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1、学术英语学术英语 医学医学Academic English for Medicine1Unit 3Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesDespite the progress in medicine,many diseases are still untreatable and incurable.It has been generally agreed that prevention is more cost-effective than the treatment of diseases.Here come some fundamental questi
2、ons:Which play a more important role in causing human diseases,genes or environmental factors?Why do people with good interpersonal relationships live healthier and longer?What are the major steps in developing a new drug?In this unit,we will probably find theanswers to these questions.2Unit 3 Preve
3、ntion and Treatment of DiseasesUnit ContentsLead-inText AText BText CListeningSpeakingWritingGet reading for Unit 93Lead-inIssues to be coveredTaskUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases4Lead-inIssues to be covered The common and special means of treatment and prevention of diseasesThe different
4、 roles of genes and environment in causing diseases The relationship between interpersonal relationship and health The major steps in designing and developing new drugsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases5Lead-inYour experience when you fell ill last time TimeVisits to doctorDiagnosisTreatmen
5、tUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases6Lead-inTask:Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluMyopiaHepatitisUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases7Lead-inTask:Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you k
6、now of the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluvirusesrest,clear fluids,cool damp washcloth to reduce fever,warm blanket to calm chills,cough medicine,antiviral medications,usually no need of antibioticsMyopiaprolonged close work,excessive reading corrective lenses,refractory surgeryHepat
7、itisviral(HBV,HCV,etc.),bacterial,parasitic,fungal infectionsalcohol,autoimmune,inherited antiviral medicationsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases8Text A Critical reading and thinking Topics for presentation Knowledge of the subject matter Useful expressionsSuggested answersUnit 3 Prevention
8、 and Treatment of Diseases9Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation1.How was Terrys life before she was diagnosed with(Pre.1)loved practicing Tae Kwon Doloved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournamentscompeted nationally,even winning a bronze medal
9、 in the trials for the Pan American Gamesattended medical school,practiced as an internal medicine residency,became an academic general internistmarried and got a son and a daughterUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases10Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation2.How much do y
10、ou know about MS and autoimmune disease?(Pre.2)Symptoms as mentioned by the authorloss of stamina and strengthproblems with balancebouts of horrific facial paindips in visual acuityUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases11Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation2.How much do y
11、ou know about MS and autoimmune disease?(Pre.2)Cause as mentioned by the authorthe assault of immune cells on the brain,with possible origin in genetic make-up or/and combination of environmental factorsTreatment as mentioned by the authorinterferon and copolymer-1Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of
12、Diseases12Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation3.What did Terry do before she self-experimented?(Pre.3)Picking up basic science such as cellular physiology,biochemistry and neurophysiologyReading articles about new MS drugs in animal models and neurodegeneration of all typesdem
13、entia,Parkinsons disease,Huntingtons,and Lou Gehrigs diseaseUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases13Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation4.What approaches did Terry mainly use to deal with neurodegeneration?(Pre.4)self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurode
14、generation based on literature reports on animal modelsself-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation still based on literature online search to identify the sources of micronutrientsreduction of food allergy and toxic loadUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases14Text A Critical
15、reading and thinkingTopics for presentation5.One example to illustrate the correlation between toxic load and disease(Pre.5)With 70%to 90%of the risk for diabetes,heart disease,cancer,and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than genetics,we can provide the real solution to many hea
16、lth problems and the health care crisis by changing our environment,for example,optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases15Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterthe surge of adrenaline(P55)medical school(P55)an inter
17、nal medicine residency(P55)an academic general internist(P55)to develop a chronic disease(P55)I had only two options:accommodation and acceptance of deepening disability despite optimal treatment,or increased involvement in my own health care.(P55)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases16Text A
18、Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterMy doctor said that genetics accounted for only 10 to 30%of the risk of MS;the rest(?)was due to some combination of unknown environmental factors.(P56)He never told me what I could do to address those unknown factors,only offering interfer
19、on and copolymer-1 to reduce the risk of relapse.(P56)It was increasingly apparent that,with time,becoming bedridden due to my illness was inevitable.(P56)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases17Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterI began my own study of the liter
20、ature,reading article after article on PubMed,knowing that the seeds for todays clinical care were laid years,sometimes decades earlier in the basic science literature.(P56)At first,I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models.(P56)articles concerning neurodegeneration of all t
21、ypesdementia,Parkinsons disease,Huntingtons,and Lou Gehrigs disease.(P56)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases18Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterI asked my physical therapist to let me have a test session.(P57)patient autonomyHe told me that e-stim(as he calle
22、d it)was not an approved treatment for MS.(P57)paternalistic approachI returned to the literature.(P57)I turned eventually to Google.(P57)Which is more helpful and to what extent is Google a reliant source of medical information?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases19Text A Critical reading an
23、d thinkingKnowledge of the subject matterI next looked more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms.(P57)Two stood out:food allergies and toxic load.(P57)I returned to the literature.(P57)Food allergies can cause a myriad of neurol
24、ogical and psychological symptoms,typically without any abdominal complaints,decades before diagnosis and are very difficult to identify.(P57)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases20Text A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressionsbouts of horrific facial painWhen I developed the foot drop
25、,the diagnosis was made:multiple sclerosis(MS).He said that fewer relapses would mean less disability,a greater chance that Id still be walking,working,and living my life as I once knew it ten years later.so I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones However,although my decline had slowed,I was st
