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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Thank you.(Applause)Im going to start with a little story.谢谢。(掌声)我来先讲一个小故事853793So,I grew up in this neighborhood.When I was 15 years old,Iwent from being what I think was a strapping young athlete,over four months,slowly wasting away until我在附近的地区长大,我15岁时 在四个月里,我从一个自认为的体格强壮的年轻运动员 逐渐消瘦00
2、:17I was basically a famine victim with an unquenchable thirst.直到变成一个饥民 有着永不满足的饥渴感00:29I had basically digested away my body.基本上我已经消化光了自己的身体00:33And this all came to a head when I was on a backpackingtrip,my first one ever actually,on Old Rag Mountain in WestVirginia,and was putting my face into pud
3、dles of water anddrinking like a dog.情况严重到,在我的一次背包旅途中 实际上是我的第一次,在西弗吉尼亚的 Old Rag Mountain 我像狗一样 把脸埋在水坑里喝水00:36That night,I was taken into the emergency room anddiagnosed as a type 1 diabetic in full-blown ketoacidosis.那天晚上,我被带到急救室 被诊断患有I型糖尿病导致的酮酸中毒00:49And I recovered,thanks to the miracles of modern
4、 medicine,insulin and other things,and gained all my weight back andmore.后来我康复了,感谢现代医学的奇迹 胰岛素和其它东西,我的体重全恢复了,还有些增长00:57to start with:adv.首先;作为开始(等于forastart)strapping:n.鞭打;皮带材料;裹伤胶带/adj.魁梧的;高大健壮的/v.用带捆扎;约束,束缚(strap的现在分词)unquenchable:adj.止不住的;不能遏制的;不能熄灭的 thirst:n.渴望;口渴;热望/vi.渴望;口渴digested:摘要 backpacki
5、ng:n.徒步旅行 puddles:n.划桨留下的水旋涡(puddle复数)diagnosed:v.诊断;被诊断为(diagnose的过去分词)diabetic:adj.糖尿病的,患糖尿病的/n.糖尿病患者 full-blown:adj.成熟的;(花)盛开的;(帆等)张满的ketoacidosis:n.内科酮酸中毒;酮病 insulin:n.生化药胰岛素And something festered inside me after this happened.这些事情发生后,我心里开始有了些想法01:09What I thought about was,what caused the diabe
6、tes?当时我想的是,糖尿病是什么导致的?01:14You see,diabetes is an autoimmune disease where yourbody fights itself,and at the time people thought thatsomehow maybe exposure to a pathogen had triggered myimmune system to fight the pathogen and then kill the cellsthat make insulin.你们知道,糖尿病是一种免疫疾病 你的身体攻击正常细胞,当时人们认为 可能在一
7、些情况下,人体接触到病原体 免疫系统被激活,与病原体作斗争 结果杀死了制造胰岛素的细胞01:18And this is what I thought for a long period of time,andthats in fact what medicine and people have focused onquite a bit,the microbes that do bad things.对于这个解释,我思考了很长一段时间 这也是医学和大众主要关注的理论 微生物是有害的01:32And thats where I need my assistant here now.现在我需要我的
8、助理帮忙01:42You may recognize her.你们可能认得她01:45So,I went yesterday,I apologize,I skipped a few of the talks,and I went over to the National Academy of Sciencesbuilding,and they sell toys,giant microbes.其实昨天,很抱歉,我没来听一些演讲 我去了一下国家科学院的大楼 楼里有人在卖玩具,巨型微生物01:47And here we go!接好了!02:01festered:vi.溃烂;化脓/vt.使溃烂;使痛
9、苦;使恶化/n.溃烂;脓疮,脓疱 diabetes:n.糖尿病;多尿症 autoimmune:adj.自身免疫的;自体免疫的 pathogen:n.病原体;病菌 triggered:adj.触发的;起动的;有扳机的/v.引起;引爆(trigger的过去分词);扣的扳机 microbes:n.细菌,微微生物;微生物类(microbe的复数形式)So you have caught flesh-eating disease if you caught thatone.如果你接住那一个,你就已经感染了食肉细菌02:04I gotta get back out my baseball ability
10、here.显然我的棒球技能已经不比当年了02:09(Laughter)So,unfortunately or not surprisingly,most of themicrobes they sell at the National Academy building arepathogens.(笑声)所以,不幸的是,也不让人惊奇的是 他们在国家科学院大楼卖的微生物玩具是病原菌02:13Everybody focuses on the things that kill us,and thats what Iwas focusing on.大家都只关注致死的微生物 那也是我当时研究的重点02:2
