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1、精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上 薄冰初中英语语法之 助动词和情态动词主 编 薄 冰 执行主编 秦桂枝 王 璐 孙晓芳山西教育出版社2014年第四版出 版 人 雷俊林 出版策划 苗补坤责任编辑 仇小燕ISBN 978-7-5440-5629-8 语法学习交流微平台 纸介图书京东旗舰店 纸介图书天猫旗舰店 百度阅读手持媒体免费读丨学英语，凭什么让我学语法吗？不时听到一些青年问道：学英语一定要学语法吗？语法应该怎么学呢？我们就这两个问题简单地谈一点个人意见。对中国学生来说，尤其是成年人，我看是学点语法好。语法，顾名思义，乃是语言的法则和规律。学习语法，尤其是一些基本法则，至少有下列几个好处：第一可以使你
2、学得快些，因为已有现成的前人总结的法则，用不着你从头摸索。第二可以使你学得透些，因为通过语法对语言现象不仅可以知其然，而且可以知其所以然。第三可以使你学得准些，因为语法法则就是一条条准绳，可以用以衡量一句话是否正确。第四语法不但可以引你入门，更可以引你入胜，使你逐渐眼界开阔，语感加深，从而使你的英语水平不断提高。丨那么应该如何学习语法呢？我认为在学习语法过程中，应该注意下面几点：第一基本概念最重要。在学习每个语法项目时，一定要把它的基本概念搞清，牢记在心。第二要大量地实践，大量地练习。实践要包括听、说、读、写四个方面，练习要着重说和写。第三学习语法时，应多用比较法。如对动词时态、冠词、介词、名
3、词的单、复数等较难的语法项目进行相互比较，效果就比较好。 第四要将语法法则与习惯用法分开。碰到习惯用法，就不必钻牛角尖，进行徒劳的分析。而习惯用法在英语中则是大量地存在着的。第五将一本语法书通读一遍，当然也不无好处。但最好将它作为工具书，像词典一样地经常查阅，始能学得比较细致牢靠。第六实用英语语法只应是入门的向导，像一根拐棍一样。英语达到一定水平之后，就应将它扔掉。起码不要让许多语法条条充斥头脑，影响你说和写的流利性。最后可能还会有人说，语法应该学，就是太枯燥。我的感觉是：开头有点枯燥，过些时候，就会像嚼橄榄似的，越学越有味了。如若不信，请试试看。 薄冰初中英语语法之助动词和情态动词目 录 助
4、动词 助动词的用法 情态动词 情态动词的特征 情态动词的用法3 单元练习Unit 10 助动词和情态动词 助动词本身无词义或词义不完全，用来帮助主要动词构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定和疑问结构以及表示说话人说话时的各种情态。常用的助动词有：be，do，have，shall，will等。情态动词用来表示说话人的方式，表达说话人对谈到情况所持的态度。情态动词有自己的词义，但不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带to的动词不定式（ought除外）连用，没有人称和数的变化。常用的情态动词有can，may，must，ought to，will，shall，should，would，need，dare。101 助
5、动词1. 助动词的用法助动词be(1) 可用于构成时态，主要是进行时态。如：She is doing some shopping with her mother now. 她现在正在和妈妈购物。What have you been doing these days? 你这些天一直在做什么？There is going to be a birthday party at Anns tomorrow evening. 明天晚上在安的家将有一场生日晚会。The building is being built. 这幢楼正在修建。1. Charlie cant go with us because he
6、_a professor around our company.A. showsB. was showingC. has shownD. is showing【答案选D】译文：查理不能和我们一起去，因为他正带一位教授参观我们公司。2. Is this your coat, sir?No. Mine_over there near the window.A. hangsB. is hangingC. hungD. has hung【答案选B】译文：先生，这是你的大衣吗？不是，我的大衣挂在窗户附近。(2) 可用于构成被动语态。如：The basket was put in a car by the
7、 twins. 篮子被双胞胎放进了车里。The letter was received yesterday. 这封信是昨天收到的。1. Those eggs of different colors are very beautiful. Yes, they_in Hangzhou.A. paintedB. were paintingC. were paintedD. had painted【答案选C】译文：那些不同颜色的鸡蛋很漂亮。是的，在杭州画的。2. Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start.Im sorry, b
8、ut I_when to meet.A. dont tellB. didnt tellC. havent toldD. wasnt told【答案选D】译文：苏珊，你为什么还在这里，他们都准备出发了。对不起，但我不知道什么时候见面。3. On May 30th, 2005, one bowl in the Ming dynasty（明朝）_at the price of 30.36 million Hong Kong dollars.A. sellB. soldC. is sold D. was sold【答案选D】译文：2005年5月30日，一个明朝的碗卖到了30.36百万港币。(3) 可与
