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1、Unit Fourteen10/10/1 1第1页Contentsn nIntroductionn nText(A)analysisn nSome comments on writingn nText(B)analysisn nFurther readingn nExercises10/10/2 2第2页Introductionn nWritten by Bruce Alberts,editor-in-Chief of Written by Bruce Alberts,editor-in-Chief of ScienceScience,Text A gives some advice to t
2、he,Text A gives some advice to the young who wish to become scientists in young who wish to become scientists in the future.the future.n nText B explains what makes a scientific Text B explains what makes a scientific paper and the popular format.paper and the popular format.10/10/3 3第3页Text analysi
3、sText A On Becoming a Scientist10/10/4 4第4页Bruce Albertsn npresident emeritus(president emeritus(荣誉主席荣誉主席)of)of the U.S.National Academy of the U.S.National Academy of Sciences and chair of the Sciences and chair of the National Research Council National Research Council(1993-),has been named by(199
4、3-),has been named by the Board of Directors of the the Board of Directors of the American Association for the American Association for the Advancement of Science Advancement of Science(AAAS)to serve as editor-in-(AAAS)to serve as editor-in-chief of its journal chief of its journal ScienceScience be
5、ginning 1 March.beginning 1 March.10/10/5 5第5页Text Structuren nPart I(para.14)n nIt is critical that beginning scientists select their mentors wisely.n nPart II(para.57)n nBesides technical skills,it is critical to be able to design research strategies.10/10/6 6第6页Answer the questionsn n1.What has t
6、he author learned at Harvard?(para 1)n n2.How can a person think and function as a scientist?(para 1)n n3.What is the first piece of advice that Albert gives to prospect scientists in helping them select their mentors?(para 2)10/10/7 7第7页Answer the questionsn n4.According to Albert,what are the crit
7、eria for a good advisor?(para 3,4)n n5.How important is it for scientist be able to design research strategies?(para 6)10/10/8 8第8页Language pointsPara 11.apprenticeship serve ones with sb.做某人学徒 serve out ones 学徒期满,出师2.mentor-a wise and trusted counselor or mentor-a wise and trusted counselor or teac
8、her teacher 贤明和忠实顾问或良师贤明和忠实顾问或良师,导师导师,指导者指导者10/10/9 9第9页Para 2n nnot nearly-not nearly-绝不绝不,相差甚远相差甚远,远非远非n nethical standard-ethical standard-道德规范道德规范n nconsult about the matter consult about the matter 商议此事商议此事n nconsult with counsel consult with counsel 与法律顾问商议与法律顾问商议n nconsult for a large buildin
9、g firmconsult for a large building firm为大型建筑为大型建筑企业做咨询工作企业做咨询工作10/10/1010第10页Para 4n nempowerempower sb.to do sth.-sb.to do sth.-授权某人做某事授权某人做某事n ninnovateinnovate-n nv.tr.to begin or introduce(something v.tr.to begin or introduce(something new)for or as if for the first time new)for or as if for the
10、 first time 革新：第革新：第一次或好象第一次开始或介绍（新东西）一次或好象第一次开始或介绍（新东西）n nv.intr.to begin or introduce something v.intr.to begin or introduce something new new 创新：开始或介绍新东西创新：开始或介绍新东西10/10/1111第11页WritingBecause so much of ones scientific future is Because so much of ones scientific future is shaped by early experi
11、ences,it is critical that shaped by early experiences,it is critical that beginning scientists select their mentors beginning scientists select their mentors wisely.But what constitutes a“good”choice is wisely.But what constitutes a“good”choice is not always obvious.Please write an essay of not alwa
12、ys obvious.Please write an essay of 300 words on how to choose your 300 words on how to choose your mentor/supervisor for graduate students.mentor/supervisor for graduate students.10/10/1212第12页Text B What Is a Scientific Paper?10/10/1313第13页Questions for comprehension1.How does the 1.How does the C
13、ouncil of Biology EditorsCouncil of Biology Editors(CBE)define primary (CBE)define primary literature?literature?2.What kind of process is peer-review?2.What kind of process is peer-review?3.Why has the writer belabored on the definition of scientific 3.Why has the writer belabored on the definition
14、 of scientific paper?paper?4.In terms of organization,what is the most popular order of a 4.In terms of organization,what is the most popular order of a scientific paper?scientific paper?5.Does IMRAD format apply to each research field?Why or why 5.Does IMRAD format apply to each research field?Why
15、or why not?not?6.What should be the main concerns of scientists and editors in 6.What should be the main concerns of scientists and editors in reporting data?reporting data?10/10/1414第14页NO.1According to the CBE,an acceptable primary scientific According to the CBE,an acceptable primary scientific p
16、ublication must be the first disclosure containing the publication must be the first disclosure containing the sufficient information to enable peers(1)to assess sufficient information to enable peers(1)to assess observations,(2)to repeat experiments,and(3)to observations,(2)to repeat experiments,an
