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1、词性与句子成分词性与句子成分 一、词性的分类一、词性的分类 一、词性的分类一、词性的分类 词性又叫词类（词性又叫词类（part of speech），英语单词根据），英语单词根据其在句子中的功用，可以分其在句子中的功用，可以分十个大类。十个大类。 十大词类十大词类名词名词-表示人或事物的名称表示人或事物的名称形容词形容词-表示人或事物的特征表示人或事物的特征副词副词-修饰动词、形容词、或其他副词修饰动词、形容词、或其他副词动词动词-表示动作或状态表示动作或状态代词代词-代替名词、数词代替名词、数词数词数词-表示数量或顺序表示数量或顺序冠词冠词-限制名词的意义限制名词的意义介词介词-表示名词、代
2、词和其他词的关系表示名词、代词和其他词的关系连词连词-连接词与词或句与句连接词与词或句与句1 名词名词 noun n. 2 代词代词 pronoun pron. 3 形容词形容词 adjective adj. 4 副词副词 adverb adv. 5 动词动词 verb v. 6 数词数词 numeral num. 7 冠词冠词 article art. 8 介词介词 preposition prep. 9 连词连词 conjunction conj. 10 感叹词感叹词 interjection interj. c = 可数名词，可数名词，countable noun的缩写的缩写 u = 不
3、可数名词，不可数名词，uncountable noun的缩写的缩写 pl = 复数，复数，plural的缩写的缩写 vi = 不及物动词，不及物动词，intransitive verb的缩写的缩写 vt = 及物动词，及物动词，transitive verb的缩写的缩写you happy three quickly student cut a at and oh 哦哦pron. adj. num. adv. n. v. art. prep. conj. interj. (感叹词感叹词)Ex. Write down the part of speech of the following word
4、s: 二、英语句子成分二、英语句子成分 句子成分句子成分:八大金刚八大金刚 主语主语 subject 谓语谓语 predicate 宾语宾语 object 宾补宾补 complement 定语定语 attribute 状语状语 adverbial （时间，地点，原因（时间，地点，原因） 同位语同位语 appositive 表语表语 predicative I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语（一）主语：（一）主语：一个句子所叙述的主体，一个句子所叙述的主体，表示句子所说的是：表示
5、句子所说的是：“什么人什么人”或或“什么事物什么事物”1. One-third is produced. 2. Running does good to the health.3. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.4. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.5. To swim in the river is a great pleasure.6. The rich should help t
6、he poor.7. It is necessary to master a foreign language.8. We often speak English in class.1. We often speak English in class.2. Smoking does harm to the health. 3. The rich should help the poor.4. It is necessary to master a foreign language.1.一般位于句首或谓语之前。一般位于句首或谓语之前。Is your father a lawyer or a do
7、ctor ? Has she got a big flat ?Shall we have a swim with your friends ?2. 疑问句中主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后疑问句中主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后 Sit down, please. Come in, please.3. 祈使句中主语常省略祈使句中主语常省略 Gone are the days when farmers live in the poor houses. No sooner had she given him a welcome than she went in to prepare him a
8、 meal. Only in this way can we solve the problem.There is a clock on the wall.Once there lived a king called Lear.There goes the bell!倒装句中主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后倒装句中主语在系动词、助动词、情态动词之后There be结构中主语在结构中主语在be动词之后动词之后挑出句中的主语。挑出句中的主语。 （二）谓语：（二）谓语：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。He practices running every
9、 morning.She takes good care of her sick mother.2、复合谓语：、复合谓语：（1）情态动词、助动词）情态动词、助动词+动词原形。动词原形。He can speak French very fluently.She doesnt seem to like dancing.（2）系动词）系动词+表语。表语。The film is interesting.He looked a bit excited.挑出句中的谓语。挑出句中的谓语。 （三）宾语：（三）宾语：宾语表示宾语表示动作的对象或承受者动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。一般位于及物动
10、词和介词后面。1. They went to see an exhibition yesterday.2. Please take them to the waiting room.3. I have three.4. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.5. He pretended not to see me.6. Mary enjoys .7. I think（that）he is fit for his office.（名词）（名词）（代词）（代词）（数词）（数词）（名词化形容词）（名词化形容词）（不定式短语）（不定式短
11、语）（动名词短语）（动名词短语）（从句）（从句）（1）双宾语（间接宾语双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）直接宾语） Lend me your dictionary, please.（2）复合宾语（宾语复合宾语（宾语+宾补）宾补） They elected him their monitor. We consider the answer wrong. 挑出下列句中的宾语挑出下列句中的宾语 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you lea
12、rn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.（四）表语：（四）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于和状态，它一般位于系动词系动词之后。之后。1. Yang Liwei is an astronaut.2. Thats all I want to tell you.3. Three times four is twelve.4. T
13、he weather has turned warm.5. The speech is exciting and the students are excited.6. His hobby is playing football.7. My job is to teach English.8. Our teacher isnt in. He is out.9. He is in good health.10. The truth is that he has never been abroad.挑出下列句中的表语挑出下列句中的表语- The old man was feeling very t
14、ired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon they all became interested in the subject.（五）定语：（五）定语：在句中修饰名词的成分在句中修饰名词的成分1. He is a clever boy.2. Your hair needs cutting.3. Theres only one way to do it.4. There is a baby girl.5. We can not use sleeping pills at random.6. The retired worker found life b
