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1、www.XiYuS锡育软件Lets imagine a sculptor building a statue,just chippingaway with his chisel.让我们想象一个雕刻家在打造一个雕塑,用他的凿子慢慢雕饰。00:12Michelangelo had this elegant way of describing it when hesaid,Every block of stone has a statue inside of it,and itsthe task of the sculptor to discover it.米开朗基罗用这样一种优雅的方式来描述这件事
2、:“每块石头当中都藏着一个雕塑,而雕刻家的工作就是去发现它。”00:18But what if he worked in the opposite direction?但要是他从完全相反的角度来做呢？00:27Not from a solid block of stone,but from a pile of dust,somehow gluing millions of these particles together to forma statue.不是从一个完整的石块当中,而是从一堆尘埃当中,通过某种方式,将这数百万的颗粒粘在一起形成雕塑。00:29I know thats an abs
3、urd notion.我知道这听起来很荒唐。00:37Its probably impossible.这应该不可能吧。00:39The only way you get a statue from a pile of dust is if thestatue built itself if somehow we could compel millions ofthese particles to come together to form the statue.唯一一种能够从尘埃中得到雕塑的方法 就是让雕塑自己建造自己,想出某种办法,强制使得这些微粒都聚集在一起 形成雕塑。00:41Now,a
4、s odd as that sounds,that is almost exactly theproblem I work on in my lab.这也许听起来很奇怪,但这就是我一直以来在实验室里研究的问题。00:52sculptor:n.雕刻家 chipping:n.破片;碎屑 chisel:vt.雕,刻;凿;欺骗/vi.雕,刻;凿;欺骗/n.凿子 Michelangelo:n.米开朗基罗(意大利文艺复兴时期成就卓著的科学家,艺术家)elegant:adj.高雅的，优雅的；讲究的；简炼的；简洁的 describing:v.描述;表示(describe的ing形式)/adj.描述的 pile
5、:n.堆;大量;建筑群/vt.累积;打桩于/vi.挤;堆积;积累 gluing:n.粘合;胶合I dont build with stone,I build with nanomaterials.我不用石头来建造,我用纳米材料来建造。00:58Theyre these just impossibly small,fascinating little objects.它们就是这些不可思议的细小的,神奇的东西。01:00Theyre so small that if this controller was a nanoparticle,ahuman hair would be the size o
6、f this entire room.它们是如此的细微,以至于如果这个遥控器就是一个纳米颗粒的话,那么一根人类头发就将有整个房间这么大。01:05And theyre at the heart of a field we call nanotechnology,which Im sure weve all heard about,and weve all heard howit is going to change everything.它们也是我们所说的纳米科技的核心,我们都听说过纳米科技,我们都听说过它将如何改变一切。01:11When I was a graduate student,i
7、t was one of the mostexciting times to be working in nanotechnology.当我还是一名研究生的时候,那也是纳米技术发展最令人激动的那段时间。01:19There were scientific breakthroughs happening all the time.很多的科技突破连续不断的出现。01:24The conferences were buzzing,there was tons of moneypouring in from funding agencies.各种会议在四处召开,投资机构的资金大量涌入。01:27And
8、 the reason is when objects get really small,theyregoverned by a different set of physics that govern ordinaryobjects,like the ones we interact with.原因是 当东西变得很小的时候,它们所遵循的物理定则和正常物品所经历的,就是我们熟悉的,完全不同。01:32impossibly:adv.不可能地;难以置信地;无法可想地 fascinating:adj.迷人的；吸引人的；使人神魂颠倒的/v.使着迷；使陶醉(fascinate的ing形式)nanopar
9、ticle:n.纳米颗粒;毫微粒 nanotechnology:n.纳米技术 breakthroughs:突破conferences:n.会议(conference的复数形式)buzzing:adj.嗡嗡响的;嘈杂的/n.嗡嗡声;嘈杂声/v.发出嗡嗡声;东奔西忙;暗中散布(buzz的ing形式)pouring:v.倾泻;倾诉(pour的ing形式)/n.冶浇注;传布 agencies:n.代理;代理处(agency的复数)governed:v.管理(govern的过去式和过去分词);统治;支配We call this physics quantum mechanics.我们称其为量子物理。01
10、:41And what it tells you is that you can precisely tune theirbehavior just by making seemingly small changes to them,like adding or removing a handful of atoms,or twisting thematerial.而量子物理告诉你的就是你可以通过一些 看似细微的改变,来精确调整它们的行为,比如增加或是减少部分原子,或是改变其形状。01:43Its like this ultimate toolkit.它们就像是终极工具箱。01:52TED演讲
