句中可以用作其他句子成分。由于非谓语动词不受主语的限制,没有时态和语态,所以又叫非限定动词,而谓语动词的形式受到主语的限制,具有时态和语态,又叫限定动词。非谓语动词有三种形式:动词不定式、动名词和分词。131 动词不定式1. 动词不定式的构成和
5、特征动词不定式的基本形式是“to动词原形”,有时可以不带to。动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能作谓语。但不带to的动词不定式可以和助动词或情态动词构成谓语。动词不定式仍具有动词的特点,它可以跟宾语或状语,动词不定式和它的宾语或状语构成不定式短语。如:to play football 踢足球to fly a kite 放风筝to ride a bike 骑自行车2. 动词不定式的句法功能动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征,因此在句子中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语和状语等。作主语To give is better than to take. 奉献总比索取好。To play fo
6、otball in the street is dangerous. 在街上踢足球是危险的。而现代英语中通常采用这样的句型:It is adj. (for sb. ) to do (sth. ).这个句子中It是形式主语,真正的主语是复合结构for sb. to do sth.。使用这种结构,主要是为了使句子平稳,以免头重脚轻。如:It is necessary for you to take enough exercise. 你们必须积极锻炼身体。It is often difficult to stop smoking. 戒烟常常很难。注意(1) 如果所使用的形容词说的是某人sb. 的情况
7、,在逻辑上可以作sb. 的表语,则sb. 前应加介词of。Its kind of you to say so. (相当于You are kind to say so.) 你这么说真是太好了。It is so good of your friend to help me tonight. (相当于Your friend is so good to help me tonight. ) 今晚有你朋友帮我真是太好了。It is difficult for them to learn to swim in such a short time. 他们在这么短的时间里学会游泳是很困难的。(这里的for不能
8、改为of,不能说It is difficult of them to learn.)(2) right后多用介词for;wrong后多用介词of。如:It was right for him to do so. 他这样做是对的。It was wrong of him to do so. 他这样做是错的。Its bad for you to_in bed. A. readB. and readingC. to readD. reading【答案选A】译文:躺在床上看书对你有害处。作表语(1) 不定式作表语常用来表示预定要发生的动作,也可用来表示未来的可能性和假设。如:Your work is t
9、o study hard. 你的工作就是努力学习。(2) be about不定式作表语也具有将来的含义。如:Many of the birds are about to die. 许多的鸟类濒临灭绝。He is about to leave. 他就要动身了。I didnt think he was about to pass the exam. 我原以为他考试会不及格。注意 当不定式所作的表语仅用来说明主语的内容时,这个不定式只作单纯的表语,而不具有未来的含义。如: As I was a cleaner,my job was to clean streets. 正因为我是个清洁工,我干的活儿就
10、是打扫街道。 His wish was to become a film star. 他的愿望是当一个电影明星。作宾语(1) 大部分动词,既能用动名词作宾语,又能用不定式作宾语,但有一部分动词,只能用不定式作宾语。这些常见的动词有:wish,try,fail,hope,need,promise,want,know,help,learn等。如:I dont know where to go. 我不知道应该往哪里走。Children like to play with yo-yos. 孩子们喜欢玩溜溜球。He began to eat and drink. 他开始又吃又喝。Im sorry, I
11、failed to catch up with others. 很抱歉,我没能追上别人。The patients hope to see the famous doctor soon. 病人们想尽快见到那个名医。I dont know whether to cry or not. 我不知道是哭还是笑。(“是还是”句型为whether.or not,接to不能用if.or not)(2) 在复合宾语中,当不定式作直接宾语,而后面还有宾语补足语时,这时可以把不定式放在补足语后面,而用形式宾语it代替它。如:I find it easy to learn English well. 我发现要把英语学
12、好很容易。We think it our duty to help the people in trouble. 我们认为帮助困境中的人是我们的职责。The weather makes it difficult for us to finish the work in time. 这种天气使我们很难按时完成任务。(3) 某些结构后面必须使用不带to的动词不定式。常见的有:would you please 请您;had bette(best)最好还是;may just as well还是的好;would (had) rather宁愿;would sooner宁愿;rather than而不是,等
13、。如:He preferred to go fishing rather than go skating with them. 他想去钓鱼,而不跟他们去滑冰。As you are not feeling like reading you may just as well play football with your friends. 既然 你不喜欢阅读,你还是和朋友们踢足球吧。He said he would rather not stay at home. 他说他不愿待在家里。(4) but,than,except后可跟带to的不定式,也可跟不带to的不定式。如:He could do n
