《HadynParry_2012S[Hadyn Parry][重新设计的蚊子战胜疾病].pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《HadynParry_2012S[Hadyn Parry][重新设计的蚊子战胜疾病].pdf（6页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、www.XiYuS锡育软件So Id like to start by focusing on the worlds most dangerousanimal.我想从 这个世界上最危险的动物开始说起。00:15Now,when you talk about dangerous animals,most peoplemight think of lions or tigers or sharks.当你说到最危险的动物时,大多数人们可能想到了狮子,老虎或者鲨鱼。00:21But of course the most dangerous animal is the mosquito.但事实上世界上最
2、危险的动物 是蚊子。00:26The mosquito has killed more humans than any othercreature in human history.蚊子造成的死亡人数 比其他任何一种动物造成的死亡都要多。00:29In fact,probably adding them all together,the mosquito haskilled more humans.实际上,把其他所有动物杀死的人类数目加起来,都比不上蚊子杀死人类的数量。00:35And the mosquito has killed more humans than wars andplagu
3、e.因为蚊子而死亡的人,甚至比因为战争 和瘟疫而死亡的人还多。00:39And you would think,would you not,that with all ourscience,with all our advances in society,with better towns,better civilizations,better sanitation,你可能认为,随着科学的进步,随着社会的前行,城镇环境变得更好,人们养成更好的生活习惯,卫生条件越来越优越,00:43wealth,that we would get better at controlling mosquitos,
4、and hence reduce this disease.社会越来越富裕,我们能更好的控制蚊子,并以此减少疾病的发生。00:55And thats not really the case.但是,实际情况并非如此01:00If it was the case,we wouldnt have between 200 and 300million cases of malaria every year,and we wouldnt have amillion and a half deaths from malaria,and we wouldnt havea disease that was r
5、elatively unknown 50 years ago nowsuddenly turned into如果真的是那样,就不会每年有2亿到3亿人受到疟疾的侵扰;也不会 有一百五十万人死于疟疾;也不会让一种 50年前我们还几乎一无所知的疾病 突然变成今天的01:04mosquito:n.蚊子 civilizations:n.文明(civilization的复数形式)sanitation:n.医环境卫生;卫生设备;下水道设施mosquitos:n.蚊子(mosquito的变形)malaria:n.内科疟疾;瘴气the largest mosquito-borne virus threat th
6、at we have,andthats called dengue fever.最大病毒威胁,而这种病毒是由蚊子传播的;这种疾病叫做登革热。01:24So 50 years ago,pretty much no one had heard of it,no onecertainly in the European environment.五十年前,几乎没人听说过登革热,至少在欧洲没人听说过这种疾病。01:30But dengue fever now,according to the World HealthOrganization,infects between 50 and 100 mill
7、ion peopleevery year,so thats equivalent to the whole of thepopulation of the U.K.being infected every year.而据世界卫生组织报道,如今每年有5千万到1亿人感染登革热,这相当于 整个英国的人口数量。01:36Other estimates put that number at roughly double thatnumber of infections.还有人估计每年登革热的感染人数 是这个数字的两倍。01:48And dengue fever has grown in speed qu
8、ite phenomenally.如今登革热蔓延得很快,01:55In the last 50 years,the incidence of dengue has grownthirtyfold.在过去的50年中,登革热 的发病率增长了三十倍。02:00Now let me tell you a little bit about what dengue fever is,forthose who dont know.我来解释一下什么是登革热,以防有人不了解这种疾病。02:05Now lets assume you go on holiday.现在我们假设你要去度假了,02:09dengue:n
9、.内科登革热 infects:vt.感染,传染 equivalent:adj.等价的,相等的;同意义的/n.等价物,相等物 infected:adj.被感染的/v.传染(infect的过去分词)estimates:n.估计;预算(estimate的复数);概数/v.评价(estimate的三单形式);估量infections:n.传染病;口腔病害(infection复数形式)phenomenally:adv.现象上地;明白地;从感官认识到 incidence:n.发生率;影响;光入射;影响范围Lets assume you go to the Caribbean,or you might go
