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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件I write about food.I write about cooking.我的工作是写关于食物和烹饪的文章。00:12I take it quite seriously,but Im here to talk about somethingthats become very important to me in the last year or two.我是很严肃地对待这些事情。但是现在我要谈论一些在近一两年里对我们愈发重要的事情。00:14It is about food,but its not about cooking per se.这就是饮食的问题，但
2、本质上并不和烹饪相关。00:22Im going to start with this picture of a beautiful cow.下面我先展示一幅美丽的母牛的照片。00:27Im not a vegetarian-this is the old Nixon line,right?我并不是一名素食主义者-这听上去象以前尼克松的用语，不是吗？00:30But I still think that this-但我仍然认为这-00:33(Laughter)（笑声）00:35-may be this years version of this.-可能是现在的情况。00:36Now that
3、is only a little bit hyperbolic.只不过现在有一点夸张罢了。00:39And why do I say it?为什么我要说这些呢？00:43Because only once before has the fate of individual peopleand the fate of all of humanity been so intertwined.因为以前只发生过一次，每个人的命运 和整个人类的命运 如此紧密得连结在一起。00:45There was the bomb,and theres now.过去是原子弹，现在也同样发生了这种情况。00:53And
4、 where we go from here is going to determine not onlythe quality and the length of our individual lives,butwhether,if we could see the earth a century from now,wedrecognize it.并且我们现在要决定的 不仅是我们每个人的生活质量和寿命，而且是如果在一个世纪之后评价现在的世界，我们是否会认同它。00:56to start with:adv.首先;作为开始(等于forastart)vegetarian:n.素食者;食草动物/ad
5、j.素食的 hyperbolic:adj.双曲线的;夸张的 intertwined:adj.缠绕的;错综复杂的/v.使缠结,缠绕(intertwine的过去式)Its a holocaust of a different kind,and hiding under ourdesks isnt going to help.这是一次不同类型的浩劫，并且逃避并不能解决任何问题。01:06Start with the notion that global warming is not only real,butdangerous.现在全球变暖的现象 不仅是真实的，而且非常危险。01:11Since e
6、very scientist in the world now believes this,and evenPresident Bush has seen the light,or pretends to,we can takethis is a given.因为现在世界上的每一个科学家都对此表示认同，并且甚至布什总统都表示认同，当然也可能是假装的，我们必须要面对它。01:15Then hear this,please.现在请听我说。01:24After energy production,livestock is the second-highestcontributor to atmosp
7、here-altering gases.畜牧业是仅次于能源生产的第二大制造者 产生改变气候的气体。01:26Nearly one-fifth of all greenhouse gas is generated bylivestock production-more than transportation.将近全部温室气体的五分之一 是由畜牧业产生的-比运输业还要多。01:32Now,you can make all the jokes you want about cow farts,but methane is 20 times more poisonous than CO2,and it
8、snot just methane.现在你可以尽情地开有关牛屁的玩笑，但是甲烷的有害程度是二氧化碳的20倍，而且这其中不仅仅包含甲烷。01:40Livestock is also one of the biggest culprits in landdegradation,air and water pollution,water shortages andloss of biodiversity.畜牧业又是造成土地退化的最大元凶 空气和水污染，水资源短缺和生物多样性遭到破坏。01:49holocaust:n.大屠杀;毁灭 contributor:n.贡献者;投稿者;捐助者 farts:n.屁
9、,放屁/vi.放屁 methane:n.有化甲烷;能源沼气 culprits:n.犯人,罪犯;被控犯罪的人 degradation:n.退化;降格,降级;堕落 shortages:n.不足,缺乏(shortage的复数形式)biodiversity:n.生物多样性Theres more.诸如此类还有许多。01:58Like half the antibiotics in this country are not administeredto people,but to animals.这就好像国家里一半的抗生素 不是用在人类，而是用在动物身上的。01:59But lists like this
10、 become kind of numbing,so let me just saythis,if youre a progressive,if youre driving a Prius,or youreshopping green,or youre looking for organic,you shouldprobably be a semi-vegetarian.但是我罗列的这些听上去只是一串数字，所以让我换一种方式表述，如果你比较激进，如果你驾驶一辆普锐斯，或者你购买绿色食品，或者购买有机食品，你很可能是一个半素食主义者。02:05Now,Im no more anti-cow th
