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1、Unit4History第1页nI.TeachingObjectives:n1.ReadingSkill:Skimming2.TextStudy:ModelsforUnderstandingHistoryII.Teachingkeypoints:nTolearnthehistorymodelsandtheories;nIII.Teachingdifficultpoints:n1.Tolearnhowtounderstandhistory;n2.Tolearnandpracticethereadingskillskimmingskillfully.第2页IV.Lead-inquestionsn
2、n1.1.What is history?What is history?n nHistoryisthepast,orasRomanphilosopherCiceroHistoryisthepast,orasRomanphilosopherCicerosisrusisru西塞西塞罗（古罗马政治家、雄辩家、著作家）罗（古罗马政治家、雄辩家、著作家）says,“Historyisthewitnessthatsays,“Historyisthewitnessthattestifiestothepassingoftime”.Itisarecordofimportanteventstestifiesto
3、thepassingoftime”.Itisarecordofimportanteventsthateverhappenedandeventsthathaschangedthepeopleslives.thateverhappenedandeventsthathaschangedthepeopleslives.Forexample,theIndustrialRevolutioninEuropeinthe18thcenturyForexample,theIndustrialRevolutioninEuropeinthe18thcenturyreformedthewholeEuropeanland
4、scape,bringinggreatreformedthewholeEuropeanlandscape,bringinggreatimprovementsintheeconomicandtechnologicalaspects.Itimprovementsintheeconomicandtechnologicalaspects.ItmodernizedthewholeofEurope.Thatsahistoricalevent.modernizedthewholeofEurope.Thatsahistoricalevent.n nHistoryispresentedandrecordedin
5、manyforms.ItcanbeinHistoryispresentedandrecordedinmanyforms.Itcanbeinprimarysourcesorsecondarysources,writtenandnon-written.primarysourcesorsecondarysources,writtenandnon-written.Historyisaroundus,fromyourdiarytoyourhistorytextbook,fromHistoryisaroundus,fromyourdiarytoyourhistorytextbook,fromthefolk
6、songthatyourgrandmataughtyoutooralmemoirsfromthefolksongthatyourgrandmataughtyoutooralmemoirsfromvictimsofthewar.Theseareallformsofhistory.victimsofthewar.Theseareallformsofhistory.n n 第3页n nHistoryisalsosomethingthatprofoundlylinkstoHistoryisalsosomethingthatprofoundlylinkstothepresent,andeventhefu
7、ture.Whatourthepresent,andeventhefuture.Whatourpredecessorshaddoneinthepaststillaffectus.predecessorshaddoneinthepaststillaffectus.TaketheAgeofReasonTaketheAgeofReason理性时代理性时代理性时代理性时代asanexample,inasanexample,inthe18thcentury,thereweremanyEnlightenmentthe18thcentury,thereweremanyEnlightenmentideasge
8、nerated.Theseideaslaidthefoundationforideasgenerated.Theseideaslaidthefoundationfortheuniversalcorevaluesandconstitutions,liketheuniversalcorevaluesandconstitutions,likebasichumanrightsandfreedomofspeech.basichumanrightsandfreedomofspeech.n n2.2.Do you believe that we can really know the truth of hi
9、story?第4页nIt depends on,or it is hard to answer.For the past events,some are recorded,but some are lost.For those recorded,we are not sure the author could record them subjectively or objectively.3.Do you think it meaningful to study human history?History is the core of our life.We are one part in h
10、istory like a drop water in the ocean.It is human beings who create history and history itself guides us to walk less on crooked roads弯路弯路.It is worth learning from history.第5页nV.PracticeofskimmingnAskSstofindtheidenticalunitorwordasquicklyastheycanandcrossitoutandtheteachertimesthespeedoftheirwork.
11、n1.Letterperception(25seconds)n2.wordperception(25seconds)第6页nVI.Wordpretestn1.ToaskSstofinishdoingtheEXX.inWordPretest.(4minutes)n2.Tochecktheanswers.第7页n1.underlying:,ndlaiinadj.notobvious,difficulttodiscoverorrevealnadj.潜在；根本；在下面；优先nunderlie:vt.hidebehind,bethecauseorbasisofsth.过去式过去式underlay,过去分
12、词过去分词underlain,现在分词现在分词underlying.n2.subscribeto:sbskraibnagreeto,support,contribute订阅；同意；捐款n3.covenantkvnntn:agreement,contract契约，盟约，协议契约，盟约，协议第8页n4.tribulation:,tribjuleinnsufferings,disasters苦难；磨难；忧患nThetrialsandtribulationsofeverydaylifen生活磨难生活磨难n5.flyinthefaceof:goagainst;becontrarytovt.悍然不顾n6.
