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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件We live in difficult and challenging economic times,ofcourse.现在我们处在 经济危机困难重重的时刻。00:13And one of the first victims of difficult economic times,Ithink,is public spending of any kind,but certainly in thefiring line at the moment is public spending for science,andparticularly curiosity-led
2、science and exploration.这种情况下,首当其冲的受害者,我认为是各种各种的公共开支,但更加命悬一线的 是科学方面的公共开支,特别是以好奇心为导向的科学 与探索。00:17So I want to try and convince you in about 15 minutes thatthats a ridiculous and ludicrous thing to do.因此我想用15分钟来说服你,（削减科学开支）是相当愚蠢的。00:33But I think to set the scene,I want to show-the next slide isnot my
3、 attempt to show the worst TED slide in the history ofTED,but it is a bit of a mess.为了叙述一下背景 我要给你们展示我并不是要 让你们看到TED有史以来最糟糕的幻灯片,但这是有点乱。00:40(Laughter)But actually,its not my fault;its from theGuardian newspaper.（笑声）但这并不是我的错,这是从卫报那弄来的。00:49And its actually a beautiful demonstration of how muchscience c
4、osts.这很清楚的展示了,科学的花费。00:54Because,if Im going to make the case for continuing tospend on curiosity-driven science and exploration,因为我要说服 继续给以好奇为导向的科学与探索提供资金,00:58I should tell you how much it costs.所以我得告诉你它的花费情况。01:03ridiculous:adj.可笑的；荒谬的 ludicrous:adj.滑稽的;荒唐的 a bit of a:一点,有点,有些;相当后接名词,常指不愉快的人或事 Gu
5、ardian:n.法监护人,保护人;守护者/adj.守护的So this is a game called spot the science budgets.这是个游戏,叫做”找出科学预算来“。01:05This is the U.K.government spend.这是英国政府开支图。01:07You see there,its about 620 billion a year.你看,一年一共是6千2百亿英镑。01:09The science budget is actually-if you look to your left,theres a purple set of blobs a
6、nd then yellow set of blobs.科学预算在-看左边,有个紫色的圈圈 还有黄色的圈圈。01:12And its one of the yellow set of blobs around the big yellowblob.科学预算就是那个大黄圈圈 旁边的一个小圈圈。01:19Its about 3.3 billion pounds per year out of 620 billion.是6千2百亿英镑中的 33亿英镑。01:23That funds everything in the U.K.在英国,01:27from medical research,space
7、exploration,where I work,atCERN in Geneva,particle physics,engineering,even arts andhumanities,funded from the science budget,从医疗研究,空间探索,我工作的地方,日内瓦的CERN,粒子物理学,到工程,甚至是艺术和人文,给这一切提供资金的,01:29which is that 3.3 billion,that little,tiny yellow blob aroundthe orange blob at the top left of the screen.就是那33亿
8、英镑,那个小得不能再小的黄圈圈,在屏幕左上角的橙色圈圈旁边。01:39So thats what were arguing about.这就是我们争论的对象。01:45That percentage,by the way,is about the same in the U.S.and Germany and France.顺便一提,这个比率,同美国,德国和法国是一样的。01:47budgets:n.财政预算(budget复数形式)/v.为做预算(budget的第三人称单数形式)blobs:n.斑点(blob的复数)/v.溅污(blob的三单形式)blob:n.一滴;一抹;难以名状的一团/vt
9、.弄脏;把做错/vi.得零分;弄错 humanities:n.人文学科(humanity的复数)funded:adj.提供资金的/v.提供资金;积存;提供资金偿付的本息(fund的过去式)R&D in total in the economy,publicly funded,is about 0.6percent of GDP.全部科研在经济当中,公共拨款的,占GDP的百分之0.6.01:51So thats what were arguing about.这就是我们所说的。01:57The first thing I want to say,and this is straight from
10、Wonders of the Solar System,首先我要说的是,这是来自于“太阳系的奇观”,01:59is that our exploration of the solar system and the universehas shown us that it is indescribably beautiful.我们对太阳系和宇宙的探索 展现给了我们无与伦比的美丽。02:04This is a picture that actually was sent back by the Cassinispace probe around Saturn,after wed finished