11、7And it turns out that we are covered in a cloud of microbes,and those microbes actually do us good much of the time,rather than killing us.实际上我们正在被厚厚的一层微生物覆盖 而多数情况下,这些微生物对我们是有益的 而不是有害致死的02:31And so,weve known about this for some period of time.而且我们认识到这一点,已经有一段时间了02:41People have used microscopes to
12、 look at the microbes thatcover us,I know youre not paying attention to me,but.人们用显微镜观察覆盖人体的微生物 我知道你没在听我讲话,但是02:45TED演讲者：Jonathan Eisen|乔纳森.艾森演讲标题：Jonathan Eisen:Meet your microbes|认识你的微生物群落内容概要：Jonathan Eisen studies the ecology and evolution of microbial communities-andtheir co-evolution with thei
13、r hosts.我们的身体上覆盖了海量的微生物其中有致病的病原体，也有我们了解甚少，可能在维持我们健康的“好”微生物。在 TEDMED，微生物学家乔纳森.艾森分享了人类目前对这些微生物的认识，包括一些意想不到的利用这些益生菌群的方式。(Laughter)The microbes that cover us.(笑声)这些覆盖人体的微生物02:50And if you look at them in the microscope,you can see thatwe actually have 10 times as many cells of microbes on us aswe have h
14、uman cells.如果你用显微镜观察它们 你会发现在我们身上的微生物细胞 是人体细胞数量的10倍02:54Theres more mass in the microbes than the mass of ourbrain.我们身上微生物的质量比我们大脑的质量还重03:04flesh-eating:adj.食肉的 pathogens:n.基医病原体;病原菌;基医致病菌 microscopes:n.光显微镜(microscope的复数)We are literally a teeming ecosystem of microorganisms.我们的身体实际上是一个丰富的微生物生态系统03:
15、09And unfortunately,if you want to learn about themicroorganisms,just looking at them in a microscope is notsufficient.不幸的是,如果你想要研究微生物 仅仅用显微镜观察是不够的03:13And so we just heard about the DNA sequencing.我们刚才听到了DNA测序03:20It turns out that one of the best ways to look at microbes andto understand them is t
16、o look at their DNA.事实证明研究和理解微生物的最好方法之一 是研究它们的DNA03:23And thats what Ive been doing for 20 years,using DNAsequencing,collecting samples from various places,includingthe human body,reading the DNA sequence这正是我20年来一直在做的事 我通过DNA测序来分析从不同来源采来的样品 其中包括人体样本,测出DNA序列03:28and then using that DNA sequencing to
17、tell us about themicrobes that are in a particular place.然后从这些DNA序列中了解 在特定位置的微生物03:37And whats amazing,when you use this technology,forexample,looking at humans,were not just covered in a seaof microbes.神奇的是,在使用这个技术时 比如说,研究人体系统我们不只是被覆盖在数量众多的微生物中03:41There are thousands upon thousands of different ki
18、nds ofmicrobes on us.我们身上的微生物种类也是成千上万的03:48We have millions of genes of microbes in our humanmicrobiome covering us.我们覆盖的微生物种群 有数百类个基因03:54teeming:adj.多产的,丰富的;热闹的/v.充满(teem的现在分词)ecosystem:n.生态系统 microorganisms:n.微微生物,微生虫(microorganism的复数)sequencing:n.计排序;计定序;排列程序/v.计定序(sequence的ing形式);使按顺序排列And so t
19、his microbial diversity differs between people,andwhat people have been thinking about in the last 10,maybe15 years is,maybe these microbes,this microbial cloud inand on us,and the variation between us,may be responsiblefor some of the health and illness differences between us.而且每个人身上的微生物种群各不相同 在过去的
20、10或15年里,人们一直在思考 也许这些微生物 这些人体上覆盖的微生物云 以及人和人之间的微生物差异 对人类的健康和疾病的个体差异有重要影响04:01And that comes back to the diabetes story I was telling you.这就回到了我之前和你们说过的糖尿病的故事04:20It turns out that people now think that one of the triggers fortype 1 diabetes is not fighting a pathogen,but is in facttrying to-miscommuni