13、succumbskmconsentreluctantlyvi.屈服；死；被压垮:vi.givein,固定搭配固定搭配ton7.garb:bn:vt.dress,orwearastrangeclothes(尤指不寻常)装束nshawl:ln.围巾，长方形披巾vt.用披巾包裹第9页n8.shed:vt.getridof,pouroutindropsorsmallquantitiesnvt.流出；摆脱；散发；倾吐ne.g.shedtears,GodshedHisgraceonThee(you).nshedlighton:makefreefromconfusionorambiguity;makecle
14、arn为为提供线索，使提供线索，使清楚显现，说明清楚显现，说明nHeshedhisimageasapushyboss.npushypuiadj.有进取心；爱出风头；有冲劲；固执己见nadj.markedbyaggressiveambitionandenergyandinitiativenShedyourclothes.n9.discerndis:n,-z:nnview,detect,spot,observe,perceive,seenvt.识别；领悟，认识vi.看清楚，区分第10页VI.TextIModelsforUnderstandingHistorylAsk Ss to spend 6 m
15、inutes skimming Text 1 while bearing the questions of 1-6 on Page 58 in mind.And then check the answers.Keys:1.ModelsforUnderstandingHistory 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C lAsk Ss to spend 6 minutes reread the text again and then decide whether each of the statements on page 58 is true or false.And then check
16、the answers.Keys:7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T第11页VII.UnderstandingofTextIl7.1Comprehensionquestionsl What does model mean?the way to help people to interpret and assemble the facts of history.l How many models for understanding history?What are they?3 models:the history of mankind is a record of progr
17、ess and that future prospects are bright.things wre getting worse over time and that the prospects for the future were grim.（unpleasant,depressing,anddifficulttoaccept.严酷;令人沮丧）periods of accomplishment are followed by periods of decay第12页7.2Topic-centeredAnalysisofTextnPart I(Para 1)nThe models of u
18、nderstanding history can be sorted into three broad categories.nPart II(Para 2-4)nMode A believes that the history of mankind is a record of progress and that future prospects are bright.nPart III(Para 5)nModel B is that things were getting worse over time and that the prospects for the future were
19、grim.第13页nPart IV(Para 6-9)nHistory is complicated.Periods of accomplishement are followed be periods of decay.nPart V(Para 10-11)nConclusion:Suggest the right attitude for history:The trick is to move beyond the simple models and to think critically about whatever time period they are studying.第14页
20、7.3ThestructureoftheTexttheauthorschioce:criticaleyesModelC:upanddownModelB:downModelA:upthegenerallead-in第15页7.3.1.Lead-innunderlying:-underlyingcause/principle/problemetc:thecause,ideaetcthatisthemostimportant,althoughitisnoteasilynoticed.-Thereisanunderlyingassumptionthatyoungerworkersareeasierto
21、train.nassumption-sththatyouthinkistruealthoughyouhavenodefiniteproof-alotofpeoplemaketheassumptionthatpovertyonlyexistsintheThirdWorld.第16页7.3.2ModelA the future of mankind is better and brighteruthebenifitsofthismodel:flatteringtooneselfandonescontemporariesallowsonetofacethefuturewithoptimismuthe
22、representativesofthismodel:HegelmanyAmericanhistorians第17页GeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegel(17701831)na German philosopher,and one of the creators of German idealism.nHegel influenced writers of widely varying positions,including both his admirers such as Marx,and his detractors such as Nietzsche.ni:t尼采尼采H
23、egel developed a comprehensive philosophical system,to account in an integrated and developmental way for the relation of mind and nature,the subject and object of knowledge,and psychology,the state,history,art,religion,and philosophy.围绕思维与存在辩证同一这个基本命题，黑格尔建立起令人叹为观止客观唯心主义体系:绝对精神自我发展三个阶段：逻辑学、自然哲学、精神哲学
24、。这是人类思想史上最惊人大胆思索之一。恩格斯以后给其以高度评价：“近代德国哲学在黑格尔体系中到达了顶峰，在这个体系中，黑格尔第一次这是他巨大功劳把整个自然、历史和精神世界描写为处于不停运动、改变、转化和发展中，并企图揭示这种运动和发展内在联络。”黑格尔代表作品有精神现象学、逻辑学、哲学全书、法哲学原理、哲学史讲演录、历史哲学和美学等。第18页nunify=unite:ifyouunifytwoormorepartsorthings,oriftheyunify,theyarecombinedtomakeasingleunit-hismusicunifiestraditionalandmodern