10、 toMexico.You might go to Latin America,Asia,Africa,anywhere in Saudi Arabia.你可能会去加勒比海沿岸,又或者你会去墨西哥,或者拉丁美洲,亚洲,非洲,阿拉伯世界的的某个地方。02:11You might go to India,the Far East.你也可能去印度,远东地区。02:19It doesnt really matter.Its the same mosquito,and its thesame disease.Youre at risk.这都不重要。那里都有同一种蚊子,和同一种疾病。你都可能患病。02:2
11、1And lets assume youre bitten by a mosquito thats carryingthat virus.假设你被一只 携带登革热病毒的蚊子咬了一口。02:27TED演讲者：Hadyn Parry|Hadyn Parry演讲标题：Hadyn Parry:Re-engineering mosquitos to fight disease|重新设计的蚊子战胜疾病内容概要：In a single year,there are 200-300 million cases of malaria and 50-100 million cases ofdengue fever
12、 worldwide.So:Why haven.t we found a way to effectively kill mosquitoes yet?Hadyn Parry presents a fascinating solution:genetically engineering male mosquitoes to makethem sterile,and releasing the insects into the wild,to cut down on disease-carrying species.Biotech entrepreneur Hadyn Parry leads a
13、 science start-up that develops GM insects to fightdengue fever.Well,you could develop flu-like symptoms.接着你会出现类似感冒的症状,02:31They could be quite mild.这些症状可能都很轻。02:34You could develop nausea,headache,your muscles couldfeel like theyre contracting,and you could actually feel likeyour bones are breaking
14、.你会觉得头疼,恶心,肌肉酸痛,似乎肌肉都收缩起来,你觉得你的骨头疼得像要断了。02:36And thats the nickname given to this disease.这是登革热的另一个名称的由来。02:44Its called breakbone fever,because thats how you can feel.它又被成为断骨热（也称骨痛热症）。因为这就是疾病让你感受到的。02:47Now the odd thing is,is that once youve been bitten by thismosquito,and youve had this disease,y
15、our body developsantibodies,so if youre bitten again with that strain,itdoesnt affect you.而奇怪的是,你一旦被一只 携带登革热病毒的蚊子咬了,你患上了这种疾病,你的身体会产生抗体,如果以后你再被携带同一种病毒的蚊子咬了一口,你不会再次被感染。02:51symptoms:n.临床症状;症候;病徵 nausea:n.恶心,晕船;极端的憎恶 contracting:adj.缔约的;承包的;收缩的 nickname:n.绰号;昵称/vt.给取绰号;叫错名字 odd:adj.奇数的;古怪的;剩余的;临时的;零散的/
16、n.奇数;怪人;奇特的事物 antibodies:n.免疫抗体(antibody的复数)But its not one virus,its four,and the same protection thatgives you the antibodies and protects you from the samevirus that you had before actually makes you much moresusceptible to the other three.但是登革热的病毒不止一种,而是四种,而如果你身体里有了一种登革热病毒的抗体,抗体会保护你不再被这同一种病毒感染,然
17、而这种抗体却会让你更容易感染上其他三种登革热病毒。03:04So the next time you get dengue fever,if its a differentstrain,youre more susceptible,youre likely to get worsesymptoms,and youre more likely to get the more severeforms,hemorrhagic fever or shock syndrome.于是,下一次如果你再遇上登革热,而且还是与上次不同的病毒,而你因为身体里的抗体而变得更容易感染,你这次的症状很可能比上次严重得多
18、,而且这次侵染你的病毒可能也比上次厉害得多,你可能患上登革出血热,或者登革休克综合征。03:17So you dont want dengue once,and you certainly dontwant it again.所以你一次都不想患上登革热,你更加不想第二次患上它。03:31So why is it spreading so fast?为什么登革热蔓延得这么快？03:35And the answer is this thing.答案就是这种蚊子。03:38This is Aedes aegypti.这是埃及伊蚊。03:40Now this is a mosquito that ca
19、me,like its name suggests,outof North Africa,and its spread round the world.就像它的名字里说的,这种蚊子来自 非洲北部,现在已经遍布全球。03:42Now,in fact,a single mosquito will only travel about 200yards in its entire life.They dont travel very far.实际上,一只蚊子一生中只会 飞行200码（约183米）。它们飞不了多远。03:49What theyre very good at doing is hitchh
20、iking,particularlythe eggs.但它们很擅长搭便车,特别是它们的卵。03:55susceptible:adj.易受影响的；易感动的；容许的/n.易得病的人 syndrome:n.临床综合征;综合症状;并发症状;校验子;并发位 Aedes:n.伊蚊(一种传染黄热病的蚊子);豹脚蚊 hitchhiking:n.搭乘;搭顺风车旅行They will lay their eggs in clear water,any pool,any puddle,any birdbath,any flower pot,anywhere theres clear water,theyll lay