21、cating with the microbes that live inand on you.结果是人们现在认为 一型糖尿病诱因之一并不是与病原体的战争 却是因为它其实在试着 与身体内外的微生物传达错误的信息04:23And somehow maybe the microbial community thats in andon me got off,and then this triggered some sort of immuneresponse and led to me killing the cells that make insulin inmy body.然后这些在我身体内外
22、的微生物群落不知怎么地消失了 这触发了某种免疫反应 让我的身体消灭了自身的 制造胰岛素的细胞04:35And so what I want to tell you about for a few minutes is,what people have learned using DNA sequencing techniquesin particular,to study the microbial cloud that lives in and onus.所以在接下来几分钟我想和你们分享的是 人们通过DNA测序技术了解到哪些内容 尤其是对于身体内外的 微生物云04:46microbial:a
23、dj.微生物的;由细菌引起的 diversity:n.多样性;差异 differs:不同/有异议 triggers:n.电子触发器;触发物(trigger的复数)/v.引起(trigger的单三形式);引爆 in particular:尤其,特别And I want to tell you a story about a personal project.我想和你们讲一个有关我个人研究课题的故事04:58My first personal experience with studying the microbes onthe human body actually came from a ta
24、lk that I gave,rightaround the corner from here at Georgetown.我自己的第一次研究人体微生物的经历 实际上就来自 我在街对角的乔治城大学做的一个演讲05:00I gave a talk,and a family friend who happened to be theDean of Georgetown Medical School was at the talk,andcame up to me afterwards saying,they were doing a study ofileal transplants in peo
25、ple.我在那做了个演讲,而乔治城大学医学院的院长 刚好是我的一个家族方面的朋友,去听了演讲 会后他上来和我说,他们正在 做人体回肠移植方面的研究05:09And they wanted to look at the microbes after thetransplants.他们想要研究移植后的微生物分布情况05:21And so I started a collaboration with this person,Michael所以我开始和 Michael Zasloff 和 ThomasFishbein 合作 观察回肠移植后微生物繁殖情况And so I started a collab
26、oration with this person,MichaelZasloff and Thomas Fishbein,to look at the microbes thatcolonized these ilea after they were transplanted into arecipient.Fishbein 合作 观察回肠移植后微生物繁殖情况05:25And I can tell you all the details about the microbial studythat we did there,but the reason I want to tell you thi
27、s storyis something really striking that they did at the beginning ofthis project.我可以和你们聊这项研究的所有细节 但是我想给你们讲这个故事的原因是 他们在这个课题开始阶段 做了特别惊人的尝试05:35Dean:n.院长;系主任;教务长;主持牧师 transplants:v.移植(transplant的第三人称单数);移置/n.移植(transplant的复数)collaboration:n.合作;勾结;通敌 colonized:vt.将开拓为殖民地;移于殖民地;从他地非法把选民移入/vi.开拓殖民地;移居于殖民
28、地 transplanted:移植/转移 recipient:n.容器,接受者;容纳者/adj.容易接受的,感受性强的 at the beginning of:在的开始They take the donor ileum,which is filled with microbesfrom a donor and they have a recipient who might have aproblem with their microbial community,say Crohnsdisease,and they sterilized the donor ileum.他们取得捐赠者的回肠,里边
29、充满捐赠者身上的微生物 同时有受赠者,他们体内的微生物菌群可能出了些问题 比如说,克罗恩病患者 然后他们消毒捐赠者的回肠05:45Cleaned out all the microbes,and then put it in the recipient.清除所有的微生物,然后移植到受赠者体内05:58They did this because this was common practice in medicine,even though it was obvious that this was not a good idea.他们这样做,因为这是医学上的通用做法 即便它显然 不是一个好主意0
30、6:02And fortunately,in the course of this project,the transplantsurgeons and the other people decided,forget commonpractice.We have to switch.幸好在这个研究过程中 移植外科医生和其他成员决定 抛开通用做法,我们必须换个办法06:10www.XiYuS锡育软件So they actually switched to leaving some of the microbialcommunity in the ileum.They leave the micr
