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1、Attributive clauseG.ZCONTENT定语从句的构成要素先行词的判定和位置关系代词that, which用法Attributive clause很忙碌的老师很开心的老师busyhappy定语定语从句的构成要素Attributive clauseGrace is a teacher who is busy but happy.定语从句:从句作定语，修饰或限定人、物或事比较adj作定语和从句作定语区别定语从句的构成要素Attributive clause先行词被从句修饰或限定的对象关系词代指被修饰或限定的对象，在从句中充当一定成份Tom is my friend who is a
2、 dancer.Tom is my friend and he is a dancer.定语从句的构成要素Attributive clause先行词 关系词 Nobody likes people who are lazy. I dont know who you are. The news that she spread turned out to be untrue. The news that Russia will attack America turned out to be untrue. 解题：找先行词查从句定关系词定语从句的构成要素Attributive clause先行词的判
3、定和位置 先行词是什么？（1）名词，代词(one, those, he)e.g. The beauty of a woman is not in the clothes she wears, the figure she carries, or the way she combs her hair.e.g. English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it differently. e.g. This company brings out television, radio and n
4、ewspaper that are welcomed by many audience.（2）可以是名词短语Attributive clause先行词的判定和位置e.g. He said that a doctor from China had won Nobel Prize, which is true.（3）先行词也可以是从句e.g. Until now, we have raised 20,000 pounds for the poor children, which is unexpected.e.g. My boyfriend likes dancing with other gir
5、ls, which drives me crazy. （4）先行词还可以是一个句子，指代具体某件事Attributive clause先行词的判定和位置 先行词的位置The student in my class who hasnt come yet is a girl.There are lots of work to do,so questions will arise which have special answers.Attributive clause先行词的判定和位置 如何判定先行词（1）理解句子大意（2）关系词前找名词，代词，短语和从句Attributive clause先行词
6、的判定和位置 先行词可以是单词、名词短语、从句和一个完整的句子 根据先行词的结构和位置 先行词位置灵活Attributive clause关系代词that, which用法 that在从句中充当主语和宾语 Among the many dangers that sailors have to face, probably the greatest one is fog. I want to buy the car that was made by Germany. The woman that lives next door is vey beautiful.Attributive claus
7、e关系代词that, which用法 which在从句中充当主语和宾语 You will find taxis at bus station which you can hire to reach home. Mary has published two books, both of which are translated into different languages.Attributive clause关系代词that, which用法关系代词在从句中的成分搭配的先行词that主语，宾语（可省略）人或物which主语，宾语（可省略）物Attributive clause关系代词whic
8、h和that 只用that1.Which of the cars that are in the parking lot is yours?2.The bike and its owner that had run over an old man were taken to the police station.3.Id like to tell you something that will make you surprised.主句中中已有who或which时先行词有人又有物先行词为不定代词Attributive clause关系代词which和that 只用that4.He is the
9、 most handsome boy that Ive ever met.5.This the third time they have met.6.This is the very room that I slept very well in that evening.7.Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.先行前有最高级修饰先行前有序数词修饰先行前有the very，the only等修饰两个定从，其中一个已有which，另一个宜用thatAttributive cl
10、ause关系代词which和that 只用which1.This is the hotel in which you will stay.2.Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open.3.The fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh.关系代词前有介词两个定语从句，避免重复引导非限制性定于从句且指物Attributive clause关系代词that, which用法 The world that we live in
11、is beautiful. The world in which we live is beautiful. The world in that we live is beautiful.Attributive clauseexercises Is there anything you want to buy in town? This is the only thing we can do now. The house we live is very large. This is the question weve had so much discussion about. This is
12、the question weve had so much discussion.thatthatin whichthat/which/ about whichAttributive clauseexercises They are talking about the students and the school they visited yesterday. We havent got much we can offer you. The only thing we can do is to give you some money. Whats that is under the desk
