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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件I am going to speak about corruption,but I would like tojuxtapose two different things.我将要谈论腐败的问题，但是我想先将两件不同的事情 放在一起讲讲。00:12One is the large global economy,the large globalizedeconomy,and the other one is the small,and very limited,capacity of our traditional governments and theirintern
2、ational institutions to govern,to shape,this economy.其一是宏大的全球经济，全球化经济，而另外一个则是渺小的而且非常受限的 旧式政府 以及其国际组织 对经济的监控以及改造能力。00:19Because there is this asymmetry,which creates,basically,failing governance.这种不对称性的存在，基本上导致了 无能失策的政府。00:40Failing governance in many areas,in the area of corruptionand the area of de
3、struction of the environment,in the area ofexploitation of women and children,in the area of climatechange.政府的无能表现在很多方面，例如腐败以及环境的破坏，对妇女和儿童的剥削，以及气候变化，等等。00:50In all the areas in which we really need a capacity toreintroduce the primacy of politics into the economy,whichis operating in a worldwide are
4、na.在所有的这些领域中，我们真的很需要 端正政治在经济活动中的 首要地位 达成一个世界级的合作。01:03And I think corruption,and the fight against corruption,andthe impact of corruption,is probably one of the mostinteresting ways to illustrate what I mean with this failure ofgovernance.而我认为腐败 和针对腐败的反击 以及腐败的影响也许是最有趣的方式 来阐明我 对政府无能失策的看法。01:21speak a
5、bout:说到(谈论)juxtapose:vt.并列;并置 globalized:vt.使全球化 asymmetry:n.不对称 governance:n.管理;统治;支配 exploitation:n.开发,开采;利用;广告推销 reintroduce:vt.再引入;再提出;再介绍 primacy:n.首位;卓越;大主教的职位 arena:n.舞台;竞技场 fight against:v.对抗;反对;与作斗争Let me talk about my own experience.我来谈谈我的经历吧。01:34I used to work as the director of the Worl
6、d Bank office inNairobi for East Africa At that time,I noticed that corruption,that grand corruption,that systematic corruption,wasundermining everything we were trying to do.我曾经担任 世界银行在内罗毕办事处的总监 服务区域是东非 那时候我注意到 腐败，那种明目张胆的腐败，系统性的腐败 在不断侵蚀我们的努力成果。01:38And therefore,I began to not only try to protect t
7、he work ofthe World Bank,our own projects,our own programs againstcorruption,but in general,I thought,we need a system toprotect the people in this part of the world from the ravagesof corruption.所以，我开始 竭力维护 世界银行的工作成果，我们的项目，我们的各项企划 防止它们受到腐败的侵害 但总体而言，我认为，我们需要一种制度 去保卫 该地区的人民 使他们免受腐败的侵害。01:57And,as soo
8、n as I started this work,I received amemorandum from the World Bank,from the legaldepartment first,in which they said,youre not allowed to dothis.然而，一当我展开工作时，我就收到了世界银行法律部门 的一封便函 函内写道，你这样做是不被允许的。02:18You are meddling in the internal affairs of our partnercountries.你这是在干预我们合作国家的内政。02:28This is forbidd
9、en by the charter of the World Bank.这是世界银行纲领所禁止的。02:32So I want you to stop your doings.所以，我们要求你停止你的行动。02:35systematic:adj.系统的;体系的;有系统的;图情分类的;一贯的,惯常的 undermining:n.底蚀作用;潜挖;淘空;底切/v.在下挖坑道;暗中破坏;逐渐损害(undermine的ing形式)/adj.潜挖的;底蚀的 in general:总之,通常;一般而言 ravages:n.毁坏后的残迹;劫掠后的残迹;破坏的结果(ravage的复数)/v.破坏(ravage的
10、第三人称单数形式);毁坏 memorandum:n.备忘录;便笺meddling:n.干预;瞎管/v.干预;瞎弄(meddle的ing形式)/adj.干预的 doings:n.举动,行为;所做之事(doing的复数)In the mean time,I was chairing donor meetings forinstance,in which the various donors,and many of them liketo be in Nairobi-it is true,it is one of the unsafest cities ofthe world,but they li