11、filmingWonders of the Solar System.这张照片是 在我们拍完“太阳系的奇观”之后,卡西尼号太空探测器在土星附近发回来的。02:10So it isnt in the series.因此它没有在那个系列里面。02:16Its of the moon Enceladus.这是恩克拉多斯卫星。02:18TED演讲者：Brian Cox|布赖恩 考克斯演讲标题：Brian Cox:Why we need the explorers|我们为什么需要探索家?内容概要：Physicist Brian Cox has two jobs:working with the Larg
12、e Hadron Collider at CERN,and explaining big science to the general public.He.s a professor at the University ofManchester.在经济困难的情况下，我们的探索性科学项目从太空探索到大型强子对撞器就会最先遭到预算削减。布赖恩 考克斯解释了以好奇心为导向的科学是如何养活自己，激发创新和对于我们自身生存的深入理解的。So that big sweeping,white sphere in the corner is Saturn,which is actually in the ba
13、ckground of the picture.角落里那个巨大的白色的范围 就是土星,是这张图片的背景。02:20And that crescent there is the moon Enceladus,which isabout as big as the British Isles.那里的新月形就是恩克拉多斯卫星,差不多和不列颠诸岛一样大。02:27Its about 500 kilometers in diameter.直径有500千米。02:32Solar System:天太阳系 probe:n.探针;调查/vi.调查;探测/vt.探查;用探针探测 sweeping:n.扫除;垃圾/
14、adj.彻底的;广泛的;扫荡的/v.打扫;扫除(sweep的现在分词形式)crescent:n.新月;新月状物;伊斯兰教的标记;土耳其的新月形国徽/adj.新月形的;逐渐增加的/vt.以新月形物装饰;使成新月形 Isles:群岛So,tiny moon.一个很小的卫星。02:34Whats fascinating and beautiful.多么美丽,多么令人着迷02:36this an unprocessed picture,by the way,I should say,itsblack and white,straight from Saturnian orbit.顺便我要说下,这是张未
15、经过处理的图片。是黑白的,从土星轨道发过来的。02:38Whats beautiful is,you can probably see on the limb theresome faint,sort of,wisps of almost smoke rising up from thelimb.很美丽的地方是,又可以在这里看到 一些微弱的 像烟雾一样的鬼火 冉冉升起。02:43This is how we visualize that in Wonders of the SolarSystem.我们在“太阳系奇观”中就是这样用视觉展现的。02:51Its a beautiful graphi
16、c.多么漂亮的图片。02:54What we found out were that those faint wisps are actuallyfountains of ice rising up from the surface of this tiny moon.我们发现了那些微弱的鬼火 其实在这个小卫星的表面上突起 的冰泉02:56Thats fascinating and beautiful in itself,but we think that themechanism for powering those fountains requires there tobe lakes o
17、f liquid water beneath the surface of this moon.它本身就很美丽和令人着迷,但我们认为使那些冰泉运动的 背后的机械 要求在这个卫星的地面之下,有液态水组成的湖泊。03:03And whats important about that is that,on our planet,onEarth,wherever we find liquid water,we find life.这很重要,因为,在我们的星球,地球上,能够找到液态水的地方,我们能找到生命。03:15unprocessed:adj.未被加工的 black and white:白纸黑字;单
18、色;黑白片 orbit:n.轨道;眼眶;势力范围;生活常规/vi.盘旋;绕轨道运行/vt.绕轨道而行 wisps:n.小捆;一缕;云雪瑕疵;微细的东西(wisp的复数形式)/v.捆成小束(wisp的三单形式)visualize:vt.形象,形象化;想像,设想/vi.显现 graphic:adj.形象的;图表的;绘画似的 fountains:n.地质喷泉;户外喷泉(fountain的复数)powering:n.动力估计So,to find strong evidence of liquid,pools of liquid,beneaththe surface of a moon 750 mill
19、ion miles away from the Earthis really quite astounding.因此,能找到足够的证据 证明离地球7亿5千万英里远的卫星 的地表之下有着液态水的存在 是相当惊人的。03:23So what were saying,essentially,is maybe thats a habitatfor life in the solar system.我们基本上是说 也许这是太阳系里的又一个生命的摇篮。03:35Well,let me just say,that was a graphic.I just want to showthis picture.这
20、是张图片,我只是想要展示这张照片。03:41Thats one more picture of Enceladus.又是一张恩克拉多斯卫星的照片。03:44This is when Cassini flew beneath Enceladus.这是卡西尼号飞到它下面时拍的。03:46So it made a very low pass,just a few hundred kilometersabove the surface.因此靠得很近,离卫星表面只有几百千米。03:49And so this,again,a real picture of the ice fountains rising
