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1、系动词1系动词系动词又又称联系动词,作为系动词,它本称联系动词,作为系动词,它本身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必身有词义,但不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(须跟表语(也也称补语),构成系表结构说称补语),构成系表结构说明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。明主语的状况、性质、特征等情况。有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实有些系动词又是实义动词,该动词表达实义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:义时,有词义,可单独作谓语,例如:He fell ill yesterday.(fall是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况是系动词,后跟补足语,说明主语情况 He fell off the ladder.(
2、fall是实义动词,单独作谓语。是实义动词,单独作谓语。)21)状态系动词)状态系动词 用来表示主语状态,只有用来表示主语状态,只有be一词,例如:一词,例如:He is a teacher.(is与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)与补足语一起说明主语的身份。)2)持续系动词)持续系动词 用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度,主要有主要有keep,rest,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如:例如:He always kept silent at meeting.This matter rests a mystery.33)表像系动词)表像系动词
3、 用来表示用来表示看起来像看起来像这一概念,主要有这一概念,主要有seem,appear,look,例如:例如:He looks tired.He seems(to be)very sad.4)感官系动词)感官系动词 主要有主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如:例如:This kind of cloth feels very soft.This flower smells very sweet.45)变化系动词)变化系动词 表示主语变成什么样,有表示主语变成什么样,有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,runHe became mad aft
4、er that.She grew rich within a short time.6)终止系动词)终止系动词 表示主语已终止动作,主要有表示主语已终止动作,主要有prove,trun out,表达表达证实证实,变成变成之意,例如:之意,例如:The rumor proved false.The search proved difficult.搜查证实很难。搜查证实很难。His plan turned out a success.(turn out表表终止性结果)终止性结果)5I、常见系动词错误及其成因:、常见系动词错误及其成因:(1)漏掉系动词漏掉系动词 I afraid he wont c
5、ome tomorrow .(2)误用系动词误用系动词 His hair changed grey.(混淆了混淆了change 与与turn,grow)6II.系动词分类:系动词分类:一、根据系动词后所跟结构,分为两大类:一、根据系动词后所跟结构,分为两大类:完全系动词(其后只能跟表语的动词,如完全系动词(其后只能跟表语的动词,如be)和半系动词(其后既可跟表语作系动)和半系动词(其后既可跟表语作系动词用法,也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用,词用法,也可跟宾语或状语作实义动词用,如如look)He looked sad at the news.(“看起来看起来”,系动词用法),系动词用法)He l
6、ooks at a clever boy.(“看着看着”,实义动词用法),实义动词用法)7在英语中,某一动词是多义词,既有实义在英语中,某一动词是多义词,既有实义动词用法,又有系动词用法。常见动词用法,又有系动词用法。常见的的有:有:listen,look,touch,hear,see,sound,feel,taste,remain,keep,stay,turn,become二、根据系动词的意义,分为四类:二、根据系动词的意义,分为四类:A五大感官系动词五大感官系动词 B状态系动词状态系动词 C动态系动词动态系动词 D双谓语系动词双谓语系动词 A五大感官系动词,五大感官系动词,描述一种感官性质
7、。描述一种感官性质。由实义感官动词变化而来,都是半系动词由实义感官动词变化而来,都是半系动词81look“看起来像是看起来像是”,后接,后接adj.、n.、分、分词、介词短语、不定式等。词、介词短语、不定式等。The girl bit her lips and looked thoughtful.2smell“闻起来闻起来”,后接,后接adj.,分词。分词。The flowers smell sweet.3sound“听起来听起来”,后接,后接adj.,分词。分词。The music sounds sweet.4taste“尝起来尝起来”,后接,后接adj.,分词。分词。The apples
8、taste very good.95feel“摸起来,给摸起来,给感觉感觉”;“觉觉得得”,后接,后接adjThe silk feels very soft.You will feel better after a nights sleep.B状态系动词:状态系动词:1be,“是是”,完全系动词。,完全系动词。I am a student.2seem,“似乎,好像似乎,好像”,完全系动词。,完全系动词。They seem quite happy.103appear,“显得,看起来好像显得,看起来好像”,半系动,半系动词。词。He appeared tired and sleepy.It app
