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1、英语句子概论第1页英语句子概论玉溪一中 孙维云 基本成份 从属成份 独立成份 省略成份 连接成份 简单句简单句 并列句并列句 复合句复合句 练练 习习第2页 主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词 （S+Vi）主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语(S+Vt+O)主语主语 系动词系动词 表表(S+LV+predicative)主语双宾动词主语双宾动词+间宾间宾+直宾直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语 (S+Vt.+O+O.compl)There+be/stand/lie/live.简单句五种基本句型简单句五种基本句型主语、动词（不及物动词、
2、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语能够称为基本句子成份基本句子成份。完整句子普通最少包含2个基本成份，至多4个。第3页nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing V-edetc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(间)宾语(直)VtV-lViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ing/ClauseInfinitiveNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/lie become/get/grow/turn go/come/remain/keeptaste/sme
3、ll etc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.第4页主语主语 不及物动词不及物动词She came/My head aches.主语主语 及物动词及物动词 宾语宾语She likes English.主语主语 系动词系动词 主语补语主语补语She is happy主语主语 双宾动词双宾动词 间接宾语间接宾语 直接宾语直接宾语She gave John a bookShe bought a book for me.主语主语 宾补动词宾补动词 宾语宾语 宾语补语宾语补语She makes her mother angryThe t
4、eacher asked me to read the passage.There+beThere lies a book on the desk.简单句基本句型实例简单句基本句型实例第5页从属成份从属成份基本成份修饰语。能够是：基本成份修饰语。能够是：定语：即用来修饰名词单词、短语或从句定语：即用来修饰名词单词、短语或从句 状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外词单词、短语状语：即用来修饰名词或代词以外词单词、短语或从句。或从句。定定 语语Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearbyShe likes oranges imported from the US
5、A.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrationsHave you seen the book on the desk?The boy playing over there is my brother.People there like sports.第6页John often came to chat with meJohn likes oranges very muchWhenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angryHearing the news,he jumped wi
6、th joy.As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Youd better stay here.状状 语语第7页Examples:Oh！What is that！（惊叹词）！（惊叹词）He has，alas，failed againCome here，John（呼语）（呼语）Roll on，Ocean，roll on句中能够去掉成份，去掉后不影响句子完整性。
7、这句中能够去掉成份，去掉后不影响句子完整性。这种成份和句子其它词没有语法关系。种成份和句子其它词没有语法关系。独立成份独立成份第8页（You）Come here（I wish you）Good luck！Some gave him praises，but others（gave him）rotten eggsHe runs as fast as,if (he does)not(run)faster,than you.(I)Hope you like it.John should clean the room today and Peter(should clean it)tomorrow.句中
8、被省略成份，即使未说出来，却在句中表示一句中被省略成份，即使未说出来，却在句中表示一定意思：定意思：省略成份省略成份第9页连接成份实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行词、连接成份实际上是一个连词，用来连接两个或几个平行词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词并列连词。另一类连接成份是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子隶属于另一类连接成份是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子隶属于另一个句子（即从句）连词。这类连词叫另一个句子（即从句）连词。这类连词叫隶属连词隶属连词。隶属。隶属连词主要用于引导各种从句。连词主要用于引导各种从句。一个完整句子（主句或从句）必须包含一个完整句子（主句或从
9、句）必须包含2个到个到4个基本成份，个基本成份，另外，假如意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其它句子另外，假如意思上有需要，还可包含一个或更多其它句子成份。成份。连接成份连接成份第10页简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结简单句只有一个限定动词（即只有一个主谓结构），它是最小句子单位。主要起以下四种作构），它是最小句子单位。主要起以下四种作用中一个。用中一个。作一个陈说作一个陈说 提出一个问题提出一个问题 发出一个命令或请求发出一个命令或请求 表示一个感叹表示一个感叹Examples:The boy hit the dog./The dog bit the boy.The girl read
10、 the books./The books pleased the girl.Stephen apologized at once.Does the shop close at 7 tonight?Shut the door.What a slow train this is!第11页简单句基本词序简单句基本词序主语主语动词部分动词部分宾语宾语 状语状语（谓语）（谓语）方式方式 地点地点 时间时间Iboughta hat yesterday.The children ran home.The taxi driver shouted at me angrily.We ate our meal i