11、者：George Tulevski|乔治?特莱温斯基演讲标题：The next step in nanotechnology|纳米科技的展望内容概要：Nearly every other year the transistors that power silicon computer chip shrink in sizeby half and double in performance,enabling our devices to become more mobile andaccessible.But what happens when these components cant get
12、 any smaller?George Tulevskiresearches the unseen and untapped world of nanomaterials.His current work:developingchemical processes to compel billions of carbon nanotubes to assemble themselves into thepatterns needed to build circuits,much the same way natural organisms build intricate,diverseand e
13、legant structures.Could they hold the secret to the next generation of computing?每年，电脑的硅芯片都会变成原来的一半大小，功率加倍，使我们的设备变得越发便携。但是，当我们的芯片没法变得更小的时候呢？乔治?特莱温斯基探索了那个未知的，还未被开发的纳米材料世界。他现在的工作是：研究一种化学过程，能够使得数亿万的碳纳米管自己组装成为建造电路时所需要的图案，就像是自然界的生物建造那些复杂多样的，优雅的结构一样。他们能把这个秘密带给下一代的运算吗？You really felt empowered;you felt lik
14、e you could makeanything.你甚至会感到无所不能;就像是可以做出世间万物一样。01:54And we were doing it and by we I mean my wholegeneration of graduate students.我们一直都在从事这件事,“我们”是指我那一代的所有研究生们。01:57We were trying to make blazing fast computers usingnanomaterials.我们试图用纳米材料制作超快计算机。02:02We were constructing quantum dots that could
15、one day goin your body and find and fight disease.我们制造那些量子点,终有一天它们会进入人体内发现并对抗疾病。02:05There were even groups trying to make an elevator to spaceusing carbon nanotubes.甚至还有一批人,他们尝试利用纳米管去制造 通向太空的电梯。02:10You can look that up,thats true.你可以查查看,这些都是真的。02:15Anyways,we thought it was going to affect all par
16、ts ofscience and technology,from computing to medicine.总的来说,我们认为这项技术 将会影响科学与技术的方方面面,从计算到医药。02:18atoms:n.物原子(atom的复数)twisting:n.扭转;缠绕;旋扭法;诱骗/adj.缠绕的;曲折的;转动的/v.力扭曲(twist的ing形式);编成;盘绕 ultimate:adj.最终的；极限的；根本的/n.终极；根本；基本原则 toolkit:n.工具包,工具箱 blazing:adj.燃烧的;强烈的;闪耀的/adv.非常/v.燃烧;闪耀;迸发;公开(blaze的ing形式)constr
17、ucting:n.构造/v.构造(construct的现在分词)nanotubes:n.纳米管;米碳管And I have to admit,I drank all of the Kool-Aid.我必须要承认,我是彻底的屈服于这项技术了,02:23I mean,every last drop.我的意思是,完完全全的。02:27But that was 15 years ago,fantastic science was done,reallyimportant work.那大概是15年前的事儿了 研究了奇妙的科学现象,这是十分重要的工作。02:30Weve learned a lot.我们学
18、到了很多。02:36We were never able to translate that science into newtechnologies into technologies that could actually impactpeople.但我们却从未能够将这种科学转化为新的技术,那种能够真正影响人们的技术。02:38And the reason is,these nanomaterials theyre like adouble-edged sword.原因在于,这些纳米材料,它们就像是双刃剑。02:45The same thing that makes them so int
19、eresting also makesthem impossible to work with.就是那种让它们变得有趣起来的特质,这也使得操作它们变得极其困难。02:49Its literally like trying to build a statue out of a pile of dust.这几乎无异于尝试用一堆尘埃建造雕塑。02:55And we just dont have the tools that are small enough towork with them.我们就没有小到能够用于操作它们的工具。02:58But even if we did,it wouldnt r
20、eally matter,because wecouldnt one by one place millions of particles together tobuild a technology.但是即使我们有这样的工具,也并不会改变什么,因为我们不可能一个一个的将成千上万的小颗粒摆放在一起 去打造一项技术。03:02So because of that,all of the promise and all of theexcitement has remained just that:promise and excitement.因为这样的原因,所有的那些期许与激动,迟迟未能变成现实。0