17、d(3)to evaluate intellectual processes;moreover,it must be evaluate intellectual processes;moreover,it must be susceptible to sensory perception,essentially susceptible to sensory perception,essentially permanent,available to the scientific community permanent,available to the scientific community w
18、ithout restriction,and available for regular screening without restriction,and available for regular screening by one or more of the major recognized secondary by one or more of the major recognized secondary services.services.10/10/1515第15页NO.2Peer-review refers to the process through Peer-review r
19、efers to the process through which a research paper is critically which a research paper is critically evaluated prior to publication,by scientists evaluated prior to publication,by scientists with in-depth knowledge of the authors with in-depth knowledge of the authors area of research or investiga
20、tion,to ensure area of research or investigation,to ensure that the work under review is accurate,that the work under review is accurate,reliable,well-written,and worthy of reliable,well-written,and worthy of publication;the process is generally guided publication;the process is generally guided by
21、an editor who makes the final decision.by an editor who makes the final decision.10/10/1616第16页NO.3(1)He did it for two reasons.He did it for two reasons.First,to get rid the First,to get rid the confusion.confusion.The community of science has long been The community of science has long been unable
22、 or unwilling to define primary publication.As unable or unwilling to define primary publication.As a result,much of the literature is buried in meeting a result,much of the literature is buried in meeting abstracts,obscure conference reports,government abstracts,obscure conference reports,governmen
23、t publications,or in books or journals of minuscule publications,or in books or journals of minuscule circulation.Other papers,in the same or slightly circulation.Other papers,in the same or slightly altered form,are published twice or more often;altered form,are published twice or more often;occasi
24、onally,this is the result of poor ethics on the occasionally,this is the result of poor ethics on the part of the author,but more often it is the lack of part of the author,but more often it is the lack of definition as to which conference reports,books,and definition as to which conference reports,
25、books,and compilations are(or should be)primary publications compilations are(or should be)primary publications and which are not redundancy and confusion result.and which are not redundancy and confusion result.10/10/1717第17页NO.3(2)Second,to help graduate student or the Second,to help graduate stud
26、ent or the budding scientist.budding scientist.A scientific paper is,by A scientific paper is,by definition,a particular kind of document containing definition,a particular kind of document containing certain specified kinds of information.A scientific certain specified kinds of information.A scient
27、ific paper“demands exactly the same qualities of paper“demands exactly the same qualities of thought as are needed for the rest of science:logic,thought as are needed for the rest of science:logic,clarity,and precision.”If the graduate student or clarity,and precision.”If the graduate student or the
28、 budding scientist(and even some of those the budding scientist(and even some of those scientists who have already published many scientists who have already published many papers)can fully grasp the significance of this papers)can fully grasp the significance of this definition,the writing task sho
29、uld be a good deal definition,the writing task should be a good deal easier.easier.10/10/1818第18页NO.4IMRAD,an acronym for Introduction,IMRAD,an acronym for Introduction,Materials and Methods,Results,and Materials and Methods,Results,and Discussion,is the most popular pattern for Discussion,is the mo
30、st popular pattern for scientific paper.scientific paper.10/10/1919第19页NO.5Generally speaking,IMRAD is the best choice for Generally speaking,IMRAD is the best choice for scientific papers reporting laboratory studies.There scientific papers reporting laboratory studies.There are,of course,exception
31、s.For example,reports of are,of course,exceptions.For example,reports of field studies in the earth sciences and clinical case field studies in the earth sciences and clinical case reports in the medical sciences do not readily lend reports in the medical sciences do not readily lend themselves to t