11、n silence.The car stopped suddenly.A young girl walked confidently in the room.They drove him away in a police car.第12页简单句扩展成份简单句扩展成份简单句主语、宾语能够加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，简单句主语、宾语能够加上一个短语（如定语）来扩展，及物动词或不及物动词也能够与其它短语（如状语）连用及物动词或不及物动词也能够与其它短语（如状语）连用进行扩展。进行扩展。I bought a rain coat with a warm lining.The dog jumped th
12、rough the window.He is saving up to buy a mobile phone.A bright little boy with rosy cheeks put three bottles of milk quietly on my doorstep before seven oclock.He worked like a madman in the garden on Saturday.The young girl with long black hair seems to be very happy.第13页两个简单句主语能够用两个简单句主语能够用and、bu
13、t、both.and、eitheror、neithernor、not onlybut also等连词连接组成一个简单等连词连接组成一个简单句，但应注意主语和谓语动词一致性。句，但应注意主语和谓语动词一致性。The boss is flying to Paris.His secretary is flying to Paris.The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.Both the boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.The boss is flying to Rome.His secret
14、ary is not flying to Rome.The boss but not his secretary is flying to Rome.The boss may be flying to Berlin.His secretary may be flying to Berlin.Either the boss or his secretary is flying to Berlin.The boss is not flying to York.His secretary isnt flying to York.Neither the boss nor his secretary i
15、s flying to York.主语、谓语、宾语合并主语、谓语、宾语合并第14页两个简单句宾语可由两个简单句宾语可由and、bothand等连词连接组成一等连词连接组成一个简单句。个简单句。I met Jane.I met her husband.I met Jane and her husband.I met both Jane and her husband.It was cold.It was wet.It was cold and wet.I didnt meet Jane.I didnt meet her husband.I didnt meet either Jane or he
16、r husband.I met neither Jane nor her husband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。We sang all night.We danced all night.We sang and danced all night.主语、谓语、宾语合并主语、谓语、宾语合并第15页并列句并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号需把几个意思连接在一起时，可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词并列连词连接连接起来，这种结构即组成一个并列句。起来，这种结构即组成一个并列句。用分号：用分号：We fis
17、hed all day;we didnt catch a thing.用分号，后跟一个连接副词：用分号，后跟一个连接副词：We fished all day;however,we didnt catch a thing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等）等）We fished all day,but(we)didnt catch a thing.第16页并列句并列句惯用并列连词惯用并列连词coordinating conjunctions平行并列连词平行并列连词:转折并列连词：转折并列连词：因果并列连词因果并列连词:选择并列连词选择并列连词:but,however,w
18、hile,yetfor,soor,eitheror,neither norand,bothand,not onlybut also,neithernor,and then第17页并列句并列句并列句词序：并列句词序：并列句基本上保留了简单句词并列句基本上保留了简单句词序。序。主语主语 谓语谓语 宾语宾语 连词连词 主语主语 动词动词 表语表语Jimmy fell off his bike but (he)wasnt hurt.五种简单句型可用五种简单句型可用并列连词并列连词连接起来组成并列句。连接起来组成并列句。主主 谓谓 状（方式）状（方式）连连 主主 谓谓 表表Frank worked ha
19、rd and (he)became an architect.主主 谓谓 宾宾 连连 主主 谓谓 地点地点I ve got a cold,so I m going to bed.主主 谓谓 宾宾 宾补宾补 连连 主主 谓谓 宾宾They made him chairman,but(they)didnt increase his salary.第18页Exercise:请用适当并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用适当并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。He was tired,so he went to bed.1.He was tired.He went to bed.2.The child
20、 hid behind his mothers skirt.He was afraid of the dog.3.He made a promise.He didnt keep it.He made a promise,but He didnt keep it.The child hid behind his mothers skirt,for he was afraid of the dog.第19页由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所由一个主句和一个或者一个以上从句所组成句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。组成句子。在英语书面语中应用广泛。主句是一个完整句子主句是一个完整句子,它能够独立存在。它能