11、ke to be there because the other citiesare even less comfortable.在那段时期，我正在主持 捐赠者会议 各类捐赠者都出席了会议 他们中的很多人喜欢待在内罗毕-的确，它是世界上 最不安全的城市之一，但是他们喜欢待在这里，因为其他城市 让人感觉更不舒服。02:38And in these donor meetings,I noticed that many of theworst projects which were put forward by our clients,by thegovernments,by promoters,m
12、any of them representing在这些捐赠者回忆中，我注意到，很多最差的项目 总是被 我们的顾客、政府、赞助人 他们其中很多人代表 北方的供应商，最先地 启动进行。02:56TED演讲者：Peter Eigen|彼得?艾根演讲标题：Peter Eigen:How to expose the corrupt|如何揭露腐败内容概要：As a director of the World Bank in Nairobi,Peter Eigen saw firsthand how devastatingcorruption can be.He.s founder of Transpare
13、ncy International,an NGO that works to persuadeinternational companies not to bribe.根据彼得?艾根所说，世界上一些最恼人的社会问题都可以归咎于已成体系的、普遍性的、政府与国际公司勾结而产生的腐败。在本次的TEDxBerlinn的演讲中，艾根向我们展示他的组织“透明国际”是如何对腐败现象进行有力的反击的。governments,by promoters,many of them representingsuppliers from the north,that the worst projects wererea
14、lized first.02:56Let me give you an example.让我来给你们举一个例子。03:14A huge power project,300 million dollars,to be built smackinto one of the most vulnerable,and one of the mostbeautiful areas of western Kenya.一个巨大的能源项目，价值30亿，将在 世界上最脆弱、又最美丽的地域之一，肯尼亚西部开始启动。03:16And we all noticed immediately that this proje
15、ct had noeconomic benefits.我们都立刻发现，这个项目没有经济利益。03:29It had no clients.Nobody would buy the electricity there.他没有消费者。没人会从那里购买电力。03:34chairing:n.椅子;讲座;(会议的)主席位;大学教授的职位/vt.担任(会议的)主席;使入座;使就任要职 donor:n.捐赠者;供者;赠送人/adj.捐献的;经人工授精出生的 donors:n.捐赠人(donor的复数);电子施主 put forward:v.提出;拿出;放出;推举出promoters:n.促进者;推广员;推销
16、商;激活子(promoter的复数形式)representing:v.代表;表示,表现(represent的ing形式)smack:n.滋味;少量;海洛因;风味/vt.掴;用掌击/vi.用掌击;带有风味/adv.猛然;直接地 vulnerable:adj.易受攻击的，易受的攻击；易受伤害的；有弱点的Nobody was interested in irrigation projects.没人对灌溉项目感兴趣。03:38To the contrary,we knew that this project would destroy theenvironment,it would destroy r
17、iparian forests,which werethe basis for the survival of nomadic groups,the Samburuand the Tokana in this area.相反地，我们知道这项工程 会摧毁环境，会毁掉河岸森林，而这些正是 那个区域的游牧部族，如Samburu和Tokana部族所赖以生存的。03:40So everybody knew this is a,not a useless project,this is anabsolute damaging,a terrible project,not to speak about th
18、efuture indebtedness of the country for these hundreds ofmillions of dollars,and the siphoning off of the scarceresources of the economy from much more importantactivities like schools,like hospitals and so on.所以，每个人都知道这不仅是个没用的项目，更是个绝对毁灭性的、可怕的项目。且不说这个国家将来会因此负债累累，亏欠亿万美元，它还会贪婪地吞噬 本来可以花在 如学校、医院等更重要的活动上
19、的 稀少有限的资源。03:55And yet,we all rejected this project.我们都驳回了这个项目。04:17None of the donors was willing to have their name connectedwith it,and it was the first project to be implemented.没有一个捐献者愿意 让自己的名字和这个项目扯上任何关系。但是这个项目是最先开始执行的。04:20The good projects,which we as a donor community wouldtake under our wi
20、ngs,they took years,you know,you had toomany studies,and very often they didnt succeed.好的项目，那些我们捐献者群体 愿意鼎力相助的项目，却被拖了一年又一年 你得做很多研究，而且通常它们都不会成功。04:27To the contrary:相反 riparian:adj.河边的;水滨的/n.河边居民;河岸拥有人 nomadic:adj.游牧的;流浪的;游动的indebtedness:n.债务;受恩惠 siphoning:n.虹吸作用/v.抽取;用虹吸管输送(siphon的ing形式)implemented:v