21、3:10double-edged:adj.双刃的;对双方皆不利的;有双重目的的 one by one:一个接一个We dont have any disease-fighting nanobots,theres noelevators to space,and the thing that Im most interested in,no new types of computing.我们并没有得到那些对抗疾病的纳米机器人,没有得到通向宇宙的电梯,而在我最感兴趣的领域,也没有得到新的计算机运行方法。03:16Now that last one,thats a really important
22、one.最后的,也是十分重要的一点是,03:25We just have come to expect the pace of computingadvancements to go on indefinitely.我们必须继续去预期 计算机运行的进步步伐将无穷无尽的延续下去。03:27Weve built entire economies on this idea.我们的整个经济体都是构建于那个想法之上的。03:32And this pace exists because of our ability to pack more andmore devices onto a computer
23、chip.这样的步伐得以存在的原因 是我们能够将越来越多的设备安装在 一块电脑芯片上。03:35And as those devices get smaller,they get faster,theyconsume less power and they get cheaper.当这些设备变得越来越小的时候,它们就运行的更快,耗能更少,价格也越来越便宜。03:41And its this convergence that gives us this incredible pace.是这些因素的汇集带给了我们这样不可思议的进步步伐。03:46As an example:if I took th
24、e room-sized computer that sentthree men to the moon and back and somehow compressedit compressed the worlds greatest computer of its day,soit was the same size as your smartphone your actualsmartphone,举个例子:如果说我拿来那个房间大小的,把三个人成功送上并接回月球的计算机,然后通过某种方式压缩它,把当代最伟大的计算机压缩,然后它就变得和你的智能手机一样大小 那么你的智能手机,03:51nano
25、bots:n.纳米机器人(nanobot的复数)elevators:n.电梯(elevator的复数形式);升降机 advancements:n.进步;进展(advancement的复数形式);升任 indefinitely:adv.不确定地，无限期地；模糊地，不明确地 convergence:n.数收敛;会聚,集合 compressed:adj.被压缩的;扁平的 smartphone:n.智能手机that thing you spent 300 bucks on and just toss out everytwo years,would blow this thing away.就是你花了
26、300美金,每隔个两年就换掉的那种,就会完爆它。04:07You would not be impressed.你完全不会被它惊艳到。04:13It couldnt do anything that your smartphone does.你的手机能做的,它什么也做不了。04:14It would be slow,you couldnt put any of your stuff on it,youcould possibly get through the first two minutes of aWalking Dead episode if youre lucky 它运行起来会很慢,
27、你没法在上面安装任何东西,要是运气好的话,你没准可以 先看个两分钟“行尸走肉”04:17(Laughter)The point is the progress its not gradual.（笑声）问题是这种进步并非是渐进的。04:25www.XiYuS锡育软件The progress is relentless.进步是持续不断的。04:28Its exponential.以指数形式,04:30It compounds on itself year after year,to the point where ifyou compare a technology from one genera
28、tion to the next,theyre almost unrecognizable.这样年复一年的自我叠加,直到某个时间点,当你把这一代人的科技 与下一代的比较,已经是面目全非了。04:31And we owe it to ourselves to keep this progress going.我们有责任让这种进步继续下去。04:40We want to say the same thing 10,20,30 years from now:look what weve done over the last 30 years.我们十年,二十年,三十年以后,还是想要重复这样的话:看看我
29、们在过去的三十年里都做了些什么。04:42bucks:n.雄鹿队(篮球队名);巴克斯(英国伦敦附近的一个郡名)toss:n.投掷；摇荡；投掷的距离；掷币赌胜负/vt.投掷；使不安；突然抬起；使上下摇动；与掷币打赌/vi.辗转；被乱扔；颠簸；掷钱币决定某事/relentless:adj.无情的;残酷的;不间断的 exponential:adj.指数的/n.指数 compounds:n.混合物,化合物;大院(compound的复数形式)year after year:年复一年地;每年 to the point:中肯,扼要;切题 unrecognizable:adj.未被承认的;无法认出的Yet w
30、e know this progress may not last forever.但是我们知道,这样的进步不可能一直持续下去。04:49In fact,the partys kind of winding down.事实上,这场派对已经开始走下坡路了。04:51Its like last call for alcohol,right?就好比酒吧“最后一单”,是吧？04:54If you look under the covers,by many metrics like speed andperformance,the progress has already slowed to a hal
