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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Well,I thought there would be a podium,so Im a bit scared.我本来以为那里会有一个讲台的，现在我有点害怕了。00:15(Laughter)Chris asked me to tell again how we found thestructure of DNA.（笑声）克里斯让我再讲一次我们是怎么破解DNA的结构的。00:18And since,you know,I follow his orders,Ill do it.我一向都是听从他的指令，这一次自然也不例外。00:24But it slightly bor
2、es me.但说实话，我是觉得挺无聊的。00:27(Laughter)And,you know,I wrote a book.So Ill saysomething-（笑声）我写了一整本书，所以我不得不说点什么00:29(Laughter)（笑声）00:36-Ill say a little about,you know,how the discovery wasmade,and why Francis and I found it.我打算讲一讲我和弗朗西斯是怎么发现DNA的结构的，以及我们搞这项研究的原因所在。00:38And then,I hope maybe I have at leas
3、t five minutes to saywhat makes me tick now.然后我希望能至少有五分钟的时间，让我讨论一下我现在的动力所在。00:43In back of me is a picture of me when I was 17.我身后是一张我17岁时的照片。00:51I was at the University of Chicago,in my third year,and I wasin my third year because the University of Chicago let you inafter two years of high school.
4、我那时在芝加哥大学，读大三。我之所以能在17岁时就读大三，是因为芝加哥大学 在我读了两年高中之后就录取我了。00:56So you-it was fun to get away from high school.摆脱高中对我来说是件好事，01:07Because I was very small,and I was no good in sports,oranything like that.因为我长得很矮小，又不擅长体育，也没其他的特长。01:13podium:n.乐队指挥台;矮墙;墩座墙 bores:v.机钻孔;在挖洞(bore的三单形式)/n.机孔;机内径(bore的复数)tick:vt
5、.标记号于;滴答地记录/n.滴答声;扁虱;记号;赊欠/vi.发出滴答声;标以记号 no good:很糟,没有用But I should say that my background-my father was,youknow,raised to be an Episcopalian and Republican.但我得提一下我的生长背景我的父亲从小到大 都是一名圣公会教徒，是一名共和党员。01:17But after one year of college,he became an atheist and aDemocrat.结果才上了一年大学，他不仅不信神了，还变成了一名民主党员。01:25
6、(Laughter)And my mother was Irish Catholic,and-but shedidnt take religion too seriously.（笑声）我母亲是爱尔兰天主教徒，但她从来没把宗教太当回儿事。01:30And by the age of 11,I was no longer going to Sunday Mass,and going on birdwatching walks with my father.所以11岁那年，我就不再去听星期天的弥撒了，反而是跟我的父亲去到处观察鸟。01:40So early on,I heard of Charles
7、 Darwin.我很早就听说过达尔文，01:48I guess,you know,he was the big hero.我那时候猜他也算是个大英雄。01:52And,you know,you understand life as it now exists throughevolution.你们也都知道现今的生命是通过漫长的演化而来的。01:55And at the University of Chicago I was a zoology major.而我当时在芝加哥大学又是主修动物学，02:01And thought I would end up,you know,if I was br
8、ightenough,maybe getting a PhD from Cornell in ornithology.所以我就想，要是我够聪明的话，搞不好最后能从康奈尔大学得到个鸟类学博士学位。02:05Episcopalian:adj.主教制度的;主教派的/n.主教派的人;美国圣公会教徒 atheist:n.无神论者 Democrat:n.民主党人;民主主义者;民主政体论者 Catholic:adj.天主教的;宽宏大量的/n.天主教徒;罗马天主教 birdwatching:观鸟 zoology:n.动物学;动物区系 PhD:abbr.哲学博士学位(DoctorofPhilosophy)orn
9、ithology:n.鸟类学;鸟学论文Then,in the Chicago paper,there was a review of a bookcalled What is Life?by the great physicist,Schrodinger.恰巧当时在芝加哥的报纸上有一篇书评，是介绍伟大的物理学家薛定谔写的一本叫做何谓生命？的书。02:13And that,of course,had been a question I wanted to know.当然了，那也是我一直都在探求的一个问题。02:23You know,Darwin explained life after it g
10、ot started,but whatwas the essence of life?达尔文是解释了生命的演变，没错，但生命的精髓到底是什么呢？02:26And Schrodinger said the essence was information present inour chromosomes,and it had to be present on a molecule.Id never really thought of molecules before.薛定谔认为这精髓就是信息，是我们染色体里的信息，而且这些信息必须由一个分子来承载。我只前从来没怎么想过分子。02:31You kn