21、.实施(implement的过去分词形式);执行/adj.应用的But these bad projects,which were absolutely damaging forthe economy,for many generations,for the environment,forthousands of families who had to be resettled.但是这些差劲的项目却总一帆风顺，尽管它们我们的经济有着绝对损害 会影响到几代人的环境，会让成千上万的家庭流离失所。04:38They were suddenly put together by consortia of
22、 banks,ofsupplier agencies,of insurance agencies,like in Germany,Hermes,and so on,这些项目很突然地成型 帮助它们的是银行的联合体、支持供应商的社团 和保险公司。像在德国，爱马仕公司等等就是背后的推手。04:48And they came back very,very quickly,driven by an unholyalliance between the powerful elites in the countries there,and the suppliers from the north.它们很快很
23、快地卷土重来 背后的驱动力是 国家里强大精英间的不正义的同盟 以及北方的供应商。05:00Now,these suppliers were our big companies.现在，这些供应商 是我们的大公司。05:12They were the actors of this global market,which Imentioned in the beginning.他们是这全球市场的活跃角色，正如我在演讲之初所指出的一样。05:16They were the Siemenses of this world,coming from France,from the UK,from Japan
24、,from Canada,from Germany,andthey were systematically driven by systematic,large-scalecorruption.它们是世界上那些像西门子一样强大的公司，来自法国、英国、日本、加拿大、德国，它们被有体系的、大型的腐败 有规则地驱动前进。05:21resettled:vi.重新定居/vt.使重新定居 put together:.放在一起;组合;装配 agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数)Hermes:n.赫耳墨斯(希腊神话人物)/爱马仕(Herms,法国的奢侈品品牌)unholy:adj.不神圣的;
25、罪恶的;不适宜的 alliance:n.联盟,联合;联姻 elites:n.精英(elite的复数)systematically:adv.有系统地;有组织地 large-scale:adj.大规模的,大范围的;大比例尺的We are not talking about 50,000 dollars here,or 100,000dollars there,or one million dollars there.我们不是在讨论 五万美元的腐败，也不是十万，或一百万。05:34No,we are talking about 10 million,20 million dollars,on the
26、Swiss bank accounts,on the bank accounts of Liechtenstein,of the presidents ministers,the high officials in the para-statal sectors.我们在讨论的，是一千万、两千万美元，它们以贿款的形势出现在瑞士的账号上、列支敦士登的银行账户里，那些账户属于总统的部长、半国营部门的高级官员。05:41This was the reality which I saw,and not only one project likethat,I saw,I would say,over th
27、e years I worked in Africa,这就是我看到的现实，而且这样的情况不是个例我敢说我在 我在非洲工作的这些年里05:55I saw hundreds of projects like this.看见过成百上千个这样的项目。06:03And so,I became convinced that this systematic corruption,which is perverting economic policy making in thesecountries,which is the main reason for the misery,for thepoverty,
28、for the conflicts,for the violence,for the desperationin many of these countries.因此，我相信 这种系统性的腐败 正在使这些国家的经济政策走向歧途，也正是这种腐败将这些国家推进 苦难、贫穷、纷争、暴力、绝望 的深渊。06:05That we have today,more than a billion people below theabsolute poverty line,that we have more than a billionpeople without proper drinking water i
29、n the world,twice thatnumber,more than two billion people without sanitationand so on,and the consequent illnesses of mothers andchildren,still,child mortality of more than 10 million peopleevery year,children dying before they are five years-old.现今，我们有 超过十亿的人处在绝对贫困线以下我们有超过十亿人 没有合理处理过的清水可以饮用 更有两倍那么多
30、的人，超过二十亿的人 没有卫生设备等等，因此女人和孩子 常受到疾病侵袭 直至今日，每年还有 超过千万的儿童 在五岁前死亡。06:26ministers:n.部长(minister的复数);阁僚/v.伺候;照顾(minister的第三人称单数形式)sectors:n.部门;分区;扇区数(sector的复数)/v.把划成扇形;把分成部分(sector的三单形式)perverting:vt.使堕落;滥用;使反常/n.堕落者;行为反常者;性欲反常者conflicts:n.冲突;矛盾(conflict的复数形式);斗争/v.抵触;战斗;有分歧(conflict的第三人称单数形式)sanitation:n