31、t.如果你看到本质,从一些像是速度和性能的标准上来说,发展已经趋于停滞了。04:56So if we want to keep this party going,we have to do whatweve always been able to do,and that is to innovate.所以,如果我们想要让这场派对继续下去,我们就必须去做长久以来一直坚持的,那就是去创新。05:03So our groups role and our groups mission is to innovate byemploying carbon nanotubes,because we thin
32、k that theycan provide a path to continue this pace.所以,我们团队的角色,我们的任务 就是运用碳纳米管去创新,我们认为它会给我们提供一条道路,让我们能保持这样的进步步伐。05:09They are just like they sound.名副其实。05:18Theyre tiny,hollow tubes of carbon atoms,and theirnanoscale size,that small size,gives rise to these justoutstanding electronic properties.它们很小,
33、是由碳原子组成的中空管,它们那种纳米级的,极其微小的体积,也带来了杰出的电属性。05:20And the science tells us if we could employ them incomputing,we could see up to a ten times improvement inperformance.科学告诉我们,如果我们能够将它们运用到运算当中,我们就能够看到10倍的性能提升。05:29winding:n.绕,缠;线圈;弯曲/adj.弯曲的,蜿蜒的;卷绕的 call for:要求;需要;提倡;邀请;为叫喊 metrics:n.度量;作诗法;韵律学 innovate:v
34、i.创新;改革;革新/vt.改变;创立;创始;引人 nanoscale:n.纳米级Its like skipping through several technology generations injust one step.仿佛一步就跳过了好几代的科技。05:35So there we have it.所以,我们找到了。05:40We have this really important problem and we have what isbasically the ideal solution.我们找到了这个真正重要的问题,还有这个近乎理想的解决方案。05:42The science
35、is screaming at us,This is what you should bedoing to solve your problem.科学在向我们咆哮,“这就是你们该做的,去解决你们的问题。”05:46So,all right,lets get started,lets do this.那么,让我们开始吧,准备大干一场。05:53But you just run right back into that double-edged sword.但是你很快又会回到那把双刃剑。05:56This ideal solution contains a material thats impos
36、sible towork with.这个“理想答案”包含了一种我们不可能操作的材料。05:59Id have to arrange billions of them just to make one singlecomputer chip.为了制作一个电脑芯片,我就必须要排列数亿万个碳纳米管。06:02Its that same conundrum,its like this undying problem.同样的问题似乎永远无解。06:07At this point,we said,Lets just stop.到了这时,我们就说,“让我们停一下。06:11Lets not go down
37、that same road.先别继续下去。06:13Lets just figure out whats missing.先想想还缺了点什么。06:15What are we not dealing with?我们错过了什么吗？06:17skipping:n.跳跃;暂时把货物腾空/v.跳过(skip的ing形式);轻快的跳;遗漏 conundrum:n.难题;谜语 undying:adj.永恒的;不朽的;不死的What are we not doing that needs to be done?有什么必要的环节被遗漏了？”06:19Its like in The Godfather,rig
38、ht?就像是“教父”,是吧？06:21When Fredo betrays his brother Michael,we all know whatneeds to be done.当弗雷多背叛他的兄弟迈克尔,我们都知道他马上要干什么。06:23Fredos got to go.弗雷多必须要离开。06:27(Laughter)But Michael he puts it off.（笑声）但是迈克尔,他居然放过了。06:28Fine,I get it.好吧,我知道了。06:31Their mothers still alive,it would make her upset.他们的妈妈还活着,这
39、会令她伤心的。06:32We just said,Whats the Fredo in our problem?我们就是想说,“在我们这儿,是什么扮演着弗雷多的角色呢？06:35What are we not dealing with?我们错过了什么？06:39What are we not doing,but needs to be done to make this asuccess?我们到底遗漏了什么,导致无法成功。”06:40And the answer is that the statue has to build itself.而答案是,这个雕塑必须要自己建造自己。06:45We
40、have to find a way,somehow,to compel,to convincebillions of these particles to assemble themselves into thetechnology.我们必须找到一种方法,通过某种途径,迫使、说服这些上亿的微粒 自己组装成我们想要的技术。06:49We cant do it for them.They have to do it for themselves.我们没办法代它们完成。它们必须要自己完成这件事。06:58And its the hard way,and this is not trivial,bu