11、an I am anti-atom,but its all in现在我对母牛的反对比对原子弹的反对更甚，但是这正是我们现在的生活方式。02:19TED演讲者：Mark Bittman|马克.比特曼演讲标题：What.s wrong with what we eat|我们饮食中存在的问题内容概要：Mark Bittman is a bestselling cookbook author,journalist and television personality.His friendly,informal approach to home cooking has shown millions th
12、at fancy execution is nosubstitute for flavor and soul.在这个激烈而有趣的演讲中，纽约时报食品专栏的作家马克.比特曼讨论了在我们现在饮食中存在的问题（太多的肉类，太少的植物；太多的快餐，太少的家庭烹饪）和为什么我们的饮食习惯会对全球带来危机Now,Im no more anti-cow than I am anti-atom,but its all inthe way we use these things.是这正是我们现在的生活方式。02:19Theres another piece of the puzzle which Ann Coo
13、per talkedabout beautifully yesterday,and one you already know.这里还有另外一个问题 安库珀在昨天曾经很完美得探讨过，并且你们已经知道了。02:25Theres no question-none-that so-called lifestyle diseases-diabetes,heart disease,stroke,some cancers-arediseases that are far more prevalent here than anywhere inthe rest of the world.这些都不是问题-都不是
14、-所谓的生活方式的疾病-糖尿病，心脏病，中风，几种癌症-这些疾病在这里是过分普遍了 相比世界的其他地方。02:32And thats the direct result of eating a Western diet.这就是西方饮食的直接结果。02:45antibiotics:n.药抗生素;抗生学 administered:执行 numbing:adj.使麻木的;使失去感觉的/v.麻木;失去知觉(numb的ing形式)Prius:adj.在前的(处方用语)in the way:妨碍;挡道 Cooper:vi.箍桶;修桶/n.制桶工人;修桶匠/vt.箍桶;制桶 so-called:adj.所谓
15、的；号称的 diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症Our demand for meat,dairy and refined carbohydrates-the world consumes one billion cans or bottles of Coke a day-our demand for these things,not our need,our want-drives us to consume way more calories than are good for us.我们对于肉类，乳类和纯净的碳水化合物的需求-世界平均每天消耗十亿听或瓶的可乐-我们对于这些东西的需求并不是
16、必须的，而是我们想要的-使我们消耗了比最佳摄入量更多的卡路里。02:49And those calories are in foods that cause,not prevent,disease.这些在食品中的卡路里导致，而不是预防疾病。03:06Now global warming was unforeseen.现在世界变暖还是不可预期的。03:11We didnt know that pollution did more than cause badvisibility.我们尚不确定污染除了降低能见度外还有其他什么危害。03:13Maybe a few lung diseases her
17、e and there,but you know,thats not such a big deal.可能会在这里或那里造成更多的肺癌，但是你知道，这并不是一件很严重的事情。03:17The current health crisis,however,is a little more the work ofthe evil empire.可是，现在的健康问题，比一个邪恶帝国的危害还要严重。03:22We were told,we were assured,that the more meat and dairyand poultry we ate,the healthier wed be.我们
18、被告知，并且我们确信，随着我们摄入更多的肉类，乳类和家禽类食品，我们会变得更健康。03:27No.Overconsumption of animals,and of course,junk food,isthe problem,along with our paltry consumption of plants.这是错的。对动物的过度食用，当然还有垃圾食品，是问题所在，还有对植物类食品的摄入不足。03:34refined:adj.油气化工冶精炼的;精确的;微妙的;有教养的 carbohydrates:n.有化糖类(carbohydrate的复数);有化碳水化物 calories:n.物卡路里
19、(热量单位,calorie的复数)unforeseen:adj.未预见到的,无法预料的 here and there:各处,到处junk food:垃圾食物;无营养的速食;华而不实的东西 paltry:adj.不足取的;无价值的;琐碎的;卑鄙的Now,theres no time to get into the benefits of eating plantshere,but the evidence is that plants-and I want to makethis clear-its not the ingredients in plants,its the plants.现在不
20、是讨论使用植物是否有益的时候了，有证据表明植物-我想要强调一下-而不是植物中的成分，是植物本身。03:41Its not the beta-carotene,its the carrot.不是胡萝卜素，而是胡萝卜本身。03:51The evidence is very clear that plants promote health.有充分证据表明植物可以改善健康状况。03:54This evidence is overwhelming at this point.现在这种证据更加充分。03:58You eat more plants,you eat less other stuff,you