21、够独立存在。从句是一个不完整句子从句是一个不完整句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句能够经过把两个以上简单句连接复合句能够经过把两个以上简单句连接在一起组成在一起组成,但复合句各组成部份并非但复合句各组成部份并非同等主要，其中一个句子由同等主要，其中一个句子由隶属连词隶属连词引引导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。导（从句），用以修饰另一句子（主句）。复合句复合句=主句主句+从句从句复合句复合句第20页复合句是在简单句基础上，经过隶属连词将两个或两个以复合句是在简单句基础上，经过隶属连词将两个或两个以上简单句连接在一起而组成。隶属连词所引导从句
22、起形容上简单句连接在一起而组成。隶属连词所引导从句起形容词、名词、副词作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：词、名词、副词作用。复合句主要包含以下类型从句：1.主语从句主语从句 2.宾语从句宾语从句3.表语从句表语从句 4.定语从句定语从句5.状语从句状语从句 6.同位语从句同位语从句 英文写作中最常使用从句英文写作中最常使用从句1.宾语从句宾语从句2.状语从句状语从句 3.定语从句定语从句第21页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+隶属连词隶属连词+简单句简单句He told me the news.that the match had been cancelled.宾语
23、宾语how much he was prepared to pay for my car.that I could have the money without delay.how much he was prepared topay for my car and that I couldhave the money without delay.when he was leaving for Paris.that his fatherwas working in that school.宾语从句宾语从句第22页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+隶属连词隶属连词+简单句
24、简单句I dont know him.He has finished his work that he has finished his work.whether he has finished his work.宾语从句宾语从句He is leaving for Washington.that he is leaving for Washington.when he is leaving for Washington.why he is leaving for Washington.how he is leaving for Washington.whether he is leaving
25、for Washington.第23页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+隶属连词隶属连词+简单句简单句the people surprised That What he saidwhat he did主语主语That he didnt know the answerin the room.定语定语who were sitting in the room.who were present.whose sons were at war.who had signed the contract.第24页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+隶属连词隶属连
26、词+简单句简单句That is the fact.表表 语语what he needs.what he gave me.why he was late.because he was ill.what has happened.第25页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+隶属连词隶属连词+简单句简单句He worked in that factorythree years ago.地点状语地点状语时间状语时间状语where his father workedin that factorywhere I livedwhen he lived thereHis father
27、worked there.I lived there.He lived there three years ago.第26页复合句与简单句：复合句复合句与简单句：复合句=简单句简单句+隶属连词隶属连词+简单句简单句Put the book on the desk.where you took it.where it was.地点状语地点状语where you found it.You cant camp here.where there are a lot of trees.wherever you like.第27页指出以下各从句类型指出以下各从句类型vI believe that ever
28、ything is going on well.vShe was reading a novel when I came in.vShe is the girl who sings best in my class.宾语从句宾语从句状语从句状语从句定语从定语从句句Practice第28页用所给连词连接句子。用所给连词连接句子。He has found out.She was late.(why)He has found out why she was late.I still remember the day.I first went to York on that day.(when)I s
29、till remember the day when I first went to York.将各组句子连接为一个含有将各组句子连接为一个含有状语从句状语从句复合句。复合句。PracticeHe didnt come yesterday.He was ill.(原因原因)He didnt come yesterday because he was ill.第29页Ill give the letter to him.I see him.（时间）时间）It is such a big box.Nobody can move it.（结果）（结果）Well go to the great wal
30、l.Its fine tomorrow.(条件条件)We should not go there all the time.The place is quite pleasant.(让步）让步）It is such a big box that nobody can move it.Well go to the great wall if its fine tomorrow.Although the place is quite pleasant,we should not go there all the time.Ill give the letter to him when I see him.Ill give the letter to him as soon as I see him.Ill give the letter to him the moment I see him.第30页T H E E N DT H E E N D第31页