31、.医环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施 consequent:n.结果/adj.随之发生的；作为结果的 mortality:n.死亡数,死亡率;必死性,必死的命运The cause of this,is to a large extent grand corruption.追根溯源，这些问题在很大程度上 是因为规模庞大的腐败。06:54Now,why did the World Bank not let me do this work?那么，为什么世界银行 不让我对此作出反应呢？06:59I found out afterwards,after I left,under a big fight,t
32、heWorld Bank.在我于一场大争执后离开世界银行以后 我才搞明白。07:05The reason was that the members of the World Bank thoughtthat foreign bribery was okay,including Germany.原因是世界银行的成员国 觉得对外贿赂是没问题的，比如德国就这么认为。07:11In Germany,foreign bribery was allowed.在德国，对外行贿是被允许的。07:19It was even tax-deductible.它甚至是可免税的。07:21No wonder that
33、most of the most important internationaloperators in Germany,but also in France and UK andScandinavia,everywhere,systematically bribed.难怪绝大多数德国、法国、英国、斯堪地那维亚，所有地方大多数最重要的国际公司 都有系统地进行着贿赂07:24Not all of them,but most of them.我不是说所有的，但是绝大多数的公司对此都不能问心无愧。07:33And this is the phenomenon which I call failing
34、 governance,because when I then came to Germany and started this littleNGO here in Berlin,at the Villa Borsig,we were told,youcannot stop our German exporters from bribing,because wewill lose our contracts.我把这样一个现象 称作政府失效。当我来到德国建成了这个小小的非政府组织 在柏林，在Borsig公馆，我们被告知，我们不能阻止 德国出口商行贿，因为我们德国会因此失去合约。07:36brib
35、ery:n.法贿赂;受贿;行贿 tax-deductible:adj.可免税的 No wonder:难怪 operators:n.经营者;操作者;计运算符(operator的复数)bribed:vt.贿赂,收买/vi.行贿/n.贿赂 Villa:n.别墅;郊区住宅 exporters:n.贸易出口商;出口公司(exporter的复数形式)bribing:vt.贿赂,收买/vi.行贿/n.贿赂We will lose to the French,we will lose to the Swedes,welllose to the Japanese,and therefore,there was
36、a indeed aprisoners dilemma,which made it very difficult for anindividual company,an individual exporting country to say,we are not going to continue this deadly,disastrous habit oflarge companies to bribe.我们会输给法国人、瑞士人、日本人，因此，这就形成了一个“囚徒困境”这样一来，单独的公司，或者出口国 就很难说，我们将不再 继续这种灾难性的 行贿习惯了。07:57So this is wh
37、at I mean with a failing governance structurebecause,even the powerful government,which we have inGermany,comparatively,was not able to say,we will notallow our companies to bribe abroad.这就是我所知的 失效的政府结构 因为即使是强大的政府，如相对强大的德国政府，也不能够说，我们将不允许我们的公司在海外行贿。08:21www.XiYuS锡育软件They needed help,and the large com
38、panies themselves havethis dilemma.它们需要帮助 而且这些大公司本身 也身处这种两难的境地。08:36Many of them didnt want to bribe.其中很多公司并不想行贿。08:42Many of the German companies,for instance,believe thatthey are really producing a high quality product at a goodprice,so they are very competitive.比如，很多德国公司 相信它们确实是 能够制造出物美价廉、有竞争力的产品
39、。08:44They are not as good at bribing as many of theirinternational competitors are,but they were not allowed toshow their strengths,because the world was eaten up bygrand corruption.它们不如其他国际竞争者 善于行贿之术，但是它们没有机会 展现自己的长处 因为这个世界 正在被大规模的腐败侵蚀。08:53Swedes:n.瑞典人(Swede的复数)dilemma:n.困境;进退两难;两刀论法 exporting:ad
40、j.出口的;输出的/v.贸易出口(export的ing形式);输出/n.贸易出口 disastrous:adj.灾难性的；损失惨重的；悲伤的 bribe:vt.贿赂,收买/vi.行贿/n.贿赂comparatively:adv.比较地;相当地 competitors:n.竞争对手;劳经竞争者(competitor的复数)strengths:n.优势,强项(strength的复数形式);长处And this is why Im telling you this,civil society rose to theoccasion.我想说的是，随着政府的失效，公民社会组织就应站出来。09:07We