13、? I saw a desk _ there was a book. thatthatthatwhichon whichAttributive clauseexercises All _ is needed is a supply of oil. A. the thing B. that C. what D. which 答案B 解析 先行词是不定代词all， 其限定性定语从句应由关系代词that引导，在该定语从句中充当主语。Attributive clauseexercises The newly built caf, the walls of_ are painted light gree
14、n, is really a peaceful place for us, especially after hard work. A. that B.it C. what D. which 答案D 解析 介词后只能用which或者whom, 先行词为物就用which 先行词为人就用whom.本题先行词为The newly built caf为物 就用whichAttributive clauseexercises 1.Is there any question _ troubles you much? A. which B. that C. who D. what 2.The last pl
15、ace _we visited was the Great Wall. A. which B. that C. where D. it 3.He talked happily about the men and books_ interested him greatly in the school. A. which B. that C. it D. whom B B BAttributive clauseexercises 4.This is one of the best books_. A. that have ever been written B. that has written
16、C. that has ever been written D. that have writtenAAttributive clauseexercises 5.He wrote a letter to me to tell me everything_ he saw on the way to the Paris. A. what B. that C. which D. where 6.Whos the lady _ you just shook hands with? A. what B. that C. which D. who 7.Im one of the boys _ never
17、late for school. A. that is B. who areC. who is D. which are B B BCONTENT非限制性定语从句关系代词who/whom/whose介词+关系代词的灵活运用Attributive clause非限制性定语从句 形式上I have a daughter who is a teacher.I have a daughter, who is a teacher. 语义上1）限制性定语从句对先行词有明显的限制作用，如果去掉，句义不完整或者完全失去意义。2）非限制性定语从句对先行词仅起补充说明的作用，如果去掉，并不影响句子意思。Attri
18、butive clause非限制性定语从句 例句The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company.Laura is going to marry Mark, whom she is falling in love with.Beijing, which is the capital of China, is very beautiful.Dogs, which are friends of people, are becoming more and more popular. Attributive clause非限制性定语从
19、句限制性定语从句限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句非限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切（删掉后影响意思的表达） 与先行词关系不密切（补充说明，删掉后不影响意思的表达）不用逗号分开 一般用逗号分开可用关系代词that 不可用关系代词that关系代词可省略 关系代词不可省略读时不停顿 读时停顿，用降调只修饰先行词，不修饰主句或主句的一部分 可以修饰主句或主句的一部分，此时 一定有逗号，只能由whichAttributive clause非限制性定语从句I have a daughter that is a teacher.我有一个当老师的女儿。I have a daughter, who is a te
20、acher.我有一个女儿，她是老师。可能有多个女儿就一个女儿Attributive clause非限制性定语从句 定语从句中，标点符号后不选？介词后也不选？ Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others, of course, made all the others upset. We have launched another man-made satellite, is announced in todays newspaper.whichwhichAttributive clause关系代词who/whom/whose关系
21、代词在从句中的成分搭配的先行词who主语、宾语人whom宾语人whose定语人、物Attributive clause关系代词who/whom/whose关系代词在从句中的成分搭配的先行词who主语、宾语人whom宾语人whose定语人、物that主语，宾语（可省略）人或物which主语，宾语（可省略）物Attributive clause关系代词who/whom/whose who/whom区别 I know a guy. He is a doctor. I know a guy who is a doctor. She is the girl. I will go Shanghai wit
22、h her. She is the girl who/whom I will go Shanghai with. She is the girl with whom I will go Shanghai.Attributive clause关系代词who/whom/whose There are 50 ss in our class and half of wear glasses. There are 50 ss in our class, half of wear glasses. who指人，在从句中做主语也可以做宾语。 whom指人，在从句中做宾语。 介词后只能用whom，不能跟who
23、themwhomAttributive clause关系代词who/whom/whose whose表所属关系whowhomwhose主格宾格所有格Attributive clause关系代词who/whom/whose whose表所属关系 Do you know Peter? His father is very rich. Do you know Peter whose father is very rich? He wants a room. Its window faces south. He wants a room whose window faces south. He wan
24、ts a room the window of which faces south.whose既可指人，又可指物Attributive clause介词+关系代词的灵活运用 There are 50 ss in our class, half of whom wear glasses. He wants a wants a room the window of which faces south. The world in which we live is beautiful. Its too late outside. There is nobody to whom she can turn
25、.Attributive clause介词+关系代词的灵活运用 The world in which we live is beautiful. We live in a world. The world is beautiful. There are 50 ss in our class, half of whom wear glasses. There are 50 ss in our class. Half of them wear glasses. 介词+which 介词+whomAttributive clause介词+关系代词的灵活运用 The girl whom you work