9、动词不定式构成谓语。如：Where are we to have supper? 我们在哪里吃晚饭？These books are not to be taken out of the room. 这些书不得带出室外。She is to leave at five this afternoon. 她应该在今天下午5点出发。注意(1) 人称的搭配：I： am，am not；was， wasntHe，She，It：is，isnt；was，wasntWe，You，They：are，arent；were，werent(2) be可用作实义动词。如： She is a famous doctor. 她是
10、一个著名的医生。助动词have(1) 构成完成时态。如：The twin brothers have not seen each other for ten years. 这对孪生兄弟已有10年未见面了。How long has your uncle worked in the factory?你叔叔在这个工厂里工作了多长时间？He had learnt English for three years before he went to the USA. 他在去美国之前，已学了3年英语。1. The Oriental Pearl TV Tower_ tens of thousands of v
11、isitors since 1995.A. attractedB. attractsC. has attractedD. will attract【答案选C】译文：自1995年以来，东方明珠电视塔吸引了成千上万的游客。 2. Since 2000，Nanchang has become a new city. Everything_.A. is changedB. was changedC. has changedD. had changed【答案选C】译文：从2000年以后，南昌变成了一座新城市，一切都改变了。 (2) 和动词不定式构成谓语，表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情。如：She ha
12、s to help her mother with the housework every day.她每天不得不帮妈妈做家务。I cant go swimming today, I have to go to see a doctor. 我今天不能去游泳了，我得去看医生。注意(1) 注意人称搭配：I，We，You，They：have，have not；had，hadnt He，She，It： has，hasnt；had，hadnt. (2) have可用作实义动词：We will have dumplings for supper. 我们晚饭将吃饺子。助动词do(1) 构成疑问句和否定句。如：
13、Does he do his homework after school? 他放学后做作业吗？Did you watch TV yesterday evening? 昨晚你看电视了吗？He didnt have a meeting last week. 他上星期没开会。I dont think you are right. 我认为你不对。注意(1) 人称的搭配：I，You，We，They： do，dont；did，didntHe，She，It：does，doesnt；did，didnt(2) do也可用作实义动词。如：He often does Japanese on the radio at
14、 weekends.他常在周末通过无线电学日语。(2) 用来加强语气。如：I do want to buy a sweater like yours. 我的确想买一件像你的一样的毛衣。Do remember to tell him about it. 一定要记住告诉他这事。(3) 用来代替动词词组。如：Have you washed your shoes? Yes, I did yesterday. 你已洗过你的鞋了吗？洗了，我昨天洗的。Li Lei plays football well. So does his brother. 李雷足球踢得好，他哥哥也踢得好。Who cleaned th
15、e blackboard yesterday, Dick?John_ .A. cleanedB. doesC. didD. is【答案选C】译文：迪克，昨天谁擦的黑板？约翰。助动词shall(1) 构成将来时态，单纯表示未来情况或征求意见。如：Shall we go to the zoo? 我们去动物园好吗？We shall have a football match next week. 下周我们要举办一场足球赛。Shall I have a cup of tea? 我可以喝杯茶吗？The room is so dirty._we clean it?Of course.A. WillB. W
16、ouldC. DoD. Shall【答案选D】译文：房间太脏了。我们打扫一下好吗？那好吧。 (2) 现代英语有一个明显的发展趋势，就是第一人称用shall表示将来时间已越来越少，大量使用的是will，它在陈述句中能用于所有人称，即使第一人称疑问句也用will，美国英语尤其如此。如：We will not go fishing if it rains tomorrow. 如果明天下雨，我们就不去钓鱼了。You will feel better after taking this medicine. 服了这药你会感到好一些。Lingling will be ten years old next y
17、ear. 玲玲明年就10岁了。Will I be able to go out to play games with my friends tomorrow? 明天我能和朋友们出去玩游戏吗？注意shall人称的搭配：I，We：shall，shant；should，shouldntwill人称的搭配： I，We：will，wont；would，wouldnt You，He，She，It，They：will，wont；would，wouldnt助动词will构成将来时，用于第一、二、三人称。如：They will go to England for a holiday. 他们将去英国度假。She