21、live longer.你吃了更多的植物，更少的其他食物，你就会更加长寿。04:00Not bad.这算是个还不错的消息。04:04But back to animals and junk food.但是问题又回到了动物和垃圾食品。04:06What do they have in common?它们有什么共同的特点呢？04:08One:we dont need either of them for health.第一：我们为了健康并不需要它们中的任何一个。04:10We dont need animal products,and we certainly dont needwhite bre
22、ad or Coke.我们并不需要动物制品，而且我们完全不需要白面包或可乐。04:13Two:both have been marketed heavily,creating unnaturaldemand.第二：这两种东西都在被广泛地推销，导致了不正常的需求。04:18Were not born craving Whoppers or Skittles.我们并不是在耸人听闻。04:22ingredients:材料;作料 beta-carotene:n.-胡萝卜素 overwhelming:adj.压倒性的；势不可挡的/v.压倒；淹没(overwhelm的ing形式)；制服 in common
23、:共同的;共有的 marketed:销售;交易;市场推广(market的过去分词)unnatural:adj.不自然的;反常的;不近人情的 craving:n.渴望;热望/v.渴望;恳求(crave的ing形式)Whoppers:n.弥天大谎;特大之物 Skittles:n.撞柱游戏用的小柱(skittle的复数);撞柱游戏/vi.玩撞柱游戏(skittle的第三人称单数)/vt.使击球员连续出局(skittle的第三人称单数)Three:their production has been supported by governmentagencies at the expense of a
24、more health and earth-friendlydiet.第三：它们的制造得到政府部门的支持，但是以少食用更健康和环保的食品为代价。04:27Now lets imagine a parallel.现在打个比方。04:33www.XiYuS锡育软件Lets pretend that our government supported an oil-based如果我们的政府支持一个石油公司 同时反对更加可持续发展的能源，并且知道这将导致 污染，战Lets pretend that our government supported an oil-basedeconomy while di
25、scouraging more sustainable forms ofenergy,knowing all the while that the result would bepollution,war and rising costs.可持续发展的能源，并且知道这将导致 污染，战争和更高的成本。04:37Incredible,isnt it?很不可思议，不是吗？04:48Yet they do that.但是现在他们正在这样做。04:50And they do this here.Its the same deal.他们对食品也是如此。这是同样的事情。04:52The sad thing
26、is,when it comes to diet,is that even whenwell-intentioned Feds try to do right by us,they fail.坏消息是，对于饮食问题，就算是联邦政府用心去规范我们的行为，也是徒劳的。04:54Either theyre outvoted by puppets of agribusiness,or theyare puppets of agribusiness.他们或者会被从事农产品业的傀儡们投否决票，或者他们本身就从事于农产品业的傀儡。05:03agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数)at the
27、 expense of:以为代价;由支付费用 earth-friendly:adj.有利于地球生态保护的;对地球不造成污染的 oil-based:adj.油基的 discouraging:adj.使人沮丧的;令人气馁的/v.沮丧(discourage的ing形式);失去勇气 sustainable:adj.可以忍受的；足可支撑的；养得起的；可持续的 well-intentioned:adj.好意的,好心的;出于善意的 Feds:abbr.联邦政府工作人员 outvoted:vt.以多数票击败 puppets:n.木偶;傀儡(puppet的复数)agribusiness:n.农业综合企业(包括农
28、业设备,用品的制造,农产品的产销,制造加工等)So when the USDA finally acknowledged that it was plants,rather than animals,that made people healthy,theyencouraged us,via their overly-simplistic food pyramid,所以当美国农业部最终承认 是植物，而不是动物，使得人们更加健康，他们建议我们，通过参照他们构建的过于简陋的食品金字塔，05:08to eat five servings of fruits and vegetables a day,
29、along withmore carbs.一天吃五份的水果和蔬菜，和更多的碳水化合物。05:20What they didnt tell us is that some carbs are better thanothers,and that plants and whole grains should besupplanting eating junk food.但是他们没有告诉我们有些碳水化合物比其他的更好，并且这些植物和全谷类食物 应当替代垃圾食品。05:25But industry lobbyists would never let that happen.但是工业界的说客不会让这一切
30、发生。05:32And guess what?猜猜为什么？05:35Half the people who developed the food pyramid have tiesto agribusiness.制定食品金字塔中一半的人 与农产品业有关联。05:37So instead of substituting plants for animals,our swollenappetites simply became larger,and the most dangerousaspects of them remained unchanged.所以并没有用植物替代动物，我们已经膨胀的胃口