31、obes with thedonor,and theoretically that might help the people who arereceiving this ileal transplant.所以他们留下回肠中的部分微生物菌群 他们留下了捐赠者体内的微生物 理论上说,这可能 对接受回肠移植的人有益06:20donor:n.捐赠者;供者;赠送人/adj.捐献的;经人工授精出生的 ileum:n.解剖回肠 sterilized:adj.无菌的;已消过毒的/v.杀菌;消除;冻结(sterilize的过去分词)in the course of:在过程中;在期间 transplant:vt
32、.移植;迁移;使移居/n.移植;移植器官;被移植物;移居者/vi.移植;迁移;移居 surgeons:外科医生 theoretically:adv.理论地;理论上And so,people-this is a study that I did now.所以,大家,这就是我这些年来所做的研究06:34In the last few years theres been a great expansion in usingDNA technology to study the microbes in and on people.在过去几年中,通过DNA技术来观察人体内外的微生物研究 有了长足进展06
33、:37Theres something called the Human Microbiome Projectthats going on in the United States,and MetaHIT going onin Europe,and a lot of other projects.人类微生物菌落项目 正在美国展开 在欧洲,有人类肠道宏基因组计划(MetaHIT)和很多其它研究06:44And when people have done a variety of studies,they havelearned things such as,when a baby is born
34、,during vaginaldelivery you get colonized by the microbes from yourmother.当他们做了各种研究 他们发现了各种现象,比如一个婴儿 从产道出生时 母体的微生物菌群会移植到婴儿上06:50There are risk factors associated with cesarean sections,someof those risk factors may be due to mis-colonization whenyou carve a baby out of its mother rather than beingde
35、livered through the birth canal.剖腹产有一些风险 其中有可能包括错误移植 当婴儿经由剖腹被取出母体 而非从产道生出时,这有可能发生07:01And a variety of other studies have shown that the microbialcommunity that lives in and on us helps in development ofthe immune system,helps in fighting off pathogens,helps inour metabolism,and determining our meta
36、bolic rate,probably许多不同研究显示 在我们身体和表面的微生物 对免疫系统的发育有益 帮助击退病原体,促进新陈代谢 决定我们的代谢速度07:13vaginal:adj.解剖阴道的;叶鞘的 cesarean:adj.剖腹产的;凯撒的/n.剖腹产(等于Caesarean)carve:vt.雕刻;切开;开创/vi.切开;做雕刻工作 metabolism:n.生理新陈代谢 determining:v.决定(determine的ing形式)metabolic:adj.变化的;新陈代谢的determines our odor,and may even shape our behavior
37、 in avariety of ways.可能决定我们的体味 还可能在很多方面塑造我们的行为07:29And so,these studies have documented or suggested out ofa variety of important functions for the microbial community,this cloud,the non-pathogens that live in and on us.因此这些研究证明或者推断了 这些微生物群落的各种重要功能 这些在我们体内和表面生活的非病原体,这层“云”的功能07:34And one area that I
38、think is very interesting,which many ofyou may have now that weve thrown microbes into thecrowd,is something that I would call germophobia.有个领域我觉得很有意思 就是既然刚才我们刚扔了一群菌到人群中 你们中间有许多人也许有这个心态,我叫它“恐菌症”07:46So people are really into cleanliness,right?人们真的很重视清洁,是吗？07:56We have antibiotics in our kitchen coun
39、ters,people arewashing every part of them all of the time,we pumpantibiotics into our food,into our communities,we take我们的厨房桌台上有抗菌用品 人们时时刻刻都在洗身上的每个部分 抗生素大量地流入我们的食物和居住环境中 我们无节制地滥用抗生素07:59antibiotics into our food,into our communities,we takeantibiotics excessively.And killing pathogens is a good thin
40、g if youre sick,but weshould understand that when we pump chemicals andantibiotics into our world,that were also killing the cloud ofmicrobes that live in and on us.如果你生病了,杀死病原体是件好事 但我们要知道,当我们把化工产品 和抗生素注入我们的生活中时,我们也在杀死 生活在我们体内和表面的微生物云08:11determines:决心/确定 odor:n.气味;名声 documented:adj.备有证明文件的 cleanlin