14、othing but wait. 他别无他法只有等待。比较:He had no choice but to wait. 他别无选择只有等待。The artist does nothing else than draw. 画家只是作画。His father did nothing except play chess all day long. 他爸爸整天除了下棋之外,什么都不做。He can not but say goodbye to me. 他不得不向我道别。Ive made it possible for my computers_ the same programs by means o
15、f networking.A. to shareB. shareC. sharedD. shares【答案选A】译文:通过网络,我的电脑也拥有了相同的程序。作宾语补足语英语中有许多动词可用不定式作宾语补足语,常见的动词有:advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,choose,drive,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,get,help,invite,let,have,hear,make,notice,order,prefer,remind,see,teach,tell,think,urge,want,warn等。如:Father asked
16、Jim to open the door. 爸爸让吉姆去开门。What do you advise me to do? 你看我该怎么办?The teacher told Mary not to be late for school again. 老师告诉玛丽上学别再迟到了。1. Internet bars mustnt let people under 18 in or let anybody_bad things.A. watchB. to watchC. watchingD. watches【答案选A】译文:网吧不允许未满18岁的人进入,也不允许人们观看不健康的东西。2. Liu Ying
17、 told me_for her at home.A. waitsB. waitC. to waitD. waiting【答案选C】译文:刘英让我在家等她。3. Jim asked Lin Feng_forget to change water. A. to notB. dontC. notD. not to【答案选D】译文:吉姆让林峰不要忘记换水。注意(1) 动词make,let,hear,watch,see,feel,have,notice等动词后面作宾语补足语的不定式一般不带to。如:The old tiger made one of the smaller animals bring
18、him something to eat every day. 老虎每天逼迫一只小动物给它带吃的来。I let him do it. 我让他做这件事。I heard her cry in her room last night. 我昨晚听见她在她房间哭。I watched the man take a book out of the reading room. 我发现这人带着一本书出了阅览室。Did you see Jack take the medicine? 你看见杰克服药了吗?We felt the earth move just now. 我们刚才感到地在摇晃。Ill have Mik
19、e cook for you. 我将让迈克为你做饭。She often helps her parents do housework. 她经常帮助父母做家务。I noticed a woman jump into the river. 我看见一位妇女跳进了河里。(2) 作动词help的宾语补足语,动词不定式可以带to,也可以不带to。如:Will you please help me (to) carry the box upstairs? 请你帮我把箱子搬到楼上好吗?作定语He was the first one to arrive. 他是第一个到的。Do you have anything
20、 to say? 你还有什么要说的吗?The little girl has a wish to see the sea. 小女孩想见一见大海。注意作定语的不定式,与被它修饰的名词之间有时存在主谓或动宾关系,有时表示动作发生的地点、使用的工具,这时不定式后常加一个介词。如:We havent decided which piece of music to listen to. 我们还没有决定去听哪支曲子。Im thirsty. Give me something to drink. 我很渴,给我一些东西喝。Little Tom found no one to play with. 小汤姆找不到
21、人和他玩耍。I havent got a chair to sit on. 我没有椅子坐。1. Shopping with me?Sorry. I have a lot of clothes_.A. to washB. washedC. washD. to be washed【答案选A】译文:和我去购物?对不起,我有许多衣服要洗。 2. Bill was a difficult person_.A. to get along B. to get along withC. get along with D. getting along【答案选B】译文:比尔是一个很难相处的人。3. They we
22、re the first_to China. A. to comeB. come C. coming D. came【答案选A】译文:他们是第一次来中国。作状语动词不定式在句中可作目的状语、原因状语和结果状语。如:Im very sorry to hit you, I didnt mean to. 很抱歉撞了你,我不是故意的。(原因状语)I come here only to borrow a book from you. 我是专程来这里借书的。(目的状语)He ran up to the shop only to see that the shop had already closed. 他
23、跑到商店发现已经关门了。(结果状语)He is looking for a room_. A. live inB. to live inC. to be livedD. living in【答案选B】译文:他正在找房子。(1) “too.to.”结构表示“太而不能”,后面的动词不定式具有否定的含义。The little girl is too young to go to school. 小女孩太小而不能上学。He is too fat to jump high. 他太胖不能跳得很高。A new car is too expensive for me to buy. 新车太贵我买不起。The