21、 their eggs,and if that clear water is near freight,its near a port,if its anywhere near transport,those eggs willthen get transported around the world.它们把卵产在干净的水里,池塘,小水坑,水盆,浇花的水壶,任何有干净的水的地方,它们都可以产卵,如果这些水恰好就在待运的货物旁边,或是临近港口,或者在任何交通工具的旁边,这些卵就会随着它们传播到世界的任何地方。03:59And thats whats happened.Mankind has tr
22、ansported theseeggs all the way around the world,and these insects haveinfested over 100 countries,and theres now 2.5 billionpeople living in countries where this mosquito resides.这就是登革热迅速蔓延的原因,人类 使这些卵得以周游世界。这种蚊子已经传播到了一百多个国家这些国家里居住着25亿人口,这种蚊子就在他们身边04:18To give you just a couple of examples how fast
23、this hashappened,in the mid-70s,Brazil declared,We have noAedes aegypti,举几个例子 来看看这种蔓延有多快。70年代中期,巴西宣称:“巴西没有埃及伊蚊”04:32and currently they spend about a billion dollars now a yeartrying to get rid of it,trying to control it,just one species ofmosquito.如今他们每年要花十亿美元 灭蚊,试图控制蚊子的数量,仅仅为了一种蚊子。04:42Two days ago
24、,or yesterday,I cant remember which,I saw aReuters report that said Madeira had had their first cases ofdengue,about 52 cases,with about 400 probable cases.两天前,或者是昨天,我记不太清楚哪一天,我看到一则路透社的报道称 马德拉发现了首例登革热 约有52例确诊,400人疑似患病。04:52puddle:n.水坑,泥潭;胶土(由粘土与水和成,不透水)/vt.使泥泞,搅浑;把捣制成胶土;搅炼;用胶土填塞/vi.搅泥浆;在水坑中嬉戏birdbat
25、h:n.供鸟戏水的水盆;笨蛋 transported:v.植运输;搬运(transport的过去式)infested:adj.为患的,大批滋生的(常与with搭配)/v.害虫,野兽大批出没于(infest的过去式和过去分词);遍布于 resides:居住/存在Thats two days ago.这是两天前的消息。05:04Interestingly,Madeira first got the insect in 2005,and herewe are,a few years later,first cases of dengue.有意思的是,马德拉首次发现埃及伊蚊是在2005年而如今,几年以
26、后 就发现了第一例登革热病例。05:06So the one thing youll find is that where the mosquito goes,所以你会发现,这种蚊子到了哪里,登革热就随之而来。05:14So the one thing youll find is that where the mosquito goes,dengue will follow.来。05:14Once youve got the mosquito in your area,anyone cominginto that area with dengue,mosquito will bite them
27、,mosquito will bite somewhere else,somewhere else,somewhere else,and youll get an epidemic.一旦在你所在的地区有这种蚊子,任何一个携带登革热病毒的人进入了这一地区 蚊子都可能咬到他/她,然后蚊子也可能咬到其他人,再咬到其他人,再咬到更多人,于是你这个地区就会爆发流行病。05:20So we must be good at killing mosquitos.所以我们必须很好的灭蚊。05:32I mean,that cant be very difficult.我的意思是,这不应该是一件非常困难的事情。05
28、:34Well,theres two principle ways.除蚊主要有两种方法。05:36The first way is that you use larvicides.一种方法是使用杀幼虫剂。05:39www.XiYuS锡育软件You use chemicals.You put them into water where theybreed.你可以使用化学药品,把药品倒进蚊子产卵的水域。05:42Now in an urban environment,thats extraordinarily difficult.但在城市里,这非常困难。05:45Youve got to get
29、your chemical into every puddle,everybirdbath,every tree trunk.你得把化学杀虫剂倒进每个水坑,每个水盆,每个树干的空洞,05:48Interestingly:adv.有趣地 larvicides:n.杀幼虫剂/vt.用杀幼虫剂处理 breed:vi.繁殖;饲养;产生/vt.繁殖;饲养;养育,教育;引起/n.生物品种;种类,类型 extraordinarily:adv.非常;格外地;非凡地Its just not practical.这太不实际了。05:52The second way you can do it is actuall
30、y trying to kill theinsects as they fly around.另一种可行的方法 是杀死飞来飞去的成虫。05:55This is a picture of fogging.这是一张雾化的相片。06:00Here what someone is doing is mixing up chemical in asmoke and basically spreading that through theenvironment.这也是现在人们采取的措施,他们用烟雾把化学药品混合起来 然后使之弥漫到到整个空间。06:03You could do the same with