9、eared(to be)a true story.Now it appears to me that he may play an important part in settling the problem.(在我看来)(在我看来)4keep,“保持保持的状态的状态”,半系动词,半系动词,后接后接adj或介词短语。或介词短语。Youd better go to bed and keep warm.115remain,“仍是仍是”,半系动词。,半系动词。I remained silent.6stay“保持(某种状态)保持(某种状态)”,半系动词,半系动词,后接后接adj.、过去分词。、过去分词
10、。The window stayed open all the night.7.prove“证明是证明是”,半系动词,后接,半系动词,后接adj.,n.The treatment proved to be successful.12C动态系动词:动态系动词:都属于半系动词,描述状态都属于半系动词,描述状态变化过程。变化过程。1get“变成,变得变成,变得起来起来”,后可接形,后可接形容词、分词、介词短语。容词、分词、介词短语。The days are getting longer and longer.The train didnt get going again.Its nothing to
11、 get excited about.My watch gets out of order.132fall“进入(某种状态),成为进入(某种状态),成为”,后常,后常接以下形容词:接以下形容词:asleep,silent,ill,sickThe old man,unable to express himself,fell silent.My father fell ill and died.3grow“渐渐变得渐渐变得起来,长得起来,长得”You will grow used to it.Its growing warm.144turn“转变成(新的与原来完全不同的色转变成(新的与原来完全不同
12、的色彩或性质),变质(色)彩或性质),变质(色)”。Maple trees turn red in autumn.It was cloudy this morning,but fortunately it has turned fine.He has turned writer.(注意:此时(注意:此时writer之前无冠词之前无冠词a.)155go,“变成(某种坏的状态)变成(某种坏的状态)”The telephone has gone dead.The material has gone a funny colour.(奇怪奇怪)go之后常接的之后常接的adj.还有:还有:bad,blin
13、d,wild,wrong,sour,hard,hungry,mad,red,with,anger,white,pale,blue,grey166become“变成,成为(好坏均可的情变成,成为(好坏均可的情况)况)”He became angry with me.It became dark.They became good friends.I became interested in drawing.177come,“变成为(已知的状态),证实变成为(已知的状态),证实为为”,后接形容词或前缀,后接形容词或前缀un-的过去分词作的过去分词作表语,表示状态或情况的变化。表语,表示状态或情况的变
14、化。His wish to become a pilot has come true.If you look into the matter,everything will come clear.My shoelaces have come undone.后面常接的形容词还有:后面常接的形容词还有:apart,dear(昂(昂贵),贵),natural,open,untied(松开)。(松开)。188run,“变成变成”,后接,后接adj.The well has run dry.The price ran high.9make,“达到某种状态达到某种状态后接形容词后接形容词,如如sure,c
15、ertain,merry,bold,free We must make certain of facts.我们一定要弄清事实。我们一定要弄清事实。The Children make free with the apples.孩子们随便吃苹果。孩子们随便吃苹果。19D双谓语系动词双谓语系动词 此类系动词既有系动词的功能,后接表语,此类系动词既有系动词的功能,后接表语,又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如:又保留原实义动词本身的含义。例如:The run rose red.太阳升起红艳艳。太阳升起红艳艳。She stopped and stood quite still.The book lay op
16、en on the table.The snow lay thick on the ground.He married young.The window blew open.20III系动词用法应注意的八个问题系动词用法应注意的八个问题 1系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论系动词的进行时态应分情况讨论一般,状态系动词无进行时态,而动态系一般,状态系动词无进行时态,而动态系动词有进行时态。但在某些情况下,状态动词有进行时态。但在某些情况下,状态系动词也有进行时态,表示两个用途:系动词也有进行时态,表示两个用途:(1)表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如:表示一种短暂的、反常的状态。如:He is being
17、 kind.他装出和蔼可亲的样子(一时而不能持久的他装出和蔼可亲的样子(一时而不能持久的性质)性质)21(2)表示一种探询口气,使语言客气、生动、表示一种探询口气,使语言客气、生动、亲切。例如:亲切。例如:I hope you are keeping well.(语气委婉)(语气委婉)Are you feeling any better?(语气亲切)(语气亲切)试比较:试比较:Your hand feels cold.你的手摸起来冰凉(无意识的静态性质你的手摸起来冰凉(无意识的静态性质)不可以说:不可以说:Your hand is feeling cold.()22The doctor is