21、 upinto space,absolutely beautiful.这也是一张冰泉的真实照片,无比美丽。03:53But thats not the prime candidate for life in the solar system.但这不是太阳系最有可能有生命存在的星球。03:58Thats probably this place,which is a moon of Jupiter,Europa.最有可能的是这个地方,木星的一个卫星,欧罗巴。04:01And again,we had to fly to the Jovian system to get anysense that
22、this moon,as most moons,was anything otherthan a dead ball of rock.同样,我们得飞到木星系统 才能了解这个卫星,同大多数卫星一样,只不过是个没有生气的岩石球。04:05Its actually an ice moon.它事实上是个冰球。04:13astounding:adj.令人震惊的;令人惊骇的 habitat:n.生态栖息地,产地So what youre looking at is the surface of the moon Europa,which is a thick sheet of ice,probably a
23、 hundred kilometersthick.看看欧罗巴卫星的地表,是一层很厚的冰面,大概有一百千米深。04:15www.XiYuS锡育软件But by measuring the way that Europa interacts with themagnetic field of Jupiter,and looking at how those cracks inthe ice that you can see there on that graphic move around,weve inferred very strongly that theres an ocean of li
24、quidsurrounding the entire surface of Europa.通过检测 欧罗巴卫星是怎样 同木星的磁场相互作用的,和研究你在这种图片上可以看见的 冰面上的裂缝 我们很肯定的推测 欧罗巴的整个地表下,有着像海洋一样的液体环绕着。04:21So below the ice,theres an ocean of liquid around the wholemoon.冰面之下,有着大量的液体。04:39It could be hundreds of kilometers deep,we think.我们认为,可能有几百千米深。04:42It could be hundre
25、ds of kilometers deep,we think.We think its saltwater,and that would mean that theresmore water on that moon of Jupiter than there is in all theoceans of the Earth combined.我们认为是咸水,就意味着 木星这颗卫星上的水,比地球上所有海洋里的水还要多。04:45So that place,a little moon around Jupiter,is probably theprime candidate for findin
26、g life on a moon or a body outsidethe Earth,that we know of.因此,木星周围的一个小卫星 可能是我们所知的 地球之外的 最有可能找到生命存在的星球。04:53Tremendous and beautiful discovery.了不起的发现。05:04interacts:vi.互动;相互作用(interact的三单形式);交互 cracks:n.高分子裂缝,裂纹;龟裂(crack的复数形式);板间间隙/v.使破裂;砰地一声打开(crack的三单形式)move around:v.走来走去;绕着来回转 saltwater:adj.盐水的;海
27、产的Tremendous:adj.极大的，巨大的；惊人的；极好的Our exploration of the solar system has taught us that thesolar system is beautiful.对太阳系的探索 让我们发现了太阳系的美丽。05:07It may also have pointed the way to answering one of themost profound questions that you can possibly ask,which is:Are we alone in the universe?也为回答人们会问的最深远的问
28、题之一 指明了道路。这个问题就是,“宇宙里,我们是孤独的吗？”05:11Is there any other use to exploration and science,other thanjust a sense of wonder?除了让人们称奇之外,探索和科学 还有其他的作用吗？05:20Well,there is.有的。05:24This is a very famous picture taken,actually,on my firstChristmas Eve,December 24th,1968,when I was about eightmonths old.这是一张非常著
29、名的照片,在我的第一个圣诞夜是拍摄的,1968年的12月24日。那时我大约只有八个月大。05:26It was taken by Apollo 8 as it went around the back of themoon.是由阿波罗八号 绕到月亮背面时拍摄的。05:35Earthrise from Apollo 8.阿波罗八号上看到的地球升起来。05:39A famous picture;many people have said that its the picturethat saved 1968,which was a turbulent year-the studentriots i
30、n Paris,the height of the Vietnam War.很著名的照片,很多人说过,正是这张照片拯救了1968年,那时动荡不安的一年 巴黎的学生暴乱,越南战争的巅峰。05:41The reason many people think that about this picture,and AlGore has said it many times,actually,on the stage at TED,isthat this picture,arguably,was the beginning of theenvironmental movement.很多人这样评价这张照片