41、ess:n.清洁 antibiotics:n.药抗生素;抗生学 counters:n.核电子计数器;计数器组件(counter的复数)/v.反击;抵制(counter的第三人称单数)excessively:adv.过分地;极度And excessive use of antibiotics,in particular in children,hasbeen shown to be associated with,again,risk factors forobesity,for autoimmune diseases,for a variety of problemsthat are prob
42、ably due to disruption of the microbialcommunity.研究发现,过度使用抗生素,尤其在儿童身上 和肥胖、自身免疫疾病 以及其它各种健康问题都有关因为抗生素破坏了 人体的微生物群落08:24So the microbial community can go wrong whether we wantit to or not,or we can kill it with antibiotics,but what can wedo to restore it?所以微生物群落可能会出问题 不论我们喜不喜欢或者我们可以用抗生素杀死这些微生物 但是我们怎样才能重
43、建这些群落?08:39Im sure many people here have heard about probiotics.我相信在座的许多人听说过益生菌群08:49Probiotics are one thing that you can try and do to restorethe microbial community that is in and on you.人们可以尝试用益生菌来重建 体内和体表的微生物群落08:52And they definitely have been shown to be effective in somecases.已经有一些使用益生菌的成功案例
44、08:57Theres a project going on at UC Davis where people areusing probiotics to try and treat,prevent,necrotizingenterocolitis in premature infants.在加州大学戴维斯分校有一项研究 人们尝试用益生菌来治疗和预防 早产儿的坏死性小肠结肠炎09:01Premature infants have real problems with their microbialcommunity.早产儿身上有不少和微生物群落相关的问题09:09obesity:n.肥大,肥
45、胖 disruption:n.破坏,毁坏;分裂,瓦解 probiotics:n.益生菌,原生菌;促生素或益菌 necrotizing:adj.坏死的;引起坏死的/n.坏死(necrotize的ing形式);使坏死 enterocolitis:n.内科小肠结肠炎 infants:n.婴儿(infant的复数);婴幼儿And it may be that probiotics can help prevent thedevelopment of this horrible necrotizing enterocolitis inthese premature infants.也许益生菌可以帮助预防
46、 早产儿罹患 这种可怕的坏死性小肠结肠炎09:12But probiotics are sort of a very,very simple solution.但是益生菌是一个非常,非常简单的解决方法09:20Most of the pills that you can take or the yogurts that youcan eat have one or two species in them,maybe five speciesin them,and the human community is thousands uponthousands of species.许多你可以吃的药
47、丸或酸奶 含有一或两种,还可能五种细菌 而人体微生物群落包含数千个菌种09:24So what can we do to restore our microbial community whenwe have thousands and thousands of species on us?所以我们怎样才能重建我们的微生物群落 在我们身上有数千种微生物的情况下？09:36Well,one thing that animals seem to do is,they eat poo-coprophagia.好吧,动物们所做的一件事是 它们吃类便食粪症09:43And it turns out th
48、at many veterinarians,old schoolveterinarians in particular,have been doing something calledpoo tea,实际上许多兽医 尤其是老派的兽医 一直在用一种叫“粪便茶”的东西09:49not booty,but poo tea,to treat colic and other ailments inhorses and cows and things like that,where you make teafrom the poo from a healthy individual animal and
49、you feedit to a sick animal.不是屁屁,而是粪便茶来治疗 马和牛的腹绞痛和其它类似疾病 就是用健康动物的粪便做成茶 然后喂给生病的动物喝09:59yogurts:n.酸奶酪,食品酸乳(等于yoghurt)poo:abbr.(英)邮政汇票(Post-OfficeOrder)veterinarians:n.兽医兽医(veterinarian的复数)colic:n.疝气;疝痛;急腹痛 ailments:n.疾病,小病(ailment复数形式)Although,unless you have a fistulated cow with a big hole inits sid
50、e,and you can put your hand into its rumen,its hardto imagine that the delivery of microbes directly into themouth and through the entire但是,除非你有一头身上装了研究反刍消化装置的牛,肚子一侧开了个大洞 你可以把手伸进它的瘤胃很难想象从嘴巴经过整个消化道上部 传输微生物10:15top of the digestive tract is the best delivery system,so youmay have heard in people they