26、 is Cathy. The farm which we worked ten years ago is beautiful. This is the tree which we used to play games. Care of soul is a gradual process which even small details of life should be considered.withonunderduring/in根据从句选介词Attributive clause介词+关系代词的灵活运用 The ease with which Tom cracked the complex
27、was unbelievable. Tom cracked the complex sentence with ease. The ease was unbelievable.根据先行词选介词at the rate（ 以的速度;按的比率）; in the direction; to the extent（在范围/限度内）;by the means; in practice; to the degree（到.的程度）Attributive clause介词+关系代词的灵活运用 找准先行词 将先行词还原至从句 选择合适的介词将从句与先行词连接Attributive clause介词+关系代词的灵活
28、运用 He is the man you can depend. I wish to thank Professor Hu, help I would never have got this far. Have you found the book _ I paid $10? Have you found the book _ I spent $10? This is my pair of glasses, _ I cannot see clearly. on whom without whosefor whichon whichwithout whichAttributive clause介
29、词+关系代词的灵活运用 介词+关系代词中of的用法 English is a language shared by several diverse cultures, each of which uses it differently. The company, of which he was the chairman, has made a lot of money. We had a meeting the purpose of which was not clear. He wants a wants a room the window of which faces south.Attr
30、ibutive clause介词+关系代词的灵活运用 of在定语从句中表所属关系或整体与部分的关系。 常见结构：不定代词/数量词/形容词比较或最高级+ of which/whom，表示数量或某种特点。 all, each, either, neither, none, little, few, many, much, half, severalAttributive clause介词+关系代词的灵活运用 固定搭配的介宾短语 He may be late, in which case we should wait for him. He was a great writer, in whose
31、honor this statue was built. Attributive clause介词+关系代词 定语从句中介词不可以提前的短语 关系代词在定语从句中用作介词宾语时，介词既可置于从句之首，亦可置于从句之末。但以置于从句之首较为正式。如： This is the book for which you asked. 这是你所要的书。 This is the book which you asked for. 这是你所要的书。 如果介系词与动词或形容词组成固定词组时，介系词就不可以提前了，如： The old woman whom he is taking care of is my g
32、randmother. 他正在照顾的那位老人是我的外婆。Attributive clause介词+关系代词 凡是结构紧密含介词的短语动词，在定语从句中不能把介词提前到关系代词前，例如 look after, look for, take care of, be afraid of，等等。 1.含有介词的动词短语固定搭配一般不拆开使用,如：look for, look after, take care of等 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (2) This is the watch for which I am lookin
33、g.TFCONTENT关系代词中的异类as/but关系副词when/where/why练习Attributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but as引导的定语从句 As is known to all ,the earth moves around the sun. She is very careful, as her work shows.Attributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but As在定语从句中用法灵活： 位置：句首、句中、句尾 先行词：完整的句子 主语、宾语Attributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but As和which异同 Tom
34、 has found a good job, as/which we all hope.都可引导非限制性定语从句，可充当主语、宾语、表语Attributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but As和which异同 His mother is ill, makes him very sad. He has made great progress, makes us very happy.都可指代整个句子或句子中的一部分whichwhichAttributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but As和which异同 As is often pointed out, playin
35、g computer game is a two-edged weapon.as可在句首，which？Attributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but As和which异同 She is so nice a girl we all like. It is such an interesting book we all want to read. 当先行词前有so+adj.+a/an, such+(a/an)+adj.,the same 等词修饰时，只能用asasasAttributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but As和which异同 you expected,
36、 he arrived on time. is said about, he has gone over the difficult time.as在从句中作主语，常用系表结构或被动AsAs Attributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but As和which异同 He has succeeded in his career, we all hope. Her grandma died last week, made her very sad. As引导的非限定从含积极意义，与主句不矛盾，是顺理成章的关系若为消极含义，则用whichas/whichwhichAttributive