41、had a small NGO,Transparency International.我们有一个小型的非政府组织，“透明国际”09:15They began to think of an escape route from this prisonersdilemma,and we developed concepts of collective action,basically,trying to bring various competitors togetheraround the table,explaining to all of them how much itwould be in
42、 their interests if they simultaneously would stopbribing,and to make a long story short,we managed toeventually get Germany to sign together with the otherOECD countries and a few other exporters.我们开始设想 一条从“囚徒困境”里的逃生之路，我们也开始发扬 集体行动的概念，即尝试将不同的竞争者 集合到谈判桌前，向他们解释 如果他们同时停止行贿 是对他们多么有好处。长话短说，我们最终得以 使德国和 其
43、他经济合作发展组织的成员国 以及一些其他的出口国09:19In 1997,a convention,under the auspices of the OECD,whichobliged everybody to change their laws and criminalizeforeign bribery.在1997年的一场会议上 在经济合作发展组织的赞助支持下，使所有参与者 改变法律 将对外行贿犯罪化。09:51(Applause)Well,thank you,I mean its interesting,in doingthis,we had to sit together with
44、the companies.（观众掌声）谢谢大家，我觉得挺有趣的，做这件事的时候，我们必须跟这些公司坐在一起。10:02We had here in Berlin at the Aspen institute on the Wannsee,we had sessions with about 20 captains of industry,and wediscussed with them what to do about international bribery.我们在柏林的山杨协会 和20个企业大首脑 开了几次会，我们和他们讨论了 如何应对国际性会的问题。10:13Transparenc
45、y:n.透明,透明度;幻灯片;有图案的玻璃 concepts:n.概念,观念;思想(concept复数形式)simultaneously:adv.同时地 make a long story short:长话短说,简而言之;总之 auspices:n.赞助;保护;预兆(auspice的复数)obliged:adj.必须的;感激的;有责任的/v.要求;约束;施恩惠(oblige的过去分词)criminalize:vt.宣告为犯法行为;判定为非法事件 Aspen:adj.山杨的;类似白杨的;颤抖的/n.山杨 sessions:n.会议;会期(session的复数)captains:n.(体育运动中的
46、)队长(captain的复数);水运船长;首领;军官In the first session,we had three sessions over the course oftwo years.我们一共有三个跨时两年的会议 在第一个会议里10:24And President von Weizs?cker,by the way,chaired one of thesessions,the first one,to take the fear away from theentrepreneurs,who were not used to deal with non-governmental org
47、anizations.一个来自冯魏茨泽克的主席 主持了第一个会议 以消除企业家们 的恐惧 因为他们不习惯与 非政府组织打交道。10:28And in the first session,they all said,this is not bribery,whatwe are doing.This is customary there.在第一个会议里，他们都说，他们做的不是行贿。那是个习俗。10:42This is what these other cultures demand.那是其他的文化所要求的。10:48They even applaud it.他们甚至赞许这种行为。10:51In f
48、act,unclear still says this today.事实上，有人 到如今还坚持这样的观点。10:53And so there are still a lot of people who are not convincedthat who have to stop bribing.并且还有很多人 不相信别人已经停止了行贿。10:57But in the second session,they admitted already that theywould never do this,what they are doing in these othercountries,here
49、in Germany or in the UK and so on.但是在第二次会议里，他们已经承认他们再也不会这样做了，不会再做这些发生在其他国家，如德国、英国等等的事了。11:02Cabinet ministers would admit this.内阁大臣们承认了这一点。11:11And in the final session,at the Aspen Institute,we had themall sign an open letter to the Kohl government,at the time,requesting that they participate in th
50、e OECD convention.在最后一个会议里，在山杨协会，我们让他们所有人都签署了一封 给那时的科勒政府的公开信，要求参与到 经济合作与发展组织协定里来。11:14chaired:v.主持;就任要职;入座(chair的过去式和过去分词)entrepreneurs:n.企业家(entrepreneur的复数)non-governmental:非政府的;非官方的 customary:adj.习惯的；通常的/n.习惯法汇编 Kohl:n.眼影粉;化妆墨 participate in:参加;分享And this is,in my opinion,an example of soft power