31、a space spray.你也可以用喷雾器来喷洒。06:11This is really unpleasant stuff,and if it was any good,wewouldnt have this massive increase in mosquitos and wewouldnt have this massive increase in dengue fever.这真是让人很不舒服的一件事。然而如果这种方式有效,蚊子的数目就不会增长得这么快,登革热也不会蔓延得这么迅速。06:14So its not very effective,but its probably the b
32、est thingweve got at the moment.虽然这些方法不是很有效,但这些 是我们现阶段最好的灭蚊方法了。06:22Having said that,actually,your best form of protection andmy best form of protection is a long-sleeve shirt and a littlebit of DEET to go with it.说完了这些,事实上,对你和我来说,最有效的保护措施 还是一件长袖衬衫 和一点点的避蚊胺。06:27So lets start again.Lets design a pro
33、duct,right from theword go,and decide what we want.现在让我们一起来设计一个灭蚊产品,就从我们现在所知道的,来决定我们想要怎样的产品。06:35Well we clearly need something that is effective at reducingthe mosquito population.我们很清楚地知道有些措施可以 有效的减少蚊子的数量。06:42fogging:n.成雾,蒙上水汽;迷惑试验 mixing:n.混合;电子混频/v.混合(mix的ing形式)from the word go:从一开始Theres no po
34、int in just killing the odd mosquito here andthere.这里杀几只蚊子,那里杀几只蚊子的措施是毫无意义的。06:47We want something that gets that population right the waydown so it cant get the disease transmission.我们想要的是使整个蚊子种群的数量降下来,从而使疾病无法传播。06:50Clearly the product youve got has got to be safe to humans.很明显,这种产品必须对人类无害06:56We
35、are going to use it in and around humans.我们会在人群中使用这一产品06:59It has to be safe.它必须是安全无害的。07:01We dont want to have a lasting impact on the environment.我们也不希望这种产品对环境有长期的影响。07:03We dont want to do anything that you cant undo.我们不希望做任何有永久性伤害的事情。07:05Maybe a better product comes along in 20,30 years.也许在未来2
36、0到30年内会出现这样一种更好的产品。07:08Fine.We dont want a lasting environmental impact.但我们不希望对环境产生长久的影响。07:13We want something thats relatively cheap,or cost-effective,because theres an awful lot of countries involved,and someof them are emerging markets,some of them emergingcountries,low-income.这种产品最好比较便宜,性价比高 因
37、为灭蚊涉及很多很多国家 有些是发展中国家 而有些发展中国家的收入还不高。07:16And finally,you want something thats species-specific.最后,这种产品最好是专门针对埃及伊蚊这一个种群。07:27You want to get rid of this mosquito that spreads dengue,but you dont really want to get all the other insects.你希望能根除这种散播登革热的蚊子 但你不想因此杀死其他所有昆虫07:29here and there:各处,到处 cost-eff
38、ective:adj.划算的;成本效益好的(等于cost-efficient)spreads:n.数扩展;广阔;纺桌布(spread的复数)/v.传播(spread的第三人称单数);打开;摆放Some are quite beneficial.Some are important to yourecosystem.有些昆虫对人们是有益的,有些则是维持生态环境平衡必不可少的。07:35This ones not.Its invaded you.只有这种蚊子不是。它侵扰你的生活。07:38But you dont want to get all of the insects.但你不会因此想杀死所有
39、昆虫。07:40You just want to get this one.你只是想消灭这一种。07:43And most of the time,youll find this insect lives in andaround your home,so this-whatever we do has got to getto that insect.而大多数时候,你会发现这种蚊子 就住在你的家里。所以这就是我们为了消灭这些蚊子而必须做的。07:45Its got to get into peoples houses,into the bedrooms,intothe kitchens.我们
40、必须进到人们的房子里,他们的卧室里 厨房里。07:53Now there are two features of mosquito biology that reallyhelp us in this project,and that is,firstly,males dont bite.蚊子的两种特性 能帮助我们更好的消灭它们 首先,雄蚊子是不咬人的07:57Its only the female mosquito that will actually bite you.只有雌蚊子才会咬人。08:06The male cant bite you,wont bite you,doesnt ha
