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1、JOHN SNOW DEFEATS-KING CHOLERA约输斯诺战胜“一乱王”Cholera used to be one of the most feared diseases in the world.unlil a British doctor. John Snow, showed how it could be overe在英国医生约翰斯诺向人们展示如何战胜 小乱之前，在乩曾是世界上最令人恐惧的疾病之This illness causes severe diarrhoea, dehydration and even dcalh.它可导致严重腹泻、脱水甚至死亡n ihc early
2、19th ccnlurj-. when an outbreak of cholera hit Europe, milliuns of people died from the disease.十九世纪初.很乱暴发，肆虐欧洲,数百万人丧命As a young doctor. John Snow became fnistraied because no one knew how(o prevent or treat cholera.由于当 时无人知道如何预防或治疗霍乱，年轻的约翰斯诺医生很沮丧.In time, he rose to bcc a famous doctor, and even at
3、tended to Queen Victoria when she gave birth. 后来. 他成了一位名医。甚至照料分娩的维多利亚女F。However, he never lost his desire to desinoy cholera once and fbr all.然而，他始终没有放先彻底根除出乱的愿 知识点:1. used to do过去常常做an outbreak o的爆发die from 死于in time 后来give birth生孩子.分娩In general, doctors in those days had two contradictory theories
4、 to explain how cholera spread.关于霍乱的险延方式，当时医生大体上有两种截然不同的看法.Onetheory was that bad air caused the disease. The other was that cholera was caused by an infection from genns in food or water 一种看法是空气污染引发,另一种看法是食物或饮用水 中的细菌第染导致乱,Snow subscribed to the second theory. It was correct, but he still needed pro
5、of.斯诺我同第二种在法。这一看法是正确的，但他仍褥要证据. Consequently, when an outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854. Snow began to investigate因此，1854年伦敦怨发霍乱时,斯诺便开始调理，He discovered that in two particular streets the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why他
6、发现霍乱疫情在两条街道上尤为严 里.十天内就有500多人死亡.他决心查明原因.知识点：1. in general普遍地，通常地be caused by由造成consequently 因此be determined io 决心做某事find out 查明Snow began by marking on a map the exact places where all those who died had lived. 斯诺首先在地图上标出所有死者住所的确切位置。There were muhiple dexiths near (he water pump in Broad StreeUespeci
7、ally house numbers 16.37.38.and 40). However, some households(such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had nodeiiths.宽街水泵附近有多例死亡(尤其是16号、37号、38号及40号住宅)， 但是有些住户(如宽街20号和21号以及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡. These people worked in the pub al 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer, and
8、so had no( drunk the water from (he pump.这些幸存者在剑桥街7号的酒吧;作，酒吧 为他们提供免费叫*酒.因此没有喝水采抽上来的水；Snow suspected lha( the waler pump was to blame.斯诺怀疑水泵就是罪魁祸首 What is more, in another part of London, a woman and her daughter had died of cholera after moving away from Broad Street.此外，在伦敦的另一个区域,一名妇女和她的女儿从宽街搬来后死于霍乱
9、. It seemed ha( the woman liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered (o her house every day.该妇女似乎非常喜欢从水泵抽上来的水，每天都让人从那 里打水运到家里来。As a result of this evidence. John Snow was able to announce that the pump water carried cholera germs.有了这个证据,约翰斯诺就能鲂宣布水泵抽 上来的水携带霍乱病菌门 Accordingly, he h
10、ad the handle of the pump removed so that i( could not be used.于是，他让人拆掉了水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。 Through this interveniion.the disease was stopped in its tracks.这一干预举措的制了疾 病的覆筑。知识点：1.he to blame受责备2.what is more另外3.die of死于4.as a result of由r5. accordingly 因此The (ruth was (hat the water from the Broad Street
11、 pump had been infected by waste.事 情的我相是宽街水泵抽上来的水被废弁物污染了。Moreover. Snow was later able io show a link between other cases of cholera and the diffetvm water panies in London. 此外，斯诺之后还证明了另外几起般乱病例与伦敦多家饮用水公司有关。Some panics sold waler from the River Thames that was polluted by raw waste.有些公司出 楞的水取自被未处理的废弃
12、物污染的泰晤士河The people who drank this water were much more likely to get cholera than those who drank pure or boiled water. 与饮用纯净水或开水的人相比，饮用被污染的水的人更容易染上很乱。 知识点：1. be infected by 被出染a link between . and在和之间的连接raw waste原废水be likely iodo可能做某事Through Snow s tireless eflbrts, water panies began to sell clean
13、 waler and the threat of cholera around the world saw a substantial decrease.经过斯诺的不懈努力.饮用水公 司开始出售洁净水，世界各地霍乱的威胁大幅降低。However, cholera is still a problem.然而，很乱仍是问 Sfl Each year millions of people around (he world get cholera and many die fmm it.每年全球有数百万人感染犯乱,其中许多人因此丧生. Fortunately, we now know how to p
14、revent cholera, (hanks to the work of John Snow. 幸 运的是，由于约翰斯诺的努力，我们现在知道r如何预防霍乱, Moreover, in his use of maps and statistics. Snow transformed (he way scientists study diseases, d匕夕卜， 通过使用地图和数据.斯诺改变了科学家研究疾病的方式。For this reason. Snow is considered the falhcr of modern epidemiology.因此.斯诺被誉为现代流行病学之父。 知识点：1. tireless efforts 不懈的努力(he threat of 的威胁fbr this reason 因此