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1、中考英语语法知识讲解一、定语从句（一）定语从句定义及结构在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫作先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后。连接先行词和从句的词叫作关系词。Eg: The man(先行词) who(关系词) is standing under the tree(定语从句） is my uncle.站在树下的男人是我叔叔。I still remember the night(先行词) when(关系词) I first came to the village.我还记得我第一次来这个村庄的夜晚。（二）关系词的功能关系词用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间
2、起纽带作用，用来连接先行词和定语从句。 同时关系词又在定语从句中充当某一成分，关系词可以在从句中作主语、宾语、定语或状语。1.作主语Eg: I dont like people who talk much but do little.我不喜欢说得多做得少的人。2.作宾语Eg: She is the person that I met on the street yesterday.她式昨天我在街上见到的人。3.作定语 Eg: The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.那位父亲是老师的女孩学习非常努力。4.作状语Eg: This i
3、s the house where I was born.这是我出生的房子。（三）各个关系词的用法1.当先行词是人时，关系词可用（that/who/whom/whose),其中that/who在从句中可以做主语、宾语；whom在从句中只能作宾语；whose在从句中可作定语。2.当先行词是物时，关系词可用(that/which/whose),其中that/which在从句中可作主语和宾语;whose在从句中可作定语。3.当先行词指时间时，关系词常用when，在从句中作时间状语。4.当先行词指地点时，关系词常用where,在从句中作地点状语。（四）定语从句注意事项1.只能用that，不能用who/
4、which的情况：(1) 先行词是all, few, little, nothing, everything, anything等不定代词时：Eg: Tom told his mother all that had happened.汤姆告诉他的妈妈所有发生的事。(2) 先行词被only, no, any, all等词修饰时：Eg: This is the only book that I can find.这是我能找到的唯一一本书。(3) 先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰的词时：Eg: He was the second person that told me the secret.他是第二个告
5、诉我这个秘密的人。(4) 先行词被形容词最高级修饰的词时：Eg: This is the best book that I have ever read.这是我读过最好的书。(5) 先行词既有人又有物时：Eg: He talked about the people and the things that he remembered. 他谈论了他记得的人和事。2.只能用which，不能用that的情况：(1) 在非限制性定语从句中：Eg: The meeting was put off, which was exactly what we wanted.会议这次我们十分期待的会议被推迟了。(2)
6、 定语从句由“介词+关系代词”引导且先行词是物时：Eg: The thing about which he is talking is of great importance.这件他正在讨论的事情十分重要。二、状语从句（一）状语从句定义用来修饰主句中的动词、副词和形容词或整个句子的从句叫状语从句。（二）状语从句分类1.时间状语从句：常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon as等词来引导。Eg: It was raining hard when we got to school yesterday.昨天我们到校时
7、雨下的很大。注意：当主句是肯定句时，until译为“一直到.时” 谓语动词只能用延续性动词；当主句是否定句时，构成not.until结构，译为“直到.才.”，谓语动词可用非延续动词。Eg: The young man read till the light went on.这个年轻人一直读到灯熄灭了。The boy didnt go to bed until his mother went back.这个男孩直到他的妈妈回来才去睡觉。2.地点状语从句：常用where来引导。Eg: Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。3.条件状语从句：常
8、用if, unless, once等来引导。注意：常常遵循“主将从现”原则（即主句用将来时态，从句用一般现在时）Eg: If it doesnt rain tomorrow, I will have a picnic.如果明天不下雨，我们就去野餐。4.原因状语从句：常用because, since和as引导，其中because的语气最强，引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后，回答由why提出的问题。as和since的语气比较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因，由其引导的原因状语从句多放在句首。Eg: He didnt come to school because he was ill.他没来上学因为他病了
9、。As it is raining, we shall not go to the zoo.由于正在下雨，我们不应该去动物园。Since you cant answer the question, Ill ask someone else.由于你不能回答这个问题，我会问别人. 5.结果状语从句：常用so.that或such.that引导。注意：在so.that引导的结果状语从句中，so和that中间需要加形容词；而such.that引导的结果状语从句中，such和that之间需要加名词，但可以有形容词修饰，如果名词前有many,much,little,few等词修饰时，只能用so，不能用suc
10、h。Eg: The box is so heavy that I cant lift it.= It is such a heavy box that I cant lift it.这个箱子如此重以至于我抬不起来。There were so many books that I cant lift them.有如此多的书以至于我抬不起它们。6.目的状语从句：常用so that或in order that引导。Eg: I get up early so that I can catch the first bus.= I get up early in order that I can catch
11、 the first bus.我起的很早为了赶上头班车。7.让步状语从句：常用although或though引导。Eg: Although he was tired, he had to go to work.尽管他很累，但是他不得不去工作。注意：although和though不能与but连用。三、宾语从句（一）宾语从句关联词1.that: 在从句中无意义，并不充当句子的成分，可以省略。Eg: I hope (that) I can visit Beijing one day.我希望我有一天可以参观北京。2.连接代词(what/ which/ who/ whose/ whom等);在从句中作一
12、定的成分，如：作主语、宾语、定语等Eg: I dont know who the man is. 我不知道那个男人是谁。3.连接副词（when/ where/ why/ how等); 在从句中作状语。Eg: Please tell me how I can go to the bookshop.请告诉我怎么到书店。I want to know why you are late.我想要知道你为什么迟到。4.if/whether,表示“是否”不作句子成分，不能省略。句尾有or not时，用whether.Eg: I wonder if/whether you had written to Pete
13、r.我想知道是否你已经给彼得写信了。He asked me whether I could help him or not.他问我是否可以帮助他。（二）宾语从句语序宾语从句中必须用陈述语序：即 连接词 + 主语 + 谓语 + 其它部分注意：如果宾语从句是疑问语序时注意将其变成陈述语序。Eg: I hear (that) maths isnt easy.我听说数学很容易。I want to know if/whether Tony can play the piano.我想知道托尼是否会弹钢琴。Please tell me when we will have a meeting.请告诉我我们什么
14、时候开会。（三）宾语从句时态1.如果主句的时态是一般现在时，宾语从句随句意而判定。Eg: I wonder if it will rain tomorrow.我想知道是否明天会下雨。He remembers that there was a house in the past.他记得过去这有一个房子。Please tell me how long he has learnt English.请告诉我他学英语多长时间了。2.如果主句的时态是一般过去时，宾语从句用过去的某种时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）。Eg: He asked me what time it was.他问我几点了。She said she was shopping at this time yesterday.她说她昨天这个时候正在购物。He said that he would go back to the US soon.他说他很快会回到美国。He asked if you had written to Peter.他问是否你已经给皮特写信了。3.从句如果表示客观事实、真理、自然现象时，无论主句是何种时态，从句都用一般现在时。Eg: Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.我们的老师告诉我们光的传播速度比声音快。4