11、ow chromosomes,but this was a molecule,and是，我听说过染色体，但我们现在是在说一个分子，而且所有的生命信息都很有可能以数码的形TED演讲者：James Watson|詹姆士.沃森演讲标题：The double helix and today.s DNA mysteries|DNA探索之旅内容概要：Nobel laureate James Watson took part in one of the most important scientificbreakthroughs of the 20th century:the discovery of th
12、e structure of DNA.More than 50 yearslater,he continues to investigate biology.s deepest secrets.诺贝尔奖得主詹姆士.沃森以一个真实而有趣的故事为TED 2005揭开帷幕他是如何和他的研究伙伴弗朗西斯.克里克破解了DNA的结构之谜。You know chromosomes,but this was a molecule,andsomehow all the information was probably present in somedigital form.And there was the b
13、ig question of,how did youcopy the information?子，而且所有的生命信息都很有可能以数码的形式 被写进这个分子中。啊，问题就来了，你要怎么复制这些信息呢？02:45So that was the book.And so,from that moment on,I wantedto be a geneticist-understand the gene and through that,understand life.那本书就是讨论这些问题。所以从那时起，我就立志要成为一名遗传学家 通过理解基因来理解生命。02:58So I had,you know,
14、a hero at a distance.我当时也有了自己仰慕的英雄。03:10It wasnt a baseball player,it was Linus Pauling.不是什么棒球英豪，而是鲍林。03:15chromosomes:n.遗细胞染料染色体(chromosome的复数形式)molecule:n.化学分子;微小颗粒,微粒 molecules:n.化学分子,微粒;化学摩尔(molecule的复数)geneticist:n.遗传学者 at a distance:在远处;有相当距离 Linus:n.莱纳斯And so I applied to Caltech and they tur
15、ned me down.所以我就申请进入加州理工学院，没想到他们竟然没要我。03:17(Laughter)So I went to Indiana,which was actually as goodas Caltech in genetics,and besides,they had a really goodbasketball team.（笑声）没办法，我只好去印第安纳大学。其实那里的基因专业和加州工学院没什么差别。再说了，印第安纳的篮球队可是相当不错。03:23So I had a really quite happy life at Indiana.所以我在那里的生活也算得上是快乐。
16、03:33And it was at Indiana I got the impression that,you know,thegene was likely to be DNA.而且正是在印第安纳的时候，我开始觉得 我们的DNA很有可能就是我们的基因。03:36And so when I got my PhD,I should go and search for DNA.等到我拿到我的博士学位后，我就可以去研究DNA了。03:41So I first went to Copenhagen because I thought,well,maybeI could become a bioche
17、mist.哥本哈根成了我的第一站，因为我觉得 也许我可以成为一个生物化学家。03:45But I discovered biochemistry was very boring.但后来我才发现生物化学真的是相当无聊。03:52It wasnt going anywhere toward,you know,saying what thegene was.它跟基因的本质完全没什么关联，03:55It was just nuclear science.And oh,thats the book,littlebook.只是一味地探讨核科学。哦，这就是我之前提到的那本书，03:59You can rea
18、d it in about two hours.不长，两个小时就可以读完。04:03And-but then I went to a meeting in Italy.但我之后在意大利参加一个会议的时候，04:05And there was an unexpected speaker who wasnt on theprogram,and he talked about DNA.遇到了一个原本不在节目单上的演讲者，而他演讲的主题恰恰是DNA。04:09genetics:n.遗传学 biochemist:n.生物化学家 biochemistry:n.生物化学/生物化学过程And this was
19、 Maurice Wilkins.He was trained as a physicist,and after the war he wanted to do biophysics,and he pickedDNA because DNA had been determined at the RockefellerInstitute to possibly be the genetic molecules on thechromosomes.这是莫里斯威尔金斯，物理学家出身。二战后他决定从事生物物理学，而DNA正是他的研究对象，因为当时洛克菲勒研究所已经证实 染色体上的基因分子很有可能就是D
20、NA。04:16Most people believed it was proteins.但很多人却觉得应该是蛋白质。04:30But Wilkins,you know,thought DNA was the best bet,and heshowed this x-ray photograph.不过威尔金斯还是认为DNA才是最有可能的遗传物质，并且展示了这张X光照片。04:31Sort of crystalline.So DNA had the structure,even though itowed it to probably different molecules carrying d
21、ifferentsets of instructions.有点像个结晶体。所以DNA是有这样的一个结构，尽管说不同的分子 很可能肩负着不同的职责。04:39So there was something universal about the DNA molecule.但至少所有DNA分子的结构都是一致的。04:48So I wanted to work with him,but he didnt want a formerbirdwatcher,and I ended up in Cambridge,England.所以我当时就很想跟他合作，但他并不需要一个鸟类观察家。没办法，我只好去英国剑桥
22、。04:50So I went to Cambridge,because it was really the best placein the world then for x-ray crystallography.And x-raycrystallography is now a subject in,you know,chemistrydepartments.我之所以会去剑桥，是因为那里才是研究射线晶体学的最好地方。现在的射线晶体学，通常是化学系的研究对象。04:56biophysics:n.生物物理学 proteins:n.生化蛋白质(protein复数)crystalline:adj
23、.透明的;水晶般的;水晶制的birdwatcher:(在大自然中)观察,研究野鸟的人 crystallography:n.晶体结晶学I mean,in those days it was the domain of the physicists.不过在当时，那可是物理学家的天下。05:07So the best place for x-ray crystallography was at theCavendish Laboratory at Cambridge.所以研究射线晶体学最好的地方 就是剑桥的卡文迪许实验室。05:10www.XiYuS锡育软件And there I met Franc
24、is Crick.而我就是在那里结识了弗朗西斯克里克。05:17I went there without knowing him.He was 35.I was 23.当时我并不认识他。他那时候35岁，我23岁。05:23And within a day,we had decided that maybe we could takea shortcut to finding the structure of DNA.不过一天之内，我们就决定 也许我们可以通过一条捷径来破解DNA的结构。05:26Not solve it like,you know,in rigorous fashion,but
25、 build a并不是一步一步按部就班地来破解，而是直接构建一个结构模型。05:36Not solve it like,you know,in rigorous fashion,but build amodel.一个结构模型。05:36An electro-model,using some coordinates of,you know,length,all that sort of stuff from x-ray photographs.用X光照片里的那些长度坐标什么的 来构建一个电子模型。05:42But just ask what the molecule-how should it
26、fold up?直接来思考这个分子应该怎么叠起来？05:49And the reason for doing so,at the center of thisphotograph,is Linus Pauling.About six months before,heproposed the alpha helical structure for proteins.And indoing so,he banished the man out on the right,为什么这么叠？这个照片中间的那位 就是鲍林。大概六个月前，他已经提出了 蛋白质的阿尔法螺旋结构。也正因此，是彻底击垮了站在他右边的
27、劳伦斯布拉格爵士。05:52physicists:n.物理学家;机械唯物论者(physicist的复数)Cavendish:n.板烟 shortcut:n.捷径;被切短的东西 rigorous:adj.严格的，严厉的；严密的；严酷的 coordinates:n.数坐标;相配之衣物/v.使协调;使调和(coordinate的第三人称单数形式)fold up:倒闭;撒手;垮台;放弃;折叠 proposed:adj.被提议的;所推荐的/v.提议;计划(propose的过去式和过去分词)helical:adj.螺旋形的 banished:v.驱逐,流放(banish的过去分词形式)Sir Lawren
28、ce Bragg,who was the Cavendish professor.布拉格当时是卡文迪许的教授。06:05This is a photograph several years later,when Bragg hadcause to smile.这张照片是几年后拍的，布拉格只能是强颜欢笑。06:08He certainly wasnt smiling when I got there,because he wassomewhat humiliated by Pauling getting the alpha helix,and the Cambridge people faili
29、ng because they werentchemists.我到那里的时候，他可是完全笑不出来。因为他觉得鲍林的阿尔法螺旋发现让他丢脸了，剑桥人的失败让他丢脸了，毕竟他们并不是化学家。06:12And certainly,neither Crick or I were chemists,so we tried tobuild a model.And he knew,Francis knew Wilkins.当然了，我和克里克也不是什么化学家。所以我们才想要直接搭建模型。弗朗西斯那时候认识威尔金斯。06:22So Wilkins said he thought it was the helix
30、.威尔金斯当时觉得DNA应该是个螺旋结构，06:33X-ray diagram,he thought was comparable with the helix.他觉得那个X光图片看上去像是个螺旋。06:35So we built a three-stranded model.所以我们就构建了个三股的螺旋结构。06:38The people from London came up.伦敦的那帮人就过来看，06:40Wilkins and this collaborator,or possible collaborator,Rosalind Franklin,came up and sort of
31、 laughed at our model.威尔金斯和他的合作伙伴罗莎琳富兰克林 过来看过我们的模型后，对它有点嗤之以鼻。06:42They said it was lousy,and it was.他们觉得我们的模型相当烂。它确实是挺烂的。06:50humiliated:v.屈辱(humiliate的过去式);使丢脸,使蒙羞/adj.羞辱的 helix:n.螺旋,螺旋状物;解剖耳轮 chemists:n.化学家(chemist的复数);药剂师 comparable with:可比较的,比得上的;与相容;可同比较 collaborator:n.劳经合作者;勾结者;通敌者So we were t
32、old to build no more models;we wereincompetent.他们告诉我们不要再造模型了，我们没这个能力。06:52(Laughter)And so we didnt build any models,and Francissort of continued to work on proteins.（笑声）于是乎，我们就不再造模型了。弗朗西斯继续研究他的蛋白质。06:57And basically,I did nothing.And-except read.我则是除了读书以外，什么都没干。07:06You know,basically,reading is a
33、good thing;you get facts.要知道读书总是件好事，你可以增长知识。07:12And we kept telling the people in London that LinusPaulings going to move on to DNA.我们当时就一直告诉伦敦的那些人 鲍林要着手研究DNA了。07:15If DNA is that important,Linus will know it.如果DNA真的那么重要，鲍林肯定是知道的呀。07:20Hell build a model,and then were going to be scooped.他肯定会构造一个模型
34、，到时候我们就都算是落伍了。07:22And,in fact,hed written the people in London:Could he seetheir x-ray photograph?事实上，他的确是给伦敦的人写了封信：他想看看他们的X光照片。07:24And they had the wisdom to say no.So he didnt have it.还好伦敦的那帮人算是聪明，拒绝了他。他也因此没看到那张照片。07:29But there was ones in the literature.不过当时各种文献中都有那张照片，07:32Actually,Linus didn
35、t look at them that carefully.只不过鲍林没有看得那么仔细。07:34But about,oh,15 months after I got to Cambridge,a rumorbegan to appear from Linus Paulings son,who was inCambridge,said his father was now working on DNA.可是当我到达剑桥15个月后，鲍林在剑桥的儿子开始散播传闻，说他的爸爸正在研究DNA。07:36incompetent:adj.无能力的,不胜任的;不合适的;不适当的;无力的/n.无能力者 sco
36、oped:vt.掘;舀取;抢先获得;搜集/n.勺;铲子;独家新闻;凹处 rumor:n.谣言;传闻/vt.谣传;传说And so,one day Peter came in and he said he was PeterPauling,and he gave me a copy of his fathers manuscripts.结果有一天彼得找到我，他说他是彼得鲍林，然后他就把他老爸的手稿递给了我。07:49And boy,I was scared because I thought,you know,we maybe scooped.我当时就吓傻了，我以为他比我们抢先一步。07:55I
37、 have nothing to do,no qualifications for anything.我没有文凭，一无是处的。这下子可完了。I have nothing to do,no qualifications for anything.08:01(Laughter)And so there was the paper,and he proposed athree-stranded structure.（笑声）这就是那篇论文，他在里面提出了一个三股的结构，08:04And I read it,and it was just-it was crap.我读完了之后就觉得他根本是在胡言乱语。0
38、8:12(Laughter)So this was,you know,unexpected from theworlds-（笑声）这对于他这位世界级的人物来说，的确是有失水准。08:14(Laughter)（笑声）08:22-and so,it was held together by hydrogen bonds betweenphosphate groups.他认为DNA是通过磷酸团之间的氢键 来支撑起来的。08:24Well,if the peak pH that cells have is around seven,thosehydrogen bonds couldnt exist.可
39、是，如果细胞中的pH峰值大概是在7左右的话，那些氢键根本就无法存在嘛。08:29We rushed over to the chemistry department and said,Could Pauling be right?And Alex Hust said,No.So wewere happy.我们是直奔化学系，去问那里的人：“鲍林有可能是正确的吗？”亚历克斯回答说：“没可能。”我们这下可是乐坏了。08:36(Laughter)And,you know,we were still in the game,but wewere frightened that somebody at C
40、altech would tell Linusthat he was wrong.（笑声）我们还是有机会的，不过我们也是有点担心 担心加州工学院的那些人会告诉鲍林他搞错了。08:44manuscripts:n.图情手稿;草稿(manuscript的复数形式)qualifications:n.资格证书;任职资格;职位要求;限定性条件(qualification的复数形式)bonds:n.镣铐;监禁;盟约(bond的复数)/v.使凝固;充当的保证人;团结一致(bond的第三人称单数)phosphate:n.磷酸盐;皮膜化成 rushed:adj.匆忙的;贸然的/v.急忙(rush的过去式);匆促A
41、nd so Bragg said,Build models.于是布拉格就说，“我们得造模型。”08:53And a month after we got the Pauling manuscript-I shouldsay I took the manuscript to London,and showed thepeople.在我们收到鲍林手稿的一个月后 确切地说，是我把手稿带到了伦敦，给那里的人看过。08:55Well,I said,Linus was wrong and that were still in the gameand that they should immediately
42、 start building models.我当时就说鲍林是错的，我们还有机会。我还告诉他们应该马上开始构造模型。09:04But Wilkins said no,Rosalind Franklin was leaving in abouttwo months,and after she left he would start buildingmodels.但威尔克斯却把我给否决了。他说罗莎琳两个月之后就要离开了，等她走了，他就开始造模型。09:09And so I came back with that news to Cambridge,and Braggsaid,Build model
43、s.没办法，我只能把消息如实地传达给剑桥，当时布拉格就说，“造模型。”09:17Well,of course,I wanted to build models.当然了，我是一直都想要构造模型的。09:22And theres a picture of Rosalind.She really,you know,in onesense she was a chemist,but really she would have beentrained-she didnt know any organic chemistry or quantumchemistry.这就是罗莎琳的照片。她其实，怎么说呢，从
44、某个意义上讲，算是个化学家。但她从没有接受过专业的训练。有机化学、量子化学她都是一窍不通。09:23She was a crystallographer.她其实是一个结晶学家。09:36And I think part of the reason she didnt want to buildmodels was,she wasnt a chemist,whereas Pauling was achemist.而我觉得她不想建造模型的一部分原因 就是因为她不是化学家，而鲍林则是位十足的化学家。09:37And so Crick and I,you know,started building m
45、odels,andId learned a little chemistry,but not enough.于是克里克和我就开始构造模型。我学过一丁点的化学，但不够用。09:45manuscript:n.图情手稿;原稿/adj.手写的Well,we got the answer on the 28th February 1953.不管怎样，我们在1953年的2月28日终于破解了DNA的谜团。09:53And it was because of a rule,which to me,is a very good rule:Never be the brightest person in a ro
46、om,and we werent.这一切都是因为我始终坚信的一条法则：永远别做最聪明的人。我们也的确不是。09:57We werent the best chemists in the room.我们不是那里最优秀的化学家。10:07I went in and showed them a pairing Id done,and JerryDonohue-he was a chemist-he said,its wrong.我有一次把我刚刚做好的分子配对图给那些化学家们看，唐诺休他是名化学家看了之后就说：“你画错了。10:09Youve got-the hydrogen atoms are in
47、 the wrong place.你把氢原子放错地方了。”10:15I just put them down like they were in the books.我其实就是按照书里面画的。10:18He said they were wrong.但他说我画错了。10:21So the next day,you know,after I thought,Well,he might beright.于是第二天，我想了想，“搞不好他是对的。”10:22So I changed the locations,and then we found the basepairing,and Francis
48、immediately said the chains run inabsolute directions.所以我就更改了那些氢原子的位置。之后我们就发现了碱基之间的搭配组合。而弗朗西斯也立即意识到这双螺旋中的链条是以绝对方向延伸的。10:26And we knew we were right.我们当时就知道我们肯定是对的。10:33So it was a pretty,you know,it all happened in about two而这一切就发生在两个小时间。10:35So it was a pretty,you know,it all happened in about twoh
49、ours.From nothing to thing.从无到有。10:42pairing:n.配对;摞合;机双层轧制 atoms:n.物原子(atom的复数)in the wrong:有错误;应付责任And we knew it was big because,you know,if you just put Anext to T and G next to C,you have a copying mechanism.我们也知道这是个重大的发现，因为如果你把A碱基和T碱基放在一起，G和C放在一起，你就可以实现DNA的复制了。10:46So we saw how genetic informa
50、tion is carried.我们总算弄明白了所谓的基因信息10:54Its the order of the four bases.是由这4个碱基的排列顺序决定的。10:58So in a sense,it is a sort of digital type information.所以说，这也算得上是一种数码信息。10:59And you copy it by going from strand separating.把这螺旋中的两股分开，就可以开始复制了。11:03So,you know,if it didnt work this way,you might as wellbeliev