18、will not eat anything until her mother comes back. 直到妈妈回来她才吃东西。When will they arrive? 他们什么时候到？Where is your father going?He_to Australia on business.A. has beenB. has goneC. wentD. will go【答案选D】译文：你父亲要去哪儿？他将去澳大利亚出差。其他助动词(1) have to表示“不得不，必须”。She has to clean the classroom with her deskmate first. 她得
19、和同桌先打扫教室。They have to get up now. 他们现在得起床了。(2) have to 可用于多种时态。如：Mrs Read is too weak, so she has to take enough exercise. 里德夫人太体弱了，因此得进行大量的锻炼。My bike was lost, I had to buy a new one. 我的自行车丢了，我不得不买了辆新的。Im sorry I wont go skating with you, Ill have to go to buy a Chinese-English dictionary. 抱歉，我不能和你
20、去滑冰了，我得去买本汉英词典。Theyll have to stay at home because their son is ill. 他们将不得不待在家，因为儿子病了。(3) have to 的否定与疑问形式必须借助于助动词do，解释为“不必”或“有必要吗？”。如：We dont have to buy such an expensive TV. 我们不必买这么贵的电视机。She doesnt have to return this book to the library tomorrow. 她不必明天把书还给图书馆。Do I have to show my ticket to you?
21、需要我给你看一下我的票吗？My pen is lost， I_borrow one from my classmate.A. have to B. can C. mustnt D. may not【答案选A】译文：我的钢笔丢了，我不得不从我同学那儿借一支。注意(1) have to与must的区别：must是情态动词，意思是“必须”、“应该”、“一定要”，后接动词原形。must的否定形式为must not，可缩写为mustnt。mustnt的意思是“千万不能”、“千万不可”，否定语气很强，表示说话人强烈的要求和命令。如：We must work hard. 我们必须努力学习。Must they
22、 get there on time？他们必须准时到那儿吗？He must say sorry to me for that. 他必须为那事向我道歉。We mustnt go home too late. 我们不能回家太迟。You mustnt play football in the street. 你们不应当在街上踢足球。You mustnt eat only rice，not vegetables. 你不能只吃米饭，不吃菜。(2) 构成疑问句时，只需将must位于主语前，在句尾加问号即可，肯定回答一般用must，否定回答用neednt或dont have to表示“不必”。Must I
23、leave now？ Yes，you must. No，you neednt. (3) 注意与need的区别：need作为情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句，较少用于肯定句。I neednt wear a hat. 我不必戴帽子。I dont think I need wear a hat. 我想可以不戴帽子。Need I tell Tom about it？Do you think I need to tell Tom about it? 我要不要把这件事告诉汤姆？You neednt give it back before Friday. 你在星期五之前不必还我。You neednt worr
24、y about your children. They will be taken good care of. 你不必担心孩子们，他们将受到精心照顾。(4) need用作及物动词，其否定形式要借助于dont，doesnt或didnt，疑问形式要借助于do，does或did。如：We need some help. 我们需要帮助。Do you need any help? 你需要帮助吗？He doesnt need things like that. 他不需要那样的东西。(5) dont / doesn t / didnt need todont / doesnt / didnt have to
25、 意思是“不必”，表示没有义务或必要做某事。(4) had better动词原形（最好），表示建议和劝告，其简略式为d better。如： Wed better go and ask the policeman. 我们最好去问问警察。Wed better look up the word in the dictionary. 我们最好在词典里查查那个词。Youd better send for a doctor. 你最好派人去请一个医生。Youd better not go there alone. 你最好不要单独去那儿。 1. Can I leave my baby by herself a
26、t home when I go out？No, you_. A. should better not B. would better not C. had better not D. have to【答案选C】译文： 我外出时可以把孩子单独留在家吗？你最好不要。 2. My daughter was lost ten minutes ago. You_telephone the policemen. A. had ought toB. had betterC. should have toD. had rather 【答案选B】译文：我女儿10分钟前丢了。你最好给警察打电话。注意(1) 其否