41、ve themouth parts to bite you.雄性蚊子不会咬人也不能咬人 它们没有咬人的嘴08:10Its just the female.只有雌性蚊子才咬人。08:14And the second is a phenomenon that males are very,verygood at finding females.第二,我们发现雄性蚊子 非常擅长找到雌性蚊子08:16beneficial:adj.有益的，有利的；可享利益的 ecosystem:n.生态系统 invaded:v.入侵;拥入;遍布(invade的过去分词)/adj.被侵入的 firstly:adv.首先(
42、主要用于列举条目,论点时);第一If theres a male mosquito that you release,and if theres afemale around,that male will find the female.如果你放飞一只雄蚊子 而且你的周围有雌蚊子,雄蚊子能马上找到雌蚊子。08:22So basically,weve used those two factors.因此,我们可以利用这两点。08:30So heres a typical situation,male meets female,lots ofoffspring.这是一种典型情况 雄性蚊子找到雌性蚊子
43、,产下很多下一代08:33A single female will lay about up to 100 eggs at a time,up toabout 500 in her lifetime.一只雌蚊子一次能 产多达100个卵 一生之中能产500个卵08:38Now if that male is carrying a gene which causes the death ofthe offspring,then the offspring dont survive,and instead ofhaving 500 mosquitos running around,you have
44、none.如果这只雄蚊子携带一种 使后代致死的基因 那么它们的后代就无法生存 这样你就不会看到500只飞来飞去的蚊子 你一只都不会看到。08:44And if you can put more,Ill call them sterile,that theoffspring will actually die at different stages,but Ill call themsterile for now.而且如果你能放飞更多的不育的雄蚊子,我把这些携带这种基因的蚊子称为不育蚊子,事实上它们的后代会在不同时期死亡,但现在我先把它们叫做不育蚊子。08:58If you put more s
45、terile males out into the environment,thenthe females are more likely to find a sterile male than a fertileone,and you will bring that population down.如果你把更多的 不育蚊子放飞到自然环境中 那么雌蚊子很可能遇到一只不育雄蚊子 而不是一只能正常生育的雄蚊子,这样你就能把蚊子种群的数量降下来。09:06So the males will go out,theyll look for females,theyll mate.If they mate
46、 successfully,then no offspring.于是,雄蚊子飞出去,它们寻找雌蚊子,然后它们交配。如果它们与雌蚊子成功交配,则无法产生后代。09:18offspring:n.后代，子孙；产物 lay about:向四面八方乱打;努力干 at a time:一次;每次;在某时 sterile:adj.不育的;无菌的;贫瘠的;不毛的;枯燥乏味的 stages:n.计阶段(stage的复数);舞台;戏剧表演/v.计划;表演;分阶段进行(stage的三单形式)If they dont find a female,then theyll die anyway.如果雄蚊子找不到雌蚊子,它们
47、也会死去。09:25They only live a few days.雄蚊子只能存活几天时间。09:28And thats exactly where we are.这恰恰是我们想要的结果。09:31So this is technology that was developed in Oxford Universitya few years ago.这就是几年前 牛津大学发明的一项技术。09:33The company itself,Oxitec,weve been working for the last10 years,very much on a sort of similar de
48、velopmentpathway that youd get with a pharmaceutical company.我在Oxitec这家公司工作了十年,Oxitec采用的是和药品公司 非常类似的研发方式。09:38So about 10 years of internal evaluation,testing,to get thisto a state where we think its actually ready.在进行了约十年的内部评定和测试以后 我们认为这项产品已经成熟。09:46And then weve gone out into the big outdoors,alwa
49、ys withlocal community consent,always with the necessary permits.于是我们开始在户外大面积的使用它,当然总是先征求当地政府和社区的同意,和必须的许可,09:54So weve done field trials now in the Cayman Islands,a smallone in Malaysia,and two more now in Brazil.我们在一些地方进行了实地实验,包括开曼群岛的实验 马来西亚的一个小范围实验 以及巴西的两处实验。10:00And whats the result?结果如何？10:09We
50、ll,the result has been very good.结果令人非常满意。10:11pathway:n.路,道;途径,路径 pharmaceutical:adj.制药(学)的/n.药物 evaluation:n.评价;审计评估;估价;求值 outdoors:adv.在户外/n.户外/adj.户外的(等于outdoor)consent:vi.同意;赞成;答应/n.同意;(意见等的)一致;赞成 permits:许可/许可证In about four months of release,weve brought that在放飞（雄蚊子）的四个月的时间里 我们改变了蚊子种群的数量 大多数情况