25、themes.-strongsupportforthewarhasunifiedthenation.-oppositetodivide第19页俾斯麦俾斯麦(Ottovon,1815-1898,德国政治家德国政治家,德意志帝国德意志帝国第一任首相第一任首相)uOttoEduardLeopoldvonBismarck(18151898)bizma:kwasaPrussian普鲁士Germanstatesmanandaristocratofthe19thcentury.AsMinister-PresidentofPrussiafrom18621890,heoversawtheunificationo
26、fGermany.In1867hebecameChancelloroftheNorthGermanConfederation.WhentheGermanEmpirewasformedin1871,heservedasitsfirstChancelloruntil1890andpracticedRealpolitikreia:lpliti:k权力政治,whichgainedhimthenicknameTheIronChancellor.uWilhelmI霍亨索伦王室,alsoknownasWilhelmtheGreat(WilliamFrederickLouis,German:WilhelmFr
27、iedrichLudwig)(17971888)wastheKingofPrussia(2January18619March1888)andthefirstGermanEmperor(18January18719March1888).uUndertheleadershipofWilhelmandhisChancellorOttovonBismarck,PrussiaachievedtheunificationofGermanyandtheestablishmentoftheGermanEmpire.German Emperor;King of PrussiaBismark第20页7.3.3Mo
28、delBgolden agegrimy futureHow does this model fit the outlines of Scripture?Paradise the earthAdam&Evethrough Gods covenants with Noah,Abraham,Mosesfulfill in Jesusback第21页nThe word,scripture,has been firmly attached to the Bible in that it is used 32 times in 32 verses in the King James Bible.nThe
29、Bible is the central religious text of Judaism and Christianity.nChristianity recognises the Old Testament which includes three parts:the Torah tr,tu-,tur:律法律法(“teaching”or“law”),the Neviim先知先知(“prophets”),and the Ketuvim 圣卷，圣卷，著作著作(“writings”).Scripture第22页nAnd all Christians also recognise the New
30、 Testament,a collection of early Christian writings that consists of the Gospels福音书福音书,the Acts of the Apostles使徒行传;圣经新约第五章(OftenshortenedtoActs),the Epistles/psl/使徒书信;圣经新约中各卷书，原为早期基督徒书信,and the Apocalypsepklips启示；天启；世界末日；世界末日第23页AdamandEveAdam and Eve were,according to the chapters 1-5 of Genesis o
31、f the Bible,the first man and woman created by God.In Genesis 1 God creates Adam in his image,and gives him dominion over the living things he has created.Genesis 2 God causes the man to sleep,and creates a woman from his rib.That is Eve.Genesis 3,the serpent tempts Eve to eat from the tree of knowl
32、edge,telling her that it will not lead to death;she succumbs,and gives the fruit to Adam.thus,they broke Gods command by eating from the tree.God curses them with hard labor and with pain in childbirth,and banishes them from his garden.Genesis 4 and 5 give the story of Adam and Eves family after the
33、y leave the garden.第24页ngrim:-=harsh,makingyoufeelworriedorunhappywhenhelosthisjob,hisfuturelookedgrim.-lookingorsoundingveryserious.Illsurvive,hesaidwithagrimsmile.-verybad,ugly,orunpleasanttheweatherforecastisprettygrim.ntrend:ageneraltendencyinthewayasituationischangingordeveloping-trendupward/do
34、wnward:atendencyforsthtoincreaseordecrease第25页GodscovenantwithNoahnuThe biblical story of Noah is contained in the book of Genesis,chapters 69，God,saddened at the wickedness of mankind,decided to send a great delugedelju:d洪水 to destroy all life.But he saw that Noah was a righteous man,and instructed
35、 him to build an ark and gather himself and his family with every type of animal,male and female.And so the Flood came,and all life was extinguished,except for those who were with Noah.第26页nAndthenNoahbuiltanaltartoGodandmadeanoffering.AndwhentheLordsmelledthepleasingodour,theLordsaidinhisheart,Iwil
36、lneveragaincursethegroundbecauseofman,fortheinclinationofmansheartisevilfromhisyouth;neitherwillIeveragaindestroyeverylivingcreatureasIhavedone.Whiletheearthremains,seed-timeandharvest,coldandheat,summerandwinter,dayandnight,shallnotcease.nThenGodspoketoNoahthattheanimalswouldfearman;andinreturn,man
37、wasforbiddentoeat“fleshwithitslife,thatis,itsblood.”AndGodforbademurder,andgaveacommandment:“Befruitfulandmultiply,bringforthabundantlyontheearthandmultiplyinit.”Andasasignofhiscovenant,hesettherainbowinthesky,“thesignofthecovenantwhichIhaveestablishedbetweenmeandallflesh（众生，人类）thatisupontheearth.第2