31、变得更大了，并且其中最危险的部分仍未改变。05:41acknowledged:adj.公认的;被普遍认可的/v.承认;确认(acknowledge的过去式和过去分词);答谢 servings:n.服务;(食品等的)一份;上菜(serving的复数形式)carbs:abbr.碳水化合物(carbohydrates);内燃机汽化器(carburetors)grains:n.作物谷粒(grain的复数);双齿鱼叉,多齿鱼叉 lobbyists:n.游说者(lobbyist的复数形式)substituting:n.取代;数代入/v.代替,取代(substitute的现在分词形式)swollen:adj
32、.肿胀的,浮肿的;浮夸的;激动兴奋的 appetites:n.食欲;嗜好 aspects:n.方面;相位;面貌(aspect的复数)unchanged:adj.未改变的So-called low-fat diets,so-called low-carb diets-these arenot solutions.所谓的低脂肪和低碳水化合物食品-这些并不是解决方案。05:51But with lots of intelligent people focusing on whether foodis organic or local,or whether were being nice to ani
33、mals,the most important issues just arent being addressed.但是许多有智慧的人 研究某种食物是否有机或本地生产，或者我们是否要友善地对待动物，最重要的问题却并没有被涉及。05:57Now,dont get me wrong.现在，不要误会我。06:07I like animals,and I dont think its just fine to industrializetheir production and to churn them out like they werewrenches.我喜爱动物，并且我并不认为应当将动物制品产业
34、化 干扰动物的生活。06:09But theres no way to treat animals well when youre killing10 billion of them a year.但是现在根本无法善待动物 当一年要屠杀100亿头动物的时候。06:17Thats our number.10 billion.这是我们的数字。100亿。06:23If you strung all of them-chickens,cows,pigs and lambs-to the moon,theyd go there and back five times-there andback.如果你将
35、它们连接起来-鸡，牛，猪和羊-到月球，长度可以来回5次-过去然后回来。06:25Now,my maths a little shaky,but this is pretty good,and itdepends whether a pig is four feet long or five feet long,butyou get the idea.现在，尽管我的数学不是很好，但这个数字大致是没问题的，尽管基于一头猪的长度是4英尺还是5英尺，但是你可以有一个大致的概念。06:33low-fat:adj.低脂肪的 diets:食品饮食 churn:vi.搅拌;搅动/vt.搅拌;搅动/n.搅乳器
36、wrenches:n.机扳手(wrench的复数)/v.猛扭;歪曲;使痛苦(wrench的三单形式)strung:v.捆扎,系上(string的过去式和过去分词);收紧 lambs:n.小羊(lamb的复数形式);像羔羊般温顺的人/v.生小羊(lamb的三单形式)shaky:adj.摇晃的;不可靠的;不坚定的Thats just the United States.这仅仅是对于美国的情况而言。06:41And with our hyper-consumption of those animals producinggreenhouse gases and heart disease,kindn
37、ess might just bea bit of a red herring.并且随着我们对于这些动物的过度消耗 产生温室气体和心脏疾病，仁慈可能仅仅是一种逃避的方式。06:44Lets get the numbers of the animals were killing for eatingdown,and then well worry about being nice to the ones thatare left.让我们降低被屠杀的动物的数量，然后我们再去想如何善待幸存的动物。06:52are left.Another red herring might be exemplifi
38、ed by the wordlocavore,另外一个误区的典型代表是“土食主义”，07:00which was just named Word of the Year by the New OxfordAmerican Dictionary.刚被新牛津美国词典提名为年度单词。07:04Seriously.很严肃的话题。07:07And locavore,for those of you who dont know,is someonewho eats only locally-grown food.土食主义者，对于你们之中不了解的人来说，是一些只吃当地生产的食品的人。07:09Which i
39、s fine if you live in California,but for the rest of us itsa bit of a sad joke.当你居住在加利福尼亚州时这很好，但是对于其他地区的人来说这是一个悲哀的玩笑。07:13Between the official story-the food pyramid-and the hiplocavore vision,you have two versions of how to improve oureating.在官方的故事-饮食金字塔-和前卫的土食主义文化，你有两个可以改善饮食的选择。07:19(Laughter).（笑声
40、）07:26They both get it wrong,though.但是这两种方式都错了。07:28The first,at least is populist,and the second is elitist.第一种方式至少是大众性的，第二种则是只针对小部分团体。07:30a bit of a:一点,有点,有些;相当后接名词,常指不愉快的人或事 herring:n.鲱(又称青鱼)populist:n.平民主义者;民粹派;平民论者/adj.民粹主义的(等于populistic);平民主义的;平民主义者的 elitist:n.优秀人才;杰出人物/adj.优秀人才的;杰出人才的How we