32、his kind of organization.If a number of themselves to this kind of organization.If a number of methods were used to achieve directly related results,methods were used to achieve directly related results,it might be desirable to combine the Materials and it might be desirable to combine the Materials
33、 and Methods and the Results into an integrated Methods and the Results into an integrated“Experimental”section.In addition,many primary“Experimental”section.In addition,many primary journals publish“Notes”or“Short Communications”,in journals publish“Notes”or“Short Communications”,in which the IMRAD
34、 organization is abridged.which the IMRAD organization is abridged.10/10/2020第20页NO.6Both scientists and editors should work on a Both scientists and editors should work on a system of reporting data this is uniform,system of reporting data this is uniform,concise,and readily understandable.To conci
35、se,and readily understandable.To determine how to organize research papers,determine how to organize research papers,scientists will need to refer to the scientists will need to refer to the Instructions to Authors of their target Instructions to Authors of their target journal and bear in mind that
36、 without journal and bear in mind that without publication,science is dead.publication,science is dead.10/10/2121第21页Further reading1.1.immersionimmersion2.2.increased/extendedincreased/extended3.3.tenure-tracktenure-track4.4.veteransveterans5.5.autonomyautonomy6.6.labslabs7.7.flexibilityflexibility
37、8.8.Pilot Pilot 10/10/2222第22页E-Cn n科学这个词似乎含有某种魅力。它一旦被提出，科学这个词似乎含有某种魅力。它一旦被提出，就应该马上得到认可，而不允许有任何可能讨论。就应该马上得到认可，而不允许有任何可能讨论。这种需要人们马上认可情况出现在广告中，不过这种需要人们马上认可情况出现在广告中，不过基本上不和情理。要知道，科学不是一个信条，基本上不和情理。要知道，科学不是一个信条，也不是神灵向人类揭示物。它是人类思维产物，也不是神灵向人类揭示物。它是人类思维产物，所以是能够讨论和修正。科学绝无绝对真理，通所以是能够讨论和修正。科学绝无绝对真理，通常只有相对性。常只有
38、相对性。10/10/2323第23页E-Cn n它以人观察和经验为基础，对人类知识进行逻辑它以人观察和经验为基础，对人类知识进行逻辑性总结，然而人观察和经验总是有限而且缺乏一性总结，然而人观察和经验总是有限而且缺乏一定准确性。至于那些用来对经验事实进行归类逻定准确性。至于那些用来对经验事实进行归类逻辑则完全是我们大脑产物。我们选择我们认为有辑则完全是我们大脑产物。我们选择我们认为有着逻辑联络试验结果，而忽略许多不符合我们自着逻辑联络试验结果，而忽略许多不符合我们自己己“逻辑逻辑”事实。这种相当人为选择结果是我们事实。这种相当人为选择结果是我们自己事情。对此，我们非常得意，以至于主张这自己事情。
39、对此，我们非常得意，以至于主张这些人为选择结果应该被当做些人为选择结果应该被当做“自然规律自然规律”来对待。来对待。10/10/2424第24页C-En nA branch of science deals with a class of A branch of science deals with a class of things,the changes in the members of the things,the changes in the members of the class,and the relations between these class,and the rela
40、tions between these members.Thus the ideal form of a natural members.Thus the ideal form of a natural science is the same as that of science is the same as that of mathematics.The objective in a natural mathematics.The objective in a natural science is to discover relations which science is to disco
41、ver relations which assert that when an event P is present in a assert that when an event P is present in a situation,then the event Q is also present.situation,then the event Q is also present.10/10/2525第25页C-En nAs a branch of science advances from a As a branch of science advances from a descript
42、ive and qualitative stage to one descriptive and qualitative stage to one where the relations can be expressed in a where the relations can be expressed in a quantitative and explanatory manner,the quantitative and explanatory manner,the science assumes a mathematical form.science assumes a mathemat
43、ical form.Astronomy at one time was a descriptive Astronomy at one time was a descriptive science,but the work of Kepler and Newton science,but the work of Kepler and Newton established the foundations,by means of established the foundations,by means of which the laws of the motions of the which the
44、 laws of the motions of the heavenly bodies could be expressed heavenly bodies could be expressed mathematically.mathematically.10/10/2626第26页C-EIt is in this sense that mathematics is It is in this sense that mathematics is sometimes called the language of science.sometimes called the language of s
45、cience.The hypothetical propositions of mathematics The hypothetical propositions of mathematics are called into play when the generalizations are called into play when the generalizations of science take on a quantitative form and of science take on a quantitative form and frequently suggest new ex
46、periments;while,frequently suggest new experiments;while,on the other hand,complexities in observed on the other hand,complexities in observed data of science stimulate the development of data of science stimulate the development of mathematics and broaden its foundation.mathematics and broaden its foundation.10/10/2727第27页Topics for research and presentation1.Ethics in research1.Ethics in research2.Major journals in your field2.Major journals in your field3.Modern Language Association(MLA)3.Modern Language Association(MLA)format for papersformat for papers10/10/2828第28页