18、feeling her pulse.医生正在给她医生正在给她把把脉(有意识的动态动作)脉(有意识的动态动作)The soup tastes good.这汤的味道不错(静态性质,无进行时)这汤的味道不错(静态性质,无进行时)The cook is tasting the soup.厨师在尝厨师在尝汤的味道。(动态动作,有进行时)汤的味道。(动态动作,有进行时)总之,系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的总之,系动词有无进行时态应随系动词的意义或其语境变化而变化。在概述某一动意义或其语境变化而变化。在概述某一动词的进行时态时,不能笼统地说词的进行时态时,不能笼统地说feel,smell无进行时,应指出其意
19、义及其语用环无进行时,应指出其意义及其语用环境。境。以以smell为例为例23smell作作“嗅觉嗅觉”的能力时,虽是实义动词,的能力时,虽是实义动词,但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进但指的是一种性质的存在状态不能用于进行时态,常与行时态,常与can,could,be able to连用。连用。The camels can smell the water a mile off.骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。骆驼能嗅出一英里外有水。指指“嗅、闻嗅、闻”的动作时,实义动词,可用的动作时,实义动词,可用于进行时态。于进行时态。The girl is smelling the flower.24smel
20、l指指“含有含有气味气味”,“发出发出气气味味”等事物性质时,半系动词,无进行时等事物性质时,半系动词,无进行时态。态。The dinner smells good.252系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问系动词的时态与形容词的比较级连用的问题题某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如某些含有变化意义的动态系动词如get,become,grow,turn等的进行时态可与形等的进行时态可与形容词的比较级连用,表示渐进过程,其意容词的比较级连用,表示渐进过程,其意思是思是“越来越越来越”。He is growing taller and taller.Our life is getting better
21、and better.The things are getting worse.263所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论所有半系动词的被动语态要分情况讨论 某动词在作系动词用时,无被动语态,而某动词在作系动词用时,无被动语态,而作实义动词用时,才有被动语态作实义动词用时,才有被动语态不能说:不能说:The apple is tasted good.(因为(因为taste此时是系动词,此时是系动词,“尝起来尝起来”之意,之意,指的是苹果的性质,无被动语态)指的是苹果的性质,无被动语态)但可以说:但可以说:The apple is tasted by me.(taste此时指此时指“尝一尝尝一尝”
22、这一动作,有被这一动作,有被动语态)动语态)因此要注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中因此要注意半系动词在具体的语言环境中到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法到底是系动词用法还是实义动词用法 274瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题瞬间动态系动词能否与时间段连用的问题 某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与某些表示瞬间意义的系动词不能与“for+时间段,时间段,since+时间点,时间点,how long until+时间时间,by+时间,时间,so far”直接连用直接连用不能说:不能说:He has become a teacher for 2 years.应改为:应改为:He has been a te
23、acher for 2 years.28不能说:不能说:He has turned writer since 3 years ago.应改为:应改为:He has been a write since 3 years ago.或或It is two years since he turned writer.不能说:不能说:He got angry until his child came back home.应改为:应改为:He didnt get angry until his child came back home.295系动词能接几种表语(从句)系动词能接几种表语(从句)系动词除了接系
24、动词除了接adj.n.介词介词短语,某些短语,某些adv.以外,还可接以下几种表语形式:以外,还可接以下几种表语形式:能接能接as if/as though表语从句的系动词有:表语从句的系动词有:look,smell,sound,feel;appear(显得),(显得),seem(似乎)(似乎)It looks as if we are going to have snow.He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairy tales.It seems as if it were spring already.30可用于可用
25、于“It+系动词系动词+that从句从句”结构的有:结构的有:seem,appear,不可用不可用be,lookIt seemed that he had made some serious mistakes in his work.It appeared that he was talking to himself.能用不定式作表语的系动词有:能用不定式作表语的系动词有:be,seem,get,look,appear,prove,grow.Her job is to look after the children.He looks to be a young girl of twenty.3