41、t in this case,its the only way.这很困难,不是什么简单小事,而在这种境况当中,也是唯一的办法。07:01Godfather:n.教父/vt.当的教父 betrays:vt.背叛;出卖;泄露(秘密);露出迹象 assemble:vt.集合,聚集;装配;收集/vi.集合,聚集 trivial:adj.不重要的，琐碎的；琐细的Now,as it turns out,this is not that alien of a problem.现在,结果表明,这个问题并不过分。07:07We just dont build anything this way.只是我们平常不这
42、样造东西而已。07:11People dont build anything this way.人们从来没有这么打造过什么东西。07:13But if you look around and theres examples everywhere Mother Nature builds everything this way.但是当你环顾四周到处都是这样的例子大自然母亲以这样的方式建造万物。07:15Everything is built from the bottom up.任何事物都是从无到有。07:21You can go to the beach,youll find these si
43、mple organismsthat use proteins basically molecules to template whatis essentially sand,just plucking it from the sea and buildingthese extraordinary architectures with extreme diversity.你可以去沙滩,会发现这些简单的生物,利用蛋白质 基本上是各种分子 利用沙子当作模版,把它从海中拉出来,然后建造这些万千风情的神奇建筑。07:24And natures not crude like us,just hackin
44、g away.但自然不像我们这样粗鲁,到处乱砍乱伐。07:36Shes elegant and smart,building with whats available,molecule by molecule,making structures with a complexityand a diversity that we cant even approach.她端庄、睿智,用手边的材料,一个分子一个分子的,建造出这些各式各样的复杂结构,而以我们人类的能力根本不可能做到。07:39look around:游览;到处察看;到处寻找 organisms:n.生物生物体(organism的复数);
45、生物有机体 proteins:n.生化蛋白质(protein复数)molecules:n.化学分子,微粒;化学摩尔(molecule的复数)template:n.模板,样板 plucking:n.拔蚀,剥痕;挖蚀/v.采;拉;拔的毛;把从危境中拖(pluck的ing形式)architectures:n.建筑;架构(architecture的复数)diversity:n.多样性;差异 hacking:adj.骑马的/v.砍;出租(hack的ing形式)And shes already at the nano.她早就达到纳米级了。07:49Shes been there for hundreds
46、of millions of years.她已经在那里待了亿万年了。07:51Were the ones that are late to the party.我们才是迟到的那个。07:53So we decided that were going to use the same tool thatnature uses,and thats chemistry.所以,我们决定,也要用大自然的工具,那就是化学。07:56Chemistry is the missing tool.化学就是那个被忽略的工具。08:02And chemistry works in this case because
47、these nanoscaleobjects are about the same size as molecules,so we can usethem to steer these objects around,much like a tool.在这种情境下能使用化学,是因为这些纳米级的小东西都和分子差不多大小,所以我们可以利用化学反应来控制这些小东西,就像是一种工具一样。08:03Thats exactly what weve done in our lab.这就是我们在实验室里所做的。08:13Weve developed chemistry that goes into the pi
48、le of dust,into the pile of nanoparticles,and pulls out exactly the oneswe need.我们设计了一种能够进入这些尘埃,这些纳米微粒堆的化学,它能够准确挑选出我们所需要的那些纳米微粒。08:15Then we can use chemistry to arrange literally billions ofthese particles into the pattern we need to build circuits.然后,我们就利用化学,把数亿的微粒 排列成我们建造电路所需要的形状。08:22And because
49、 we can do that,we can build circuits that aremany times faster than what anyones been able to makeusing nanomaterials before.因为我们能做到那一点,我们就可以建造出比运用纳米材料之前 快好多倍的线路。08:29Chemistrys the missing tool,and every day our tool getssharper and gets more precise.化学就是那个被忽略的工具,而每天,我们的工具都会变得更加锋利,更加精准。08:36nanopa
50、rticles:n.纳米粒子(nanoparticle的复数形式)sharper:n.骗子;赌棍;欺诈犯and we hope this is within a handful of years we candeliver on one of those original promises.我们也希望会在几年之内,就可以达到开始的那些预期中的一个。08:42Now,computing is just one example.运算只是一个例子。08:48Its the one that Im interested in,that my group is reallyinvested in,but