37、 clause关系代词中的异类as/but As和which异同 He has a new computer, he paid nearly ten thousand yuan.非限定语从句前有介词，只能用？for whichAttributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but As和which异同 As is well known/ as we all know As is said above As might be imagined As it reported As has been pointedAttributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but David
38、, you know, is a photographer. Zhang Yu is sleepy, is often the case. I may have to work late, case Ill telephone you. _is reported in the newspaper, talks between the two countries are making progress.asasin whichAsAttributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but as在定于从句中含有“正如”“由可知” She got married to Jack, was ex
39、cepted. She got married to Jack, was unexcepted.aswhichAttributive clause关系代词中的异类as/but There is no mother but loves her children 没有不爱自己孩子的母亲. There was no one present but knew the story already 在场的人都知道这个故事. but引导定语从句,在从句中作主语,意义上相当于 who not或that not,即用在否定词或具有否定意义的词后,构成双重否定。Attributive clause关系代词中的异类
40、as/but There was no one present but knew the story already 在场的人都知道这个故事 我们班上没有一个人不想帮你。 There is no one in our class but wants to help you 任何人都喜欢被赞扬。 There is no one but likes to be praised. Attributive clause关系副词when/where/why when引导的定语从句 由when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的词，如time, day, date等，when在从句中做状语。 可以替换
41、为 介词+whichAttributive clause关系副词when/where/why I will never forget the day when we first met. I will never forget the day when we spent together. I will always remember the days when I lived with my grandparents in the country. I will never forget the day which we spent together.Attributive clause关系
42、副词when/where/why The day when I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life. when指代on the day,因此when=on which Do you still remember the year when we worked together in the company? when指代in the year,因此when=in which Attributive clause关系副词when/where/why Ill never forget the days when I wor
43、ked together with you. when指代the days,因此when=during which Ill never forget the moment when I first met Mr. Wang. when指代at the moment,因此when=at whichAttributive clause关系副词when/where/why where引导的定语从句 由where引导的定语从句，其先行词1、主要是表示地点的名词，如building, city, room等，2、也可以是抽象名词。where在从句中作状语 可以替换为 介词+whichAttributiv
44、e clause关系副词when/where/why The hotel where we stayed was very clean. This is the house where I was born in. This is the mountain village where I visited last year. This is the mountain village where I payed a visit to last year. This is the house which I was born in.This is the mountain village (whi
45、ch/that) I visited last year. This is the mountain village (which/that) I payed a visit to last year. Attributive clause关系副词when/where/why where表示抽象名词，situation, point, stage, case I have gotten to the stage where I couldnt handle any more. He has reached a point where a change is necessary. You hav
46、e come to the situation where medicine cant help. Today, well discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly.Attributive clause关系副词when/where/why 1. To those successful deaf dancers, dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing. (天津卷) A. when B. wh
47、ose C. which D. where 2. Today, well discuss a number of cases _ beginners of English fail to use the language properly. (陕西卷) A. which B. as C. why D. where 3.After graduation she reached a point in her career _ she had to decide what to do. (江西卷) A. that B. what C. which D. whereDDDAttributive cla
48、use关系副词when/where/why 常见的抽象先行词有case/ condition/ point/ position/ situation/ scene/activity/job/race 定语从句中如果不缺主语或宾语，同时先行词又不是表原因或时间，考虑用whereAttributive clause关系副词when/where/why Why引导的定语从句 由why引导的定语从句，经常会用放在先行词reason后面，why在从句中做原因状语。 可与介词+which互换。 多为限制性定语从句Attributive clause关系副词when/where/why The reason why I got the job was that I worked hard. The reason I got the job was that I worked hard.for whichTHANK YOU