31、,戈尔在TED的讲台上多次说起 是因为这张照片,可以说是 环保运动的开端。05:51Apollo:n.阿波罗(太阳神);美男子 turbulent:adj.骚乱的，混乱的；狂暴的；吵闹的；激流的，湍流的 riots:n.暴动(riot的复数)/v.骚乱(riot的第三人称单数形式);闹事 on the stage:在舞台上;现阶段;当演员 arguably:adv.可论证地;可争辩地;正如可提出证据加以证明的那样地/广义用法可能,大概Because,for the first time,we saw our world,not as a solid,immovable,kind of inde
32、structible place,but as a very small,fragile-looking world just hanging against the blackness ofspace.因为,那是我们 第一次看见地球,不是一个牢固的,固定的 不可摧毁的地方,而是一个很小,看上去很脆弱的星球,悬挂在一片漆黑的宇宙空间之中。06:01Whats also not often said about the space exploration,aboutthe Apollo program,is the economic contribution it made.关于太空探索和阿波罗
33、计划,很少提起的是 它给经济作出的贡献。06:16I mean while you can make arguments that it was wonderfuland a tremendous achievement and delivered pictures likethis,it cost a lot,didnt it?我是说,你可以论述它是多么美好 多么了不起的成就,拍了这样的照片,但它耗资巨大,不是吗？06:23Well,actually,many studies have been done about theeconomic effectiveness,the economi
34、c impact of Apollo.事实上,有人做过了许多 经济效益的研究,阿波罗计划的经济影响。06:32The biggest one was in 1975 by Chase Econometrics.最大的一次是在1975年由大通计量经济学进行的。06:38And it showed that for every$1 spent on Apollo,14 cameback into the U.S.economy.结果显示,花在阿波罗计划上的每一美元,给美国经济带回了14美元。06:41So the Apollo program paid for itself in inspirat
35、ion,inengineering,achievement and,I think,in inspiring youngscientists and engineers 14 times over.因此阿波罗计划 在激励方面,在工程学成就方面在鼓舞年轻的科学家和工程师方面,收益比投资高出14倍。06:47immovable:adj.不动的；固定的；不改变的 indestructible:adj.不可毁灭的,不能破坏的 blackness:n.黑色;阴险effectiveness:n.效力 Econometrics:n.计量经济学So exploration can pay for itself
36、.所以说,探索项目可以养活自己。06:58What about scientific discovery?科学性探索如何呢？07:00What about driving innovation?鼓励创新呢？07:03Well,this looks like a picture of virtually nothing.这张照片看上去什么也没有。07:05What it is,is a picture of the spectrum of hydrogen.它是一张氢气的 光谱图。07:08See,back in the 1880s,1890s,many scientists,manyobser
37、vers,looked at the light given off from atoms.在19世纪80年代,90年代时,许多科学家和观察员检查原子释放出来的光,07:13And they saw strange pictures like this.他们就看见了像这张一样的奇怪图片。07:21What youre seeing when you put it through a prism is that把它透过棱镜时你看见的是,你加热氢气,它并不会发出 白色的光,它只发出特别的颜色的光,一道红What youre seeing when you put it through a pris
38、m is thatyou heat hydrogen up and it doesnt just glow like a whitelight,it just emits light at particular colors,a red one,a lightblue one,some dark blue ones.发出 白色的光,它只发出特别的颜色的光,一道红的,一道浅蓝的,一些深蓝色的。07:23Now that led to an understanding of atomic structurebecause the way thats explained is atoms are a
39、 singlenucleus with electrons going around them.这就使得人们了解原子的结构 因为按照这样解释原子是周围带有电子的 单一核心。07:35innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法 spectrum:n.光谱；频谱；范围；余象 observers:n.观察者(observer的复数)atoms:n.物原子(atom的复数)prism:n.棱镜;晶体数棱柱 emits:发出/放射/发行(emit的动词单数第三人称形式)electrons:n.物电子(electron的复数形式)And the electrons can only be in part
40、icular places.电子只在特定的位置。07:44And when they jump up to the next place they can be,andfall back down again,they emit light at particular colors.他们跳到别的地方,就会回到原地,他们发出特定颜色的光。07:47And so the fact that atoms,when you heat them up,onlyemit light at very specific colors,was one of the key driversthat led to