26、1能与能与there连用的系动词有:连用的系动词有:be,appear,seem.There appeared to be only one room.There seems(to be)no need to go.326能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个:能用两种否定形式的系动词有两个:seem,appear.It doesnt seem that we can get our money back.=It seems that we cant get our money back.He seems not to be her father.=He doesnt seem to be her f
27、ather.The baby doesnt appear to be awake.=The baby appears not to be awake.337、几组易混系动词的区别几组易混系动词的区别 系动词的区别主要从两个方面作比较,一系动词的区别主要从两个方面作比较,一是其意义,二是其结构。是其意义,二是其结构。1)get,become,go,turn,grow“变成变成”get:“变得变得”口语。后接形容词、现在分口语。后接形容词、现在分词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式作表语,词、过去分词、介词短语、不定式作表语,但不能与名词直接连用。但不能与名词直接连用。become:“变成,成为(好坏情
28、况均可)变成,成为(好坏情况均可)。”后接形容词、名词、过去分词作表语,后接形容词、名词、过去分词作表语,不能与不定式连用。不能与不定式连用。34go:“变成(某种由好到坏的情况)变成(某种由好到坏的情况)”,后接形容词、过去分词、名词作表语。后接形容词、过去分词、名词作表语。Turn:“转变成转变成”强调与原来不同的、新强调与原来不同的、新的变化,如变质、变色等。后接形容词、的变化,如变质、变色等。后接形容词、不带冠词的名词作表语,后不接不定式。不带冠词的名词作表语,后不接不定式。grow:“逐渐变得逐渐变得”,强调其变化过,强调其变化过程。后接形容词、分词、不定式,不可直程。后接形容词、分
29、词、不定式,不可直接跟名词。接跟名词。352)look,seem,appear“好像好像”三者作系动词时在意义上的区别:三者作系动词时在意义上的区别:look:“好像,看起来好像,看起来”,一般用于非正,一般用于非正式场合,侧重指从本身外表特征上由视觉式场合,侧重指从本身外表特征上由视觉得到的印象。得到的印象。seem:“似乎,好像似乎,好像”,指说话人内心的,指说话人内心的估计与判断,有一定依据,接近于实际情估计与判断,有一定依据,接近于实际情况。况。appear:“显得,好像显得,好像”,常用于正式文,常用于正式文体中,指某事物或人给他人的表面印象,体中,指某事物或人给他人的表面印象,有时
30、含有实质上并非如此之意。有时含有实质上并非如此之意。36He looks like his father.(指其长相看(指其长相看起来相像)起来相像)He seems like his father.(指说话人从(指说话人从个性方面得到的判断)个性方面得到的判断)He appears like his father.(指他的外(指他的外貌、衣着给他人的印象)貌、衣着给他人的印象)373)keep,remain,stay“保持保持状态状态”keep作作系动词时系动词时,“保持保持状态状态”,后,后接接adj.或介词短语:或介词短语:alive,awake,cheerful,silent,dry,
31、well,fit,fine,close,clean,happy Have you kept well all these years?I hope it will keep fine.In order to keep fit,all students go in for sports.Wed better keep in touch.38remain,系动词,系动词“仍然存在仍然存在状态状态”,后接,后接adj.、过去分词、名词或介词短语,、过去分词、名词或介词短语,强调某种状态前后无变化。强调某种状态前后无变化。The door remained closed.门仍然关着。门仍然关着。You
32、r room remains like this.你的房间依旧是这样子。你的房间依旧是这样子。39stay,作系动词用时,作系动词用时“保持保持状态状态”,后接形容词、分词。,后接形容词、分词。That fellow stayed single.那个小伙子仍保持单身。那个小伙子仍保持单身。Its easy to stay hidden.躲起来很容易。躲起来很容易。后常接的形容词有:后常接的形容词有:calm,clean,fresh,healthy,young,open,awake,warm,fine,常可与常可与keep互换。如:互换。如:Stay/keep calm(clean,fine,h
33、ealthy,awake等等)40What you have said_.Ais sounded interesting Bsounds interesting Csound interested Dlistens interested The class begins.Please keep_.Asilent Bsilence Cthe silence Dsilently 41Look!Several people in the crowd seemed_.Ato be fighting Bto have fought Cbeing fought Dhaving fought How _th
34、e song she sings sounds!I have never _a better voice.Abeautifully,soundedBbeautiful,sounded Csweet,listened to Dsweet,heard 42Her feeling about the marriage _rather strange.Ais looked Bis seemed Cseems Dis appeared John _driver since two months ago.Abecame a Bhas become a Chas turned Dhas been a 437、The ice_ thick on the river.Ais lain Blay ClaidDlie 44