24、little girl was too frightened_ a word.A. not to tellB. not to sayC. to tellD. to say【答案选D】译文:那个小女孩太害怕,以至于不能说一句话。(2) “so as.不定式”结构表示“以便”,这时不定式作目的状语。而“so形(副)as不定式”是结果状语。如:She ate less food so as to keep thinner. 她吃得更少,想保持更苗条。(目的状语)His father was so angry as to be unable to speak. 他爸爸气得话都说不出来。(结果状语)(3
25、) 不定式作状语时,它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如:To catch the early bus,you need to get up early. 要赶早班车,你必须早起。3. 动词不定式的否定形式动词不定式的否定形式由“not动词不定式”构成。(1) 变动词不定式的肯定式为否定式,只需在不定式前加not。如:Mother told me not to go to bed late. 妈妈告诉我不要睡得太晚。I told the boy not to pass the ball like that. 我告诉这个男孩不要像那样传球。1. Our teacher told us_too much
26、time searching the Internet. Its bad for our health.A. not to costB. not to spendC. not to payD. beat【答案选B】译文:我们的老师告诉我们不要花费太多的时间在网络上搜寻,这对健康不利。2. Your father is sleeping. Youd better_.A. not to wake him up B. not wake him upC. not wake up himD. not to wake up him【答案选B】译文:你父亲正在睡觉。你最好不要叫醒他。(2) 当复合句中不定式
27、发生重复时,可用“to”代替后一个动词不定式。如:A:Did your father go swimming? 你爸爸去游泳了吗?B:No, but he planned to. 没有,可是他原计划要去的。Im washing my clothes now so that I wont have to on Sunday. 我正在洗衣服,这样我星期天就不用做了。4. 动词不定式与疑问词连用的作用动词不定式可以和疑问代词what,which,who,疑问副词when,how,where,why等连用,构成不定式短语,在句中作主语、宾语、表语等。如:How to cross the bridge
28、is a question. 怎样过桥还是个问题。(作主语)When to start hasnt been decided. 什么时候出发还没有决定。(作主语)Please tell me why to go there. 请告诉我为什么要去那儿。(作宾语)Ask my brother where to play tennis. 问我哥哥去哪儿打网球。(作宾语)The question is where to find the kind girl. 问题是到什么地方找到那个好心的女孩。(作表语)1. Im sorry. I really dont know_the clock.A. to m
29、endB. how should I mendC. what to mendD. how to mend 【答案选D】译文:对不起,我真的不知道怎样修表。2. I want to buy a digital camera online. Can you show me_the Internet?A. searchB. to searchC. how to searchD. what to search【答案选C】译文:我想在网上买一部数码照相机,你能教我如何在因特网上搜寻吗?3. Ill give a talk tomorrow. Im thinking about_.A. what to s
30、ayB. how to sayC. what can I sayD. how can I say【答案选A】译文:明天我将作一个讲演,我正考虑讲什么。 5. 动词不定式的复合结构动词不定式的复合结构为:for名词(或代词)动词不定式。for后的名词或代词,形式上是for的宾语,而意义上却是不定式的主语,这种结构在句子里可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。如:It is no use for us to wait. 我们只是等没有用。(作主语)It is impossible for us to do two things well at the same time once. 要我们一次同时
31、干好两件事是不可能的。(作主语)I dont think it necessary for you to buy such a good bike. 我认为你没有必要买这么好的自行车。(作宾语)I have bought the TV for you to watch. 我已经为你买了电视,可以看了。(作状语)My suggestion is for you to talk to him. 我的建议是让你去和他谈。(作表语)6. 动词不定式的语态以say为例,列表如下:时态主动被动一般时 to sayto be said完成时to have saidto have been said进行时to
32、 be sayingto be being said完成进行时to have been sayingto have been being saidThey seemed to have met before. 他们看来以前见过面。It is unwise for him to be saying so all the time. 他老是这样说,很不明智。The man is said to have been killed in a traffic accident two years ago. 据说这个男人两年前已死于一起交通事故。Does your shirt need_, sir? A.