27、定形式为had better not动词原形（最好不）。如：Wed better not read in bed. 我们最好不要躺着看书。(2) 疑问形式将had提前。如：What had I better do with the library book？ 我最好怎么处理这本图书馆藏书呢？(5) be able to表示某一个动作被成功地完成，否定形式为be not able to。如：He will come if he is able to. 他能来的话就一定会来。I shall be able to see you tomorrow. 我明天将能见到你。I wasnt able to
28、understand him. 我没能明白他的意思。He said he would be able to see me next week. 他说他下个星期能来看我。1. Ill_help him if he has trouble. A. couldB. canC. be able toD. may 【答案选C】译文：如果他有麻烦，我可以设法帮他。 2. Though it was raining heavily，we_get there in time. A. were able to B. could C. mustD. should【答案选A】译文：虽然雨下得很大，我们还是设法及时赶
29、到那里。(6) be going to表示意欲、打算做某一件事情。如：We are going to Beijing tomorrow. 我们打算明天去北京。Are you going to write to him? 你想给他写信吗？She isnt going to have a big birthday party next year. 明年她不打算举办大型的生日晚会了。When are you going to build a new house? 你打算什么时候盖新房子？Alice, why didnt you come here yesterday?芽I_, but my son
30、suddenly fell ill and I had to take him to the hospital.A. had B. did C. was going toD. didnt 【答案选C】译文：艾丽斯，昨天你为什么没到这儿来？我本来打算来的，可儿子突然生病，我只好带他去医院了。(7) mean to 表示意图、目的，相当于be going to。其否定形式借助于助动词dont，doesnt，didnt。如：Do you mean her to work the problem out by herself? 你是否有意让她自己算出这道题呢？He doesnt mean to thr
31、ow it like this. 他并不想这样扔。(8) used to 表示过去常常、而现在不再有的习惯。其否定形式为：used not to，usednt（usent）to，didnt use to。疑问形式为：Usedsub. / Didsub. use to?。如：I used to go to school by bike. Now I go on foot. 我过去常常骑自行车去上学。现在我步行去。He used to be a teacher a long time ago. He is an office worker now. 他很久以前是一个教师。现在他是一个办公室工作人员
32、。I have given up drinking. I used to drink too much. 我现在已经戒酒了。我过去常常酗酒。I used to make all kinds of things when I was a boy. 我小的时候常制作各种小东西。My uncle used to work in New Zealand but he is now working in Canada. 我叔叔以前在新西兰工作，但是现在他在加拿大工作。They didnt use （used not，usent） to have a lot more delicious food. 他们
33、过去没有很多好吃的。Used they to have a lot more delicious food? Did they use to have a lot more delicious food? 他们以前有很多好吃的吗？They used to have a lot more delicious food，usednt they?（didnt they?）他们过去常常有很多好吃的，不是吗？(9) fail to动词原形，表示“不，不能”，含有否定意义。如：He failed to win the boys 400 metres. 他没有获得男子400米的冠军。The little g
34、irl never fails to dress herself. 这个小女孩会自己穿衣服。(10) happen to动词原形，表示“碰巧”。如：I happened to meet an old friend of mine in the street. 我碰巧在街上遇到了我的一个老朋友。He happened to be at his office when I went to see him. 我去看他时，他正好在办公室。102 情态动词1. 情态动词的特征(1) 情态动词有自己的词义，表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度或主观设想。如：You may go now. 你现在可以走了。（表