38、7页GodscovenantwithAbrahamAccordingtoGenesis,AbrahamwasthetenthgenerationfromNoahandthe20thfromAdam.AbrahamwassentbyGodfromhishomeinUrKadimandHarrantoCanaankeinn迦南迦南,thelandpromisedtohisdescendantsbyYahwehja:wei;ja:va:耶和华耶和华InCanaan,Abrahamenteredintoacovenant:inexchangeforrecognitionofYHWHashisGod,A
39、brahamwillbeblessedwithinnumerableprogeny子孙子孙andthelandwouldbelongtohisdescendants:Leaveyourcountry,yourpeopleandyourfathershouseholdandgotothelandIwillshowyou.IwillmakeyouintoagreatnationandIwillblessyou;Iwillmakeyournamegreat,andyouwillbeablessing.Iwillblessthosewhoblessyou,andwhoevercursesyouIwil
40、lcurse;andallpeoplesonearthwillbeblessedthroughyou.Genesis12:1-3第28页GodscovenantwithMosesmuziz摩西摩西nareligiousleader,lawgiver,andprophetnAccordingtotheBookofExodus,MoseswasborninatimewhenwarthreatenedandthelargeincreaseinthenumberofhispeopleconcernedtheEgyptianPharaohfru法老，暴君法老，暴君nwhowasworriedthatth
41、eymighthelpEgyptsenemies.MosesHebrewmother,Jochebed,hidhimwhenthePharaohorderedallnewbornHebrewboystobekilled,andheendedupbeingadoptedintotheEgyptianroyalfamily.nAfterkillinganEgyptianslave-master,MosesfledacrosstheRedSeatoMidianwherehetendedtheflocksofJethro,apriestofMidianontheslopesofMt.Horeb.h:r
42、eb何烈山（又作西奈山）nAftertheTenPlagues瘟疫瘟疫wereunleashed释放释放onEgypt,MosesledtheHebrewpeopleoutofEgypt,acrosstheRedSea,wheretheybasedthemselvesatHorebandcompassed包围包围thebordersofEdom以东（雅各之兄，以扫别名）.Itwasatthistime,thataccordingtotheBible,MosesreceivedtheTenCommandments.第29页GodscovenantwithJesusnJesustheChristi
43、sthecentralfigureofChristianity.nhewasaJewwhowasregardedasateacherandhealer医治者医治者.nHewasbaptizedbyJohntheBaptist,andwascrucifiedkru:si,faininJerusalemontheordersoftheRomanPrefect行政长官行政长官ofJudaeadu:di犹太（地名）犹太（地名）,PontiusPilate彼拉多（钉死耶稣古代罗马犹太总督）,onthechargeofsedition煽动煽动againsttheRomanEmpire.nChristian
44、believesthatJesusisdivine,theMessiahmisai救星救星whosecomingwasprophesiedintheOldTestament,andthathewasresurrected复活复活n,rezrektafterhiscrucifixion.nChristianspredominantlybelievethatJesusisthe“SonofGod”andthesecondpersonintheTrinitytriniti三位一体三位一体whocametoprovidesalvationandreconciliation和解和解withGodbyhi
45、sdeathfortheirsins.第30页Revelation,revlein启示（录）启示（录）nWithin a set of mostly religious beliefs Revelation refers to the act of revealing or disclosing,or making something obvious and clearly understood through active or passive communication with supernatural entities实体(divine,.).It is believed that r
46、evelation can originate directly from a deity神,or through an agent,such as an angel.One who has experienced such contact with or communication from the divine 神学家is often called a prophet.nChristianity regards varied collections of books known as the Bible as authoritative and written by human autho
47、rs under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit圣灵.nIn a number of passages the Bible claims divine inspiration for itself.Besides the direct accounts of written revelation,such as Moses receiving the Ten Commandments.and in the New Testament,Jesus treats the Old Testament as authoritative and says it“ca
48、nnot be broken”,“All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching,rebuking指责，非难,correction and training in righteousness.authoritativerttv;-,tetvadj.有权威；命令式；当局第31页ncovenantkvnnt:alegalagreementinwhichsbpromisestopayapersonororganizationanamountofmoneyregularly-hecovenantedtopay$30amonthintot
49、hefund.nprophecyprfisi:-astatementthatsth.willhappeninthefuture,esp.onemadebysbwithreligiousormagicpowersTheprophecythatDavidwouldbecomekingwasfulfilled.-thepoweroractofmakingstatementsaboutwhatwillhappeninthefutureShehadthegiftofprophecy.第32页ntribulation,tribjulein:serioustroubleoraseriousproblem.n
50、accomplishment-=achievement:sthsuccessfulorimpressivethatisachievedafteralotofeffortandhardworkItwasamajoraccomplishmentforaplayerwhohadbeeninjuredsorecently.-theactoffinishingorachievingsthgoodtheaccomplishmentofpolicygoals-anabilitytodosthwell,ortheskillinvolvedindoingsthwell.技艺技艺playingthepianois