41、the development of the quantum theory,thetheory of the structure of atoms.当你加热原子时,只会发出特定颜色的光,原子的这一特性,成为 导向量子理论,原子结构理论发展的一个关键因素。07:53I just wanted to show this picture because this is remarkable.我想要展示这张了不起的图片。08:05This is actually a picture of the spectrum of the Sun.这是太阳的光谱图。08:08And now,this is a p
42、icture of atoms in the Suns atmosphereabsorbing light.这张照片显示的是,太阳大气层的原子 吸收光。08:10And again,they only absorb light at particular colors whenelectrons jump up and fall down,jump up and fall down.他们只吸收特定颜色的光 而电子跳起来又落回去,跳起来又落回去。08:15But look at the number of black lines in that spectrum.但看看光谱图里黑线的数量。08:
43、21And the element helium was discovered just by staring atthe light from the Sun because some of those black lineswere found that corresponded to no known element.氦元素 是在研究太阳光时发现的。因为一些那样的黑线,与未知元素相对应。08:24in particular:尤其,特别 back down:放弃;让步 absorbing:adj.吸引人的;极有趣的/v.吸收(absorb的ing形式)helium:n.化学氦(符号为He,
44、2号元素)corresponded:v.符合;通信(correspond的过去分词);相当And thats why heliums called helium.这就是为什么氦元素叫做氦元素。08:33Its called helios-helios from the Sun.它被叫做“赫利俄斯”来自太阳的赫利俄斯。08:35Now,that sounds esoteric,and indeed it was an esotericpursuit,but the quantum theory quickly led to anunderstanding of the behaviors of
45、electrons in materials likesilicon,for example.这听起来很深奥,它也确实是很深奥的学问,但是量子理论很快引导人们 理解物质里电子的行为,比如说硅原子。08:38The way that silicon behaves,the fact that you can buildtransistors,is a purely quantum phenomenon.硅原子的行为,以及你能用它制作晶体管,是纯粹的量子现象。08:50So without that curiosity-driven understanding of thestructure of
46、 atoms,which led to this rather esoteric theory,quantum mechanics,then we wouldnt have transistors,wewouldnt have silicon chips,we wouldnt have pretty muchthe basis of our modern economy.所以如果没有 好奇心引导的对原子结构的了解 这使得人们有了更加深奥的理论,量子力学,我们就没有晶体管,没有硅芯片,没有我们现代经济赖以生存 的根基。08:56Theres one more,I think,wonderful
47、twist to that tale.这个故事有了个奇妙的转折。09:11In Wonders of the Solar System,在“太阳系的奇观”中,09:14we kept emphasizing the laws of physics are universal.我们一直强调物理学的定理是普遍存在的。09:16Its one of the most incredible things about the physics andthe understanding of nature that you get on Earth,is you cantransport it,not on
48、ly to the planets,but to the most distantstars and galaxies.物理学和你在地球上得到的对于自然界的认知 有很神奇的特性,就是你可以把它应用到行星上,甚至是最遥远的恒星和星系上。09:19helios:n.赫利俄斯(太阳神)esoteric:adj.秘传的;限于圈内人的;难懂的 behaves:vi.表现;(机器等)运转;举止端正;(事物)起某种作用/vt.使守规矩;使表现得 transistors:n.电子晶体管;晶体三极管(transistor的复数)emphasizing:v.强调(emphasize的现在分词)And one of
49、 the astonishing predictions of quantummechanics,just by looking at the structure of atoms-thesame theory that describes transistors-is that there can beno stars in the universe that have reached the end of their lifethat are bigger than,quite specifically,1.4 times the mass ofthe Sun.对量子力学 最令人震惊的预测
50、是 只要看看原子的结构 描述过晶体管的同样理论 宇宙中,没有一颗已死亡的恒星 的质量比太阳大,准确来说,大1.4倍。09:30Thats a limit imposed on the mass of stars.这是恒星质量的最大限度。09:46You can work it out on a piece of paper in a laboratory,get atelescope,swing it to the sky,and you find that there are nodead stars bigger than 1.4 times the mass of the Sun.你可以