26、ill declining.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases21Text A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressionsthere was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles.so I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones However,although my decline had slowed,I was still declining.there was
27、 no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles.It did hurt.A lot.I felt the best Id felt in years.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases22Text A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressionsMy therapist implemented a program of e-stim coupled with daily exercise.As good as the ar
28、ticle was,it did not list all of the building blocks needed for optimal brain health.The medical literature didnt have that information,nor did the registered dieticians with whom I consulted,nor did I see it in the food science literature.But he did let me have a test session.I turned eventually to
29、 Google,which did help me,nutrient by nutrient,to understand where various micronutrients I was taking by pill each day were located in the food supply.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases23Text A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressionsPhysician self-experimentation sometimes does not
30、 go as anticipated.The unthinkablethe unimaginablehappened,stunning me,my family,and my physicians.As a result,Ive changed how I practice medicine.Three years into my healing,I am again experimenting.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases24Text A Suggested answersTask 1 OverviewCritical reading
31、 and thinking1.D 2.literature,nutrients,stimulation,micronutrients,environmental Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases25Text A Task 1/Medical terminology Match each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.EnglishChinese Definition1treatment of disease through the
32、use of drugs2the quality of existing in several different forms3of or relating to an immune response by the body against one of its own tissues,cells,ormolecules4epinephrine,a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla5a polymer of two or more different monomerspharmacotherapy 药物疗法多态性polymorphism自体免疫的a
33、utoimmunecopolymer共聚物adrenaline肾上腺素Suggested answersLanguage building-up2Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases26Text A EnglishChinese Definition6a substance that improves the chemical activity of an enzyme7a substance that destroys weeds8a specialist in internal medicine9any of various disease
34、s characterized by thickening or hardening10the act or process of testing,trying,or putting to the proofsclerosis硬化（症）coenzyme辅酶herbicide除草剂internist内科医生trial试验Task1/Medical terminologyMatch each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.Suggested answers2Language buildin
35、g-upUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases27Text A Task 2/Signpost language SequenceLanguage building-upSuggested answers1.next 2.Then,Ultimately 3.At first,Eventually 4.NowUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases28Text A Task 2/Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A
36、.Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the text.Language building-upSuggested answersUltimately1 Jogging left me first._,standing for any time became difficult._,despite my use of the most current pharmacotherapies,walking and even
37、 sitting was tiring,so I needed a tilt-recline wheelchair.(Para.5)2 _,I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models._,realizing I could not access those drugs unless I was in a clinical trial,I turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types dementia,Parkinsons dise
38、ase,Huntingtons,and Lou Gehrigs disease.(Para.8)ThenAt firstEventuallyUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases29Text A Task 2/Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A.Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the original sentences in
39、the text.Language building-upSuggested answersNow3 Determined to optimize everything I could to help my brain heal,I _ looked more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms.(Para.15)4 _ I focus on teaching my patients how to optimize
40、 their nutrition,reduce their toxic load,and reduce their risk of food allergies.(Para.19)nextUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases30Text A Task 3/Formal EnglishParaphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.Language building-upSuggested answers1.Many things have happe
41、ned since then.I went to a medical school,completed an internal medicine residency,and became a mother of a son and a daughter.2.When I manifested symptoms of the foot drop,I was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis.3.He nevertheless allowed me a test session.It did hurt severely as he previously told
42、me.4.I am again experimenting three years after my healing.The only difference is that this time it is an IRB-approved protocol instead of self-experimentation.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases31 Text A Additional activity Group presentationAs an emerging branch of science,Social Neuroscie
43、nce is unfamiliar and mysterious to many people.Form groups of 4-5 to find relevant information about it and get ready for a presentation in class.The following prompts may be helpful to you:the definition of Social Neurosciencethe mechanism through which brain-to-brain link worksthe application of
44、social neuroscience to treatment of diseasesthe prospects of Social NeuroscienceUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases32Text BCritical reading and thinkingSuggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases33Text B Critical Reading and Thinking1.the friends relationship with his studen
45、ts(P37)He was not just inspiring in class but taking a genuine interest in themin their studies,their progress through life,their fears and hopes.A wide circle of former students count themselves among his lifelong friends;He and his wife have always welcomed a steady stream of visitors to their hom
46、e.Write down the information on the following topics.Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases34Text B Critical Reading and Thinking2.the discovery of mirror neurons(P66)Mirror neurons,a widely dispersed class of brain cells that operate like neural WiFi
47、,track the emotional flow,movement and even intentions of the person we are with,and replicate this sensed state in our own brain by stirring in our brain the same areas active in the other person.Mirror neurons offer a neural mechanism that explains emotional contagion.Write down the information on
48、 the following topics.Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases35Text B Critical Reading and Thinking3.Diamond and Aspinwalls research(PP 66)Psychologists at the University of UtahReviewed research data about coordination of emotions,cardiovascular react
49、ions or brain states between mothers with their infants,marital partners arguing and even among people in meetings in the past few decades.Offered the infelicitous term“a mutually regulating psychobiological unit”to describe the merging of two discrete physiologies into a connected circuit.Argue/con
50、clude that emotional closeness allows the biology of one person to influence that of the other.Write down the information on the following topics.Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases36Text B Critical Reading and Thinking4.significance of Cacioppos r