15、oring.7. Thats the way to do it.8. This is a map of China.9. Can you help me to clean the room above.10. The car thats parked outside is mine. 挑出下列句中的定语挑出下列句中的定语1. What is your name?2. I am afraid too many people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for
16、 the sound of the other shoe!状语状语(副词副词)的位置：的位置：1. She speaks French fluently.2. I usually eat breakfast at home.3. You neednt always help me.4. He is always complaining.5. The local people are very kind to the visitors.6. The room is big enough to hold 80 people.7. He never studies. Instead, he play
17、s all day.谓语谓语(+宾语宾语)后后频度副词位于被修饰频度副词位于被修饰动词前，动词前，be动词、助动词、助动词、情态动词之后。动词、情态动词之后。被修饰词前被修饰词前(enough特殊特殊)修饰全句或起连接作用的副词放在句首修饰全句或起连接作用的副词放在句首（六）状语：（六）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子或整个句子1. How about meeting again at six?2. Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.3. I shall go there i
18、f it doesnt rain.4. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care. （时间状语）（时间状语） （原因状语）（原因状语） （条件状语）（条件状语） （地点状语）（地点状语） （方式状语）（方式状语）状语的种类：状语的种类：6. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.7. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.8. He was s
19、o tired that he fell asleep immediately.9. She works very hard though she is old.10. I am taller than he is.（伴随状语）（伴随状语） （目的状语）（目的状语） （结果状语）（结果状语） （让步状语）（让步状语） （比较状语）（比较状语）挑出下列句中的状语挑出下列句中的状语 There was a big smile on her face. Every night he heard the noise upstairs. He began to learn English when he
20、 was eleven. The man on the motorbike was traveling too fast. With the medicine box under her arm, Miss Li hurried off. She loves the library because she loves books. I am afraid that if youve lost it, you must pay for it. The students followed Uncle Wang to see the other machine.（七）补足语：（七）补足语：宾语补足语
21、宾语补足语: 补充说明宾语，使句意完整。补充说明宾语，使句意完整。1. His father named him Dongming.2. They painted their boat white.3. Please let him in.4. The teacher advised the students to have a rest.5. I see her entering a supermarket.6. He just had his hair cut. 挑出下列句中的宾语补足语挑出下列句中的宾语补足语 She likes the children to read newspape
22、rs and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.八、同位语八、同位语同位语同位语 当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时同等位置时, 一个句子成分一个句子成分用来说明和解释用来说明和解释另一个句子成分另一个句子成分, 这个句子成分就叫做它的这个句子成分就叫做它的同位
23、语。同位语。We students should study hard. (students是是we的同位语的同位语, 都是指同一批都是指同一批“学生学生”)We all are students. (all是是we的同位语的同位语, 都指同样的都指同样的“我们我们”)划分句子成分划分句子成分1.You will tell your friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didnt dare open a window.3. Another time five months a
24、go, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.1.You will tell （your） friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didntdare open a window.3. Another time five
25、 months ago, I happened to beUpstairs at dusk (when the window was open).4. The (dark, rainy) evening, the wind, the thunderingClouds held me entirely in their power.主语谓语谓语间宾间宾定语直接宾语原因状语原因状语主语 谓语谓语宾语宾语状语划分句子成份划分句子成份1. The machine runs smoothly.2. Why he did it will remain a puzzle forever.3. They ha
26、ve set up a network of financial advice centre.4. Mr. Chen, the director of Grade 3, is known for his humor.5. The man went to the shop with all the money he had.6. He left here at six in the morning in order to catch the plane. 7. Our English teacher, Ms Wang, is very kind to us. 8. To our surprise
27、, he has changed greatly. 9. It is not a good idea to drive for four hours without a break. 10. She was the second to enter the reading room. 11. His hair has turned gray, and lines have appeared on his face. 12. She is looking into the box. 13. Mr. Wu told us a funny story yesterday. 14. He bought
28、me a pen. 15. We made him our monitor. 16. He asked me to help him out of the debt. “Im a big big girl in a big big worldIts not a big big thing if you leave me.But I do feel that I do will miss you much.”I can see the first leaf falling. Its all yellow and nice.Its so very cold outside like the way Im feeling inside.Outside its now raining and tears are falling from my eyes.why did it have to happen? Why did it all have to end?I have your arms around me wooh like fire.But when I open my eyes, youre gone.