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1、 英语长句分析第1页什么是长句n长句在语法上称为复合句，是由一个主要句子（主句）和一个或几个隶属子句（从句）组成，也就是说，它包含有两个或更多主谓结构，其中有一个（或更多）主谓结构充当句子某一（些）成份，如主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。有长句中兼有复合句和并列句，即一个并列句中一个（或更多）分句，包含有一个（或更多）从句，这类句子有些语法学家称为并列复合句。第2页n为了便于分析，在此以红色部分表示主语，兰色部分表示谓语，下划线部分表示宾语，斜体部分表示主从连词和关联，“（）”表示定语，“”表示状语。n 主语n 谓语n斜体部分 主从连词和关联n _ 宾语n（）定语n 状语第3页长句分析时应掌握
2、几个关键点 n先找关键词，即找出长句中有几个谓语，几先找关键词，即找出长句中有几个谓语，几个连词和关联词，若不是并列谓语，就可依个连词和关联词，若不是并列谓语，就可依据谓语再找出对应主语，从而可把长句化为据谓语再找出对应主语，从而可把长句化为几个简单句几个简单句。如：地点状语从句 定语从句 例(1)When a body(which has a certain temperature)becomes hotter we say that heat has been added to it.宾语从句 当含有某一温度物体变为更热时，我们就说有热量加到该物体上了 第4页n例(2)Where abno
3、rmal conditions or the need to carry large quantities of oil fuel render it necessary to carry ballast water(which is not a clean ballast in any oil fuel tank),such ballast water shall be discharged to reception facilities,and an entry shall be made in the Oil Record Book to the effect.n上句中有四个主谓结构，由
4、三个连词和关联词连结，其中并列连词引出了一个并列子句。n本句可译成：如异常情况或需要载有大量燃油使必需在燃油舱中装载不清洁压载水时，这种压载水应排至接收设备，并应将这一排放记入油类统计簿。第5页2.要注意句中省略要注意句中省略n例(3)There are three things(we have to know about every force in order to be able to understand the effect)(it produced.)n通常，连词和关联词省略出现在以下情况：引出定语从句关系代词（that,which,who,whom）在从句中充当宾语时；引出宾语从
5、句连词that也常出现省略。经分析，在主谓结构“we have to know”和“it produced”前都省略了在从句中作宾语关系词which（或that），分别用来说明前面先行词things和effect。n译成：为了了解每个力所产生效果，我们必须知道力三要素。第6页3.注意词搭配和前后呼应注意词搭配和前后呼应e.g.We may speak of anything whose voltage is higher than that of the earth as being positive,and of anything whose voltage is less than tha
6、t of the earth as being negative.n上句中有三个谓语，两个关联词（没有省略），由此可知有一个主句和两个从句。这里要注意“speak of as”这种用as引出宾语补足语使用方法，在它之前插入定语从句仍能识别。and后省略了“may speak”。n译成：我们可把凡是比地球电位高物体说成是带正电，而把凡是比地球电位低物体说成是带负电。第7页5.注意成份割裂注意成份割裂例（5）If lubricating oil encounters high temperature it can burn,leaving as it does so carbon deposit.
7、If lubricating oil encounters high temperature it can burn,leaving as it does so carbon deposit.句中，carbon deposit是分词leaving宾语，被as引出状语从句隔开了。译成：滑油假如遇上高温就会燃烧，燃烧时会留下积碳。第8页例（6）In a fluid that is in motion there is a decrease in pressure where the speed is increased,and an increase in pressure where the s
8、peed is decreased.In a fluid(that is in motion)there is a decrease in pressure where the speed is increased,and an increase in pressure where the speed is decreased.句中，两个并列主语decrease和increase被中间地点状语从句隔开。n译成：在运动流体内，在速度增加处，其压力就降低，而在速度减小处，其压力就增加。第9页Summaryn普通来说，先找谓语，连词、关联词，然后找各谓语对应主语（若主语显著，也可先确定主语）。这么就
9、把长句分为几个简单句。n若没有并列谓语，则有几个谓语就有几个句子。可利用这点来判断句中连词或关联词是否省略。n搞清楚各句意思，并把各句联络起来，确定其间意义关系。n结合上下文了解整个长句，但句意应合乎道理，这是辩别长句分析是否正确主要伎俩。若句意讲不通，就得重新分析句子，直到讲通为止。第10页ExerciseThe inlet and exhaust valve seats may become damaged during operation and from time to time they have to be reconditioned by grinding in the valv
10、e.This is required much more often in the case of the exhaust valves because of operation at higher temperature and because the gases flowing through may contain particles of carbonaceous matter which occasionally get trapped under the valve seat causing pitting.第11页This is required much more often
11、in the case of the exhaust valves because of operation at higher temperature and because the gases flowing through may contain particles of carbonaceous matter which occasionally get trapped under the valve seat causing pitting.排气阀更需如此(与阀座重新研配),因为排气阀在高温下工作,且(流过其中)排气中可能含有碳颗粒,它们有时聚在阀座下产生点蚀.第12页nThe li
12、fe of an exhaust valve between twice of reconditioning can be extended if the thermal loads to which it is subjected can be evenly distributed around the valve.nThe life of an exhaust valve between twice of reconditioning can be extended if the thermal loads to which it is subjected can be evenly di
13、stributed around the valve.n假如排气阀所承受热负荷均匀分布在阀上,排气阀两次研配间隔能够延长.第13页nThis can be accomplished by rotating the valves slowly as the engine is working.nValve rotators which carry out this movement have a type of ratcheting mechanism which indexes the valve round a small amount every time it is operated by the rocker gear.第14页nValve rotators which carry out this movement have a type of ratcheting mechanism which indexes the valve round a small amount every time it is operated by the rocker gear.n(使阀迟缓转动)这个动作由转阀器来完成,转阀器带有棘轮机构,棘轮机构由摇杆机构驱动,每次使阀转动一点.第15页第16页第17页