33、 to be washing B. to be washed C. to wash D. being washed【答案选B】译文:先生,你的衬衣需要洗吗?132 分词分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种。它在句子中可作表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。现在分词具有主动和进行的意思,而过去分词则具有被动和完成的意思。1. 分词作表语(1) 现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别:现在分词常用来说明事物,过去分词常用来说明人。如:amazing令人惊讶的amazed感到惊讶的boring使人厌烦的bored感到厌烦的discouraging使人沮丧的discouraged感到沮丧的disappointing令人失
34、望的disappointed感到失望的exciting令人激动的excited感到激动的inspiring令人鼓舞的inspired感到鼓舞的surprising令人惊异的surprised感到惊异的interesting有趣的interested感到有趣的The story was exciting. 这个故事激动人心。We were excited at the story. 我们为这个故事而激动。The boy is interested in English. 这男孩对英语很感兴趣。The book is interesting. 这本书真是有趣。From his_voice,I ha
35、ve to say that he is_.A. surprising; surprised B. surprised; surprising C. surprising; surprising D. surprised; surprised【答案选A】译文:从他惊讶的声音,我不得不说他感到惊讶。(2) much常修饰过去分词,very常修饰现在分词。如:He was much tired of reading. 他对读书感到厌烦透了。The job is very tiring. 这个活让人极其疲倦。2. 分词作宾语补足语I saw the girls boating on the lake
36、. 我看见女孩们正在湖上划船。He spoke slowly to make himself heard clearly. 他讲得很慢以使别人听清他的话。The bus kept me waiting for a long time. 这辆车让我等了很长时间。The little girl saw the gorilla in the park_with a toy bear.A. to playB. playingC. is playingD. plays【答案选B】译文:那个小姑娘看见公园里的猩猩正玩着一个玩具熊。注意(1) have和get亦可用过去分词作宾语补足语,表示动作不是由主语完
37、成而是让别人完成。如:I had my hair cut yesterday. 我昨天把头发理了。Youd better get it done before Friday. 你最好在星期五之前让人把工作完成。(2) 许多动词可以带分词作宾语补足语,总结如下:see hear feel keep get find have notice watch like smell 3. 分词作定语过去分词作定语时,通常位于被修饰名词的前面,而过去分词短语作定语时通常位于被修饰名词的后面。现在分词也有类似的性质。如:the broken window 那扇破窗户the window broken yest
38、erday 昨天打破的那扇窗the fish burnt by you 被你烧糊的鱼the burnt fish 烧糊的鱼the animals living in this forest 生活在这座森林里的动物the living animals 活着的动物the sleeping baby 那个在睡觉的婴儿the baby sleeping in the bedroom 正在卧室里睡觉的那个婴儿the plane flying in the sky 正在空中飞的飞机the flying plane 在飞行的飞机133 动名词动名词具有名词的特性。它在句子里主要起主语、宾语和介词宾语的作用。
39、1. 作主语通常情况下表示一种抽象、泛指的动作,而不是一次性的具体的动作。动名词作主语时,常采用形式主语it。如:Skating on such thin ice is dangerous. It is dangerous skating on such thin ice. 在这样薄的冰上滑冰很危险。Sending some flowers to her will make her happier. It will make her happier sending some flowers to her. 送些花儿给她将会使她高兴一些。注意“There is no.”和“It is no.”这
40、两种结构中常用动名词。It is no use crying. 哭是没有用的。There is no use asking him to think of others. He is very selfish. 要求他为他人着想是没有用的,他很自私。2. 作宾语英语中有些动词只能接动名词作宾语,不能接不定式,这些动词有:admit 承认avoid 避开cant help 禁不住consider 考虑 be busy 忙于enjoy喜欢excuse原谅finish 完成mind介意practise 练习miss 错过suggest 建议I cant help crying. 我忍不住哭了。Wou
41、ld you mind my smoking here? 你介意我在这儿抽烟吗?I finished reading the novel. 我把小说读完了。I enjoyed working in China. 我喜欢在中国工作。Im practising speaking as much English as possible. 我正在练习尽可能多地讲英语。注意有些动名词可以作动词短语的宾语。常见短语如下:count on指望,依靠depend on决定于 give up放弃insist on坚持keep on继续 put off推迟persist in坚持rely on依靠 succeed
42、 in获得成功worry about担心object to反对 turn to求助于adapt to适应get to到达 afraid of害怕excuse for借口look forward to期望 be capable of能够be tired of厌倦have a reason for有理由 be interested in对感兴趣1. Theres going to be a basketball match next month. Youd better_ the ball into the basket. A. like throwingB. practise throwingC. stop throwingD. enjoy throwing【答案选B】译文:下个月将举行篮球比赛,你最好练习投篮。2. If you dont feel well, you may just_.A. stopped readingB. stop readingC. stopped to readD. stop to read【答案选B】译文:如果你感觉不舒服,就停止看书吧。3. After he finished_ breakfast,he went to school. A. to have B. having C. had D. has【答案选B】译文: