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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Id like to reimagine education.00:12The last year has seen the invention of a new four-letterword.去年 出现了一个新的四字单词00:15It starts with an M.以M开头的缩写词00:20MOOC:massive open online courses.MOOC:大规模网络公开课00:21Many organizations are offering these online courses tostudents all over the world,in
2、the millions,for free.许多机构 陆续提供这些网络课程 免费提供给全世界数以百万计的学生00:26Anybody who has an Internet connection and the will tolearn can access these great courses from excellentuniversities and get a credential at the end of it.任何能够连接到因特网的人 如果想要学习这些课程,可以访问 这些名校名课 并在课程结束时获得专业证书00:34Now,in this discussion today,Im
3、 going to focus on adifferent aspect of MOOCs.在接下来的讨论中 我会将话题集中在 网络公开课的另一面00:44We are taking what we are learning and the technologies weare developing in the large and applying them in the smallto create a blended model of education to really reinventand reimagine what we do in the classroom.我们大范围的吸
4、收所学的知识 大范围的开发技术却小面积的应用 创造了一种混合的教育模式 真正意义上地重新确立和重新定义 教室里的教学内容00:51Now,our classrooms could use change.我们的教室需要改变01:05So,heres a classroom at this little three-letter institute in theNortheast of America,MIT.这是一间教室 其所属的教育机构有三个字母组成即美国东北部的MIT01:07four-letter:adj.下流的;庸俗的;使用四字母忌讳词的 credential:n.证书;凭据;国书 bl
5、ended:v.天混合(blend的过去式和过去分词)/adj.混杂的;数种混合的 reinvent:vt.重新使用;彻底改造;重复发明(在不知他人已发明的情况下)Northeast:adj.东北的;向东北的;来自东北的/n.东北/adv.向东北;来自东北And this was a classroom about 50 or 60 years ago,and thisis a classroom today.这是五六十年代的一间教室 而这是目前使用的教室01:15Whats changed?有什么变化吗01:20The seats are in color.座位有了颜色01:24Whoop-
6、de-do.呕吼01:26Education really hasnt changed in the past 500 years.教育模式根本未曾改变过 过去的500年内01:29The last big innovation in education was the printing pressand the textbooks.教育领域里最近的一个大革新 是印刷机和教科书01:34Everything else has changed around us.生活中一切其他的事物都在改变01:40You know,from healthcare to transportation,every
7、thing isdifferent,but education hasnt changed.从医疗业到运输业 一切都有所变化,但是教育领域仍保持原样01:41Its also been a real issue in terms of access.在是否有机会接受教育上,这也是个切实的问题01:47So what you see here is not a rock concert.你看到的这张图片 不是什么摇滚音乐会01:50And the person you see at the end of the stage is notMadonna.讲台中间的那个人 不是麦当娜01:54Thi
8、s is a classroom at the Obafemi Awolowo University inNigeria.这是一间教室 位于尼日利亚的奥巴费米亚沃洛沃大学01:59Now,weve all heard of distance education,but the studentsway in the back,200 feet away from the instructor,我们都听说过远程教育 但是坐在后面的学生 离这位讲师有200英尺(61米)02:05innovation:n.创新,革新;新方法 healthcare:n.医疗保健;健康护理,健康服务;卫生保健 in te
9、rms of:依据;按照;在方面;以措词 instructor:n.指导书;教员;指导者I think they are undergoing long-distance education.我认为他们正在接受真正意义上的远距离教育02:12Now,I really believe that we can transform education,both in现在,我真的相信 我们可以转变教育模式 无论在质量上,规模上还是教育权利上 通过技术手段来转变TED演讲者：Anant Agarwal|阿南特.阿加瓦尔演讲标题：Why massive open online courses(still)
10、matter|为什么大规模网络公开课（仍然）那么重要内容概要：2013 was a year of hype for MOOCs(massive open online courses).Great bignumbers and great big hopes were followed by some disappointing first results.But the headof edX,Anant Agarwal,makes the case that MOOCs still matter-as a way to share high-levellearning widely and
11、 supplement(but perhaps not replace)traditional classrooms.Agarwalshares his vision of blended learning,where teachers create the ideal learning experience for21st century students.2013年是MOOCs(大规模网络公开课)泛滥的一年。随着最初的失望而来的是巨大的数字和满腔的信心。但是edX网站的负责人阿加瓦尔指出这样的事实，作为一种广泛分享的高端学习方式，作为传统教室的一种补充教学方法(也许不是取代)，MOOCs仍
12、然关系重大。阿加瓦尔分享了混合式学习的观点，教师可以利用混合式学习来为21世纪的学生创造理想的学习体验。Now,I really believe that we can transform education,both inquality and scale and access,through technology.量上,规模上还是教育权利上 通过技术手段来转变02:17For example,at edX,we are trying to transform educationthrough online technologies.比如,在edX网站上 我们正试着改变教育领域 通过在线技术
13、02:26Given education has been calcified for 500 years,we reallycannot think about reengineering it,micromanaging it.鉴于这500年来,教育已经僵化 我们不能对它进行再造 和微观管理02:35We really have to completely reimagine it.事实上,我们需要彻底地重新定义02:42Its like going from ox carts to the airplane.就像从乘牛车到坐飞机02:44Even the infrastructure h
14、as to change.即使要改变基础设施02:48Everything has to change.要改变一切02:50We need to go from lectures on the blackboard to onlineexercises,online videos.我们需要从板书教育 转变成在线练习、在线视频02:51We have to go to interactive virtual laboratories andgamification.我们要使用互动型虚拟实验室 和游戏化模式02:57We have to go to completely online gradin
15、g and peerinteraction and discussion boards.我们应当完全在线评分 在线与同伴互动和在线讨论03:01undergoing:vt.经历,经受;忍受 long-distance:adj.通信交长途的;长距离的/vt.打长途电话给/adv.通过长途电话calcified:adj.钙化的;石灰化的/v.钙化(calcify的过去分词);僵化 micromanaging:微观管理/微观处理/管头管脚地监控(micromanage的现在分词)carts:n.购物车;车辆手推车 blackboard:n.黑板 laboratories:n.实验室(laborato
16、ry的复数)grading:n.分阶段;定等级;坡度缓和/v.定等级;减缓坡度(grade的现在分词形式)Everything really has to change.的确,一切都要改变03:06So at edX and a number of other organizations,we areapplying these technologies to education through MOOCs toreally increase access to education.所以在edX网站和一些其他的组织 我们将这些技术应用于教育 通过MOOCs,真正增加人们受教育的机会03:08大
17、家应听说过这个事例 当时我们推出了第一档课程 麻省理工学院的 电路与电子技术课程 大约一年半以前 来自162个国家的155,000名学生 注册了这档课程03:16And we had no marketing budget.当时我们没有营销预算03:34Now,155,000 is a big number.155,000是个大数目03:36This number is bigger than the total number of alumni ofMIT in its 150-year history.这个数字大于 麻省理工学院的校友总数 自其150年前建校以来03:407,200 stu
18、dents passed the course,and this was a hard course.7,200 学生通过了这个课程 而且这个课程很难03:487,200 is also a big number.7,200 也是个大数目03:53If I were to teach at MIT two semesters every year,I wouldhave to teach for 40 years before I could teach this manystudents.如果我在麻省理工学院任教每年两个学期 要40年才能教到这么多学生03:56Now these large
19、 numbers are just one part of the story.这些大数目 都只是故事的一部分而已04:05So today,I want to discuss a different aspect,the other sideof MOOCs,take a different perspective.所以今天,我想讨论一个不同的方面 大规模网络公开课的另一面 以一个不一样的视角04:09We are taking what we develop and learn in the large andapplying it in the small to the classroo
20、m,to create a blendedmodel of learning.我们将大量拓展和学习到的知识 应用在局部 到教室里来创建混合的学习模式04:15alumni:n.(统称)校友,毕业生 semesters:n.学期(semester的复数)But before I go into that,let me tell you a story.但在谈到那之前,我先讲一个故事04:23When my daughter turned 13,became a teenager,shestopped speaking English,and she began speaking this new
21、language.我女儿满13 岁时,步入少年时期 她讲的不再是英语而是开始说这种新的语言04:28I call it teen-lish.我称之为少年语言04:38Its a digital language.它是一种数字式的语言04:41Its got two sounds:a grunt and a silence.它有两种声音:咕哝声和沉默04:43www.XiYuS锡育软件Honey,come over for dinner.“亲爱的,过来吃饭”04:50Did you hear me?“听见我说的话了吗”04:55Silence.(Laughter)Can you listen t
22、o me?沉默（笑声）“能听见我说话吗?”04:57quot;Hmm.quot;So we had a real issue with communicating,and we were just not communicating,until one day I had thisepiphany.“嗯”因此,我们有一个沟通方面的切实问题 我们根本不是在沟通 直到有一天我才有此顿悟05:01I texted her.(Laughter)I got an instant response.我发短信给她（笑声）得到一个即时的回应05:09I said,no,that must have been
23、by accident.我说,不,那肯定是偶然05:14She must have thought,you know,some friend of hers was你知道,她得想想 她的一些朋友在叫她05:16She must have thought,you know,some friend of hers wascalling her.So I texted her again.Boom,another response.所以我再次给她发短信 再一次回应05:19grunt:n.咕哝;呼噜声/vi.作呼噜声;发哼声/vt.咕哝着说 epiphany:对事物真谛的顿悟;主显节(每年一月六日纪
24、念耶稣显灵的节日);显现(特指神的显现)texted:n.计文本;课文;主题/vt.发短信 by accident:偶然;意外地I said,this is great.我说,这太棒了05:22And so since then,our life has changed.于是,从那时起,我们的生活已经改变了05:24I text her,she responds.我发短信 她回应05:26Its just been absolutely great.这种模式一直都非常好05:28(Applause)So our millennial generation is built differentl
25、y.（掌声）我们的千禧一代 成长方式有所不同05:30Now,Im older,and my youthful looks might belie that,butIm not in the millennial generation.现在,我老了,这一点与我年轻的外表并不相称 但我不是千禧一代05:40But our kids are really different.但我们的孩子真的不一样05:46The millennial generation is completely comfortable withonline technology.千禧一代完全适应 在线技术05:48So wh
26、y are we fighting it in the classroom?那么我们为什么不在教室里使用这种技术呢05:51Lets not fight it.Lets embrace it.不要再反对它,让我们接受它05:53In fact,I believe-and I have two fat thumbs,I cant text verywell-but Im willing to bet that with evolution,our kids andtheir grandchildren事实上 我有两个肥胖的拇指 编辑短信并不容易 但我敢说,在进化的过程中 我们的孩子和他们的子孙0
27、5:55will develop really,really little,itty-bitty thumbs to text muchbetter,that evolution will fix all of that stuff.将发育成很小,甚至极小的拇指 以便更好地编辑信息 这种进化将改变诸如此类的东西06:02responds:响应 millennial:adj.一千年的;千禧年的 youthful:adj.年轻的 belie:vt.掩饰;与不符;使失望;证明虚假错误thumbs:解剖拇指 itty-bitty:adj.极小的(等于itsy-bitsy)But what if we
28、embraced technology,embraced themillennial generations natural predilections,and really thinkabout creating these online technologies,blend them intotheir lives.但如果我们使用在线技术 接受千禧一代 天生的优待 真正去创建这些在线技术 将其融入他们的生活,会怎样呢06:08So heres what we can do.这就是我们能够做到的06:19So rather than driving our kids into a class
29、room,herdingthem out there at 8 oclock in the morning-与其把孩子送进教室 让他们在早上8点钟赶到教室06:20I hated going to class at 8 oclock in the morning,so why arewe forcing our kids to do that?我以前就讨厌在早上8点钟上课 所以我们为什么要强迫孩子们这样做呢06:25So instead what you do is you have them watch videos anddo interactive exercises in the co
30、mfort of their dorm rooms,in their bedroom,in the dining room,in the bathroom,wherever theyre most creative.倒不如 让他们观看视频 做互动性的练习 在舒适的宿舍、卧室 餐厅、浴室 任何使他们最具创造力的场所06:30Then they come into the classroom for some in-personinteraction.然后他们再来到教室 在人与人之间做一些真实的互动06:42They can have discussions amongst themselves.
31、他们可以相互讨论06:48They can solve problems together.可以一起解决问题06:50They can work with the professor and have the professoranswer their questions.他们可以与教授合作 并且有教授解答他们的问题06:51embraced:包含/拥抱/接受 predilections:n.偏爱,嗜好 herding:n.集中畜群;畜牧/v.聚在一起;牧放(herd的ing形式)in-person:亲自;外貌上In fact,with edX,when we were teaching ou
32、r first course oncircuits and electronics around the world,this was happeningunbeknownst to us.事实上,当我们第一次将课程传到edX上时 让整个世界都能学到电路与电子技术这门课 并不知道会发生这样的事06:55Two high school teachers at the Sant High School inMongolia had flipped their classroom,and they were usingour video lectures and interactive exerci
33、ses,where thelearners in the high school,15-year-olds,mind you,would goand do these things in their own homes and they wouldcome into class,and as you see from this image here,theywould interact with each other and do some physicallaboratory work.两名高中教师 在蒙古国的桑特高中 已经转变了他们的课堂教学模式 他们使用我们视频讲座 和交互式练习 这所高
34、中的学生 要知道,是15岁的学生 会在自己的家园做这些 会进入课堂 就像你看到的这幅图片 他们彼此进行交流 做一些物理实验07:04And the only way we discovered this was they wrote a blogand we happened to stumble upon that blog.我们发现这些的唯一途径 就是通过他们写的博客我们碰巧发现了这个博客07:27We were also doing other pilots.我们也在做其他的试验07:34So we did a pilot experimental blended courses,wor
35、kingwith San Jose State University in California,again,with thecircuits and electronics course.我们做了一个试验性的混合实验课程 同加利福尼亚州的圣何塞州立大学合作 再一次关于电路与电子技术07:36Youll hear that a lot.That course has become sort of like ourpetri dish of learning.你将多次听到这门课 该课程已成为 我们获取知识的培养皿07:44unbeknownst:adv.不知地/adj.不知的 flipped:快
36、速翻动/入迷(flip的过去式和过去分词)stumble:vi.踌躇,蹒跚;失足;犯错/vt.使困惑;使绊倒/n.绊倒;蹒跚而行So there,the students would,again,the instructors flippedthe classroom,blended online and in person,and the resultswere staggering.在那里,学生们会再次 在经过老师改造的课堂教学模式中 将在线教学和课堂教学相结合 结果令人吃惊07:49Now dont take these results to the bank just yet.到目前为
37、止这些结果还不够真实07:58Just wait a little bit longer as we experiment with this somemore,but the early results are incredible.还得等我们对此进行更长时间的试验 但早期的结果已经叫人觉得不可思议08:01So traditionally,semester upon semester,for the past severalyears,this course,again,a hard course,had a failure rate ofabout 40 to 41 percent ev
38、ery semester.用传统的教学方式,一个学期接一个学期 在过去几年里,这门课 这门难学的课 大约有40%到41%的失败率 每个学期08:06With this blended class late last year,the failure rate fell tonine percent.去年年底的这种混合教学 将失败率降到9%08:17So the results can be extremely,extremely good.这种结果可以说是非常非常好08:23Now before we go too far into this,Id like to spend sometime
39、 discussing some key ideas.在我们深入探讨之前 我想花些时间讨论 一些核心观念08:27What are some key ideas that makes all of this work?是什么样的核心想法 使这一切如此奏效08:34One idea is active learning.一个观点是主动学习08:38The idea here is,rather than have students walk into classand watch lectures,we replace this with what we call lessons.这个观点,不是
40、说让学生 走进课堂,听讲座 而是用课程来代替08:41instructors:n.教练;讲师;指导书(instructor的复数)in person:亲自;外貌上 staggering:adj.蹒跚的;令人惊愕的;犹豫的/v.蹒跚(stagger的ing形式)traditionally:adv.传统上;习惯上;传说上 semester:n.学期;半年Lessons are interleaved sequences of videos and interactiveexercises.这类课程包括连续分节的教学视频 和互动练习08:48So a student might watch a fi
41、ve-,seven-minute video andfollow that with an interactive exercise.所以学生可能看一段五分钟或七分钟的视频 并按视频内容做互动练习08:53Think of this as the ultimate Socratization of education.把它看做是终极的苏格拉底式教育08:59You teach by asking questions.通过提问来教学09:03And this is a form of learning called active learning,andreally promoted by a
42、very early paper,in 1972,by Craik andLockhart,where they said and discovered这是一种学习形式 叫做主动学习 早期文件显示,这种学习方法在1972年 经由克雷克和洛克哈特推行而兴起 他们提出并发现09:05that learning and retention really relates strongly to thedepth of mental processing.学习和持久记忆 与大脑加工知识过程的深度大有关系09:14Students learn much better when they are inter
43、acting withthe material.学生会学得更好 如果他们结合这些学习资料09:18The second idea is self-pacing.第二个观点是自定步调学习09:22Now,when I went to a lecture hall,and if you were like me,by the fifth minute I would lose the professor.我一旦进入讲堂 如果你是像我一样 五分钟内就会跟不上这位教授09:25I wasnt all that smart,and I would be scrambling,takingnotes,an
44、d then I would lose the lecture for the rest of thehour.我不太聪明,我会焦急的记着笔记 然后余下的时间就跟不上了09:30sequences:n.数计序列,顺序;继起的事(sequence的复数形式)promoted:adj.晋升的/n.升迁/v.促进(promote的过去式);提升 retention:n.保留;扣留,滞留;记忆力;闭尿 interacting:n.相互作用;相互制约/v.互相影响;互相作用(interact的ing形式)scrambling:n.不规则性;加扰;混乱;攀登/v.争夺;攀登;仓促地做;混杂(scrambl
45、e的ing形式)Instead,wouldnt it be nice with online technologies,we offervideos and interactive engagements to students?相反,在线教学技术不是很好吗 我们为学生提供视频和互动式参与09:37They can hit the pause button.他们可以按暂停按钮09:43They can rewind the professor.可以回放课程09:45Heck,they can even mute the professor.甚至,他们可以消音09:47So this form
46、of self-pacing can be very helpful to learning.这种自定步调的学习形式 非常有助于学习09:51The third idea that we have is instant feedback.第三个观点是即时反馈09:55With instant feedback,the computer grades exercises.有了即时反馈 计算机可以为练习评分09:59I mean,how else do you teach 150,000 students?不然你要怎么教十五万学生10:02Your computer is grading all
47、the exercises.您的计算机会对所有练习打分10:04And weve all submitted homeworks,and your grades comeback two weeks later,youve forgotten all about it.我们都曾提交过作业 你的成绩会在两周后反馈回来 那时你已经忘了作业内容10:06I dont think Ive still received some of my homeworks frommy undergraduate days.我认为我不会再收到 一些本科时期的作业10:12Some are never graded.
48、一些永远不会评分的作业10:15So with instant feedback,students can try to apply answers.有这样的即时反馈 学生可以试着填上答案10:17engagements:债务 rewind:n.重绕;倒带器/vt.倒回;重绕/vi.倒回;重绕 mute:adj.哑的;沉默的;无声的/vt.减弱的声音;使柔和/n.哑巴;弱音器;闭锁音 graded:adj.分等级的;按年级分的If they get it wrong,they can get instant feedback.如果做错了,他们可以获得即时反馈10:20They can try
49、it again and try it again,and this really becomesmuch more engaging.他们可以一次又一次的尝试 这个过程更加迷人10:22They get the instant feedback,and this little green checkmark that you see here is becoming somewhat of a cultsymbol at edX.他们得到的即时反馈 就是你看到的这个小小的绿色复选标记 它成了edX上令人痴迷的符号10:26Learners are telling us that they g
50、o to bed at night dreamingof the green check mark.学习者告诉我们他们晚上上床睡觉 都做着绿色对号的梦10:34In fact,one of our learners who took the circuits course earlylast year,he then went on to take a software course fromBerkeley at the end of the year,and this is what the learnerhad to say on our discussion board when he