35、示“许可”）Jim can play with a yo-yo. 吉姆会玩溜溜球。The door must be opened as soon as possible. 这个门必须尽快打开。（表示“必须”）You mustnt make any noise in the reading room.你不许在阅览室吵闹。（表示“不准”）1. Many people want to see you. So you_keep them waiting for you for more than two hours. A. neednt B. cantC. wont D. might not【答案选B
36、】译文：很多人都想见你。因此你不能让他们等候超过两个小时。2. You_read in the sun. Its bad for your eyes. A. mustnt B. neednt C. cant D. may not【答案选A】译文：你不许在阳光下看书，那对你的眼睛有害。3. Oh, I forgot to bring my dictionary with me. Thats all right. You_use mine.A. should B. must C. can D. have to【答案选C】译文：噢，我忘记带词典了。 没关系，你可以用我的。4. It_rain thi
37、s afternoon, but Im not sure.A. will B. can C. must D. may 【答案选D】译文：今天下午可能会下雨，但我不确定。(2) 情态动词不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带to的不定式（ought除外）连用，没有人称和数的变化。归纳如下：现在时 否定式 疑问式may may not Maysub. can can not Cansub. must must not Mustsub. ought to ought not（to） Oughtsub. towill will not Willsub. shall shall not Shallsub. ne
38、ed need not Needsub. dare dare not Daresub. 过去时 否定式 疑问式might might not Mightsub. could could not Couldsub. must must not Mustsub. ought to ought not（to） Oughtsub. towould would not Wouldsub. should should not Shouldsub. dared dared not Daredsub. (3) 情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式，这些过去式并不一定代表过去。如：现在形式 过去形式现在形式 过去形
39、式may mightcan couldmust had toought to will would shall shouldneed dare daredWe would like to eat mooncakes in the open air. 我们想在户外吃月饼。（表示委婉的语气）The man might not be at home. 那人可能不在家。（表示推测）1. You shouldnt go across the road without looking around, you_hit by a car.A. would B. might be C. surely D. li
40、kely had【答案选B】译文： 你不应该不看就跑过马路，你会被车撞倒的。2. I_like Chinese tea with nothing in it. A. would B. must C. need D. cant【答案选A】译文：我要什么也不加的中国茶。 2. 情态动词的用法may(1) 表示允许或征询对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。如：You may ride a bike now. 你现在可以骑车了。May I use your eraser? 我可以用一下你的橡皮吗？(2) may not表示说话人“不许可”。如：You may not go. I do not permit
41、you to go. 我不允许你走。_I borrow your MP3?Sure，here you are.A. MayB. ShouldC. MustD. Would【答案选A】译文：我可以借你的MP3吗？可以，给你。 (3) 在回答may引导的疑问句时，肯定回答用Yes，you may，否定用No，you mustnt / No，you cant 或No，you had better not。在表示“不可以”、“禁止”、“阻止”的意思时，常用must not（mustnt）代替may not。如：May I come in? 我可以进来吗？Yes, please. 请进来。May I s
42、moke here? 我可以在这里抽烟吗？Yes, please. （No，you mustnt. ）请抽吧。（请不要抽烟。）(4) may表示可能，通常只用于陈述句。may所表示的可能性比might大。如:You may be a farmer. 你可能是一个农民。It might snow this evening. 今天晚上可能下雪。(5) 在口语中，can可以代替may表示许可，而may比较正式。如：Work is over. You can go out to eat something with your friends now. 下班了，你现在可以和朋友们出去吃东西了。Can I use your umbrella? 我可以用一下你的雨伞吗？(6) might，could用于现在时，语气较为委婉、礼貌。如：Might / Could I ask you to dance? 我可以邀请你跳舞吗？can(1) 表示能力，有“能”、“会”、“能够”的意思。如：Can you fly a kite? 你会放风筝吗