41、got to this place is the history of food in the UnitedStates.我们如何走到今天这一步正是美国饮食的发展史。07:34And Im going to go through that,at least the last hundredyears or so,very quickly right now.然后我将对其进行阐述，至少在离现在很近的大概一百年前的时间。07:38A hundred years ago,guess what?猜猜一百年前怎么样？07:43Everyone was a locavore,even New York h
42、ad pig farmsnearby and shipping food all over the place was a ridiculousnotion.每个人都是土食者，即使是纽约旁边也有大型的农场 同时往其他地方运输食品是一个很异想天开的想法。07:45Every family had a cook,usually a mom.每一个家庭都有一个厨师，通常是母亲。07:53And those moms bought and prepared food.这些母亲购买并准备食物。07:56It was like your romantic vision of Europe.这就像你所想象的
43、欧洲浪漫的场景。07:59Margarine didnt exist.人造黄油并不存在。08:01In fact,when margarine was invented,several states passedlaws declaring that it had to be dyed pink so wed all knowthat it was a fake.事实上，当发明人造黄油时，几个州通过法律命令人造黄油要染成粉红色 我们都知道它是假的08:03There was no snack food,and until the 20s,until ClarenceBirdseye came
44、along,there was no frozen food.那时并没有快餐，并且直到二十年代，直到克拉伦斯博兹艾的出现，冷冻食物才发明。08:13ridiculous:adj.可笑的；荒谬的 moms:abbr.密西根数学系统(MichigansOwnMathematicalSystem)Margarine:n.人造黄油;人造奶油 declaring:n.宣告行为,说明/v.说明(declare的现在分词形式)dyed:adj.被染色的/v.染色(dye的过去分词形式)Clarence:n.一种双座四轮马车There were no restaurant chains.那时没有连锁的餐厅。0
45、8:18There were neighborhood restaurants run by local people,but none of them would think to open another one.当时只有当地人在家附近经营的餐厅，但是没人想过再开另一家餐厅。08:21Eating ethnic was unheard of unless you were ethnic.饮食文化更是前所未闻。08:25And fancy food was entirely French.同时花式食物全部是源自法国。08:28As an aside,those of you who reme
46、mber Dan Aykroyd in the1970s doing Julia Child imitations can see where he got theidea of stabbing himself from this fabulous slide.另外，你记起的那个 丹艾克罗伊德在二十世纪七十年代模仿朱莉娅蔡尔德 可以看出他就是这个样子。08:31(Laughter)Back in those days,before even Julia,back in thosedays there was no philosophy of food.（笑声）在那些时候，即便是朱莉娅的时代之
47、前，当时不存在对于食物的学问。08:43You just ate.你只是在吃。08:50You didnt claim to be anything.你不用宣称什么其他的东西。08:52There was no marketing.There were no national brands.当时没有市场。没有全国性的品牌。08:54Vitamins had not been invented.维生素还没有发明。08:57There were no health claims,at least not federallysanctioned ones.那时没有关于健康的宣言，至少不是像联邦上禁止
48、那样。09:00ethnic:adj.种族的;人种的 unheard:adj.听不到的;未被倾听的;不予理睬的 imitations:n.模仿,仿造;仿制品/adj.人造的,仿制的 stabbing:adj.刺穿的,尖利的;令人伤心的/v.刺(stab的ing形式)fabulous:adj.难以置信的;传说的,寓言中的;极好的Vitamins:n.生化维生素;生化维他命 federally:adv.联邦地;联邦政府地;同盟地 sanctioned:制裁Fats,carbs,proteins-they werent bad or good,they werefood.脂肪，碳水化合物，蛋白质-它
49、们既不是好的也不是坏的，它们只是食物。09:03You ate food.你只是在吃食物。09:07Hardly anything contained more than one ingredient,because it was an ingredient.基本没有一种东西包含多于一种成分，仅仅因为其本身只是一种成分。09:10The cornflake hadnt been invented.玉米片也没有发明。09:14(Laughter)The Pop-Tart,the Pringle,Cheez Whiz,none ofthat stuff.（笑声）也没有蛋挞，普林格尔，当维兹之类的东
50、西。09:16Goldfish swam.金鱼还在游动。09:20(Laughter)Its hard to imagine.People grew food,and theyate food.（笑声）这不难想象。人们种植食物并吃种的食物。09:22And again,everyone ate local.并且每个人都吃当地产的食物。09:27In New York,an orange was a common Christmas present,because it came all the way from Florida.在纽约，桔子是一种很普遍的圣诞礼物，因为桔子要从遥远的佛罗里达州运