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1、第1页Related Conception(相关概念相关概念)1.名词名词:表示人或事物名称词叫名词。表示人或事物名称词叫名词。2.名词在句子当中普通能够作什么成份名词在句子当中普通能够作什么成份?名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。同位语。The boy is li Ming.主语表语Mr.Liang,a 24-year-old boy,teaches us English.主语同位语宾语第2页在英语句子结构中，原来该由名词充当主语、宾语、在英语句子结构中，原来该由名词充当主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句
2、子就叫名这个句子就叫名词性从句。词性从句。什么是名词性从句什么是名词性从句?名词性从句名词性从句主语从句主语从句(The Subject Clause)宾语从句宾语从句 (The Object Clause)表语从句表语从句 (The Predicative Clause)同位语从句同位语从句 (The Appositive Clause)第3页 名词性从句 主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句主语从句在句中做-宾语从句在句中做-表语从句在句中做-同位语从句在句中-主语宾语表语同位语1.That he will come is certain.2.I know that he will come
3、.3.The truth is that I have been there.4.The fact that she was late surprised us.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句第4页1.为何叫名词性从句？2._整个从句相当于一个名词比较:The man looked around.That the boy failed again in the exam disappointed his mother.一样作主语，从句能够表示较复杂含义,普通是个动作或性质I know him.I know that he is writing his composition in his
4、room2.为何要有名词性从句？那人看了看四面.(名词作主语)那孩子考试又不及格令他母亲很失望.(从句作主语)我知道他在房间里写作文.从句特征:是一个句子,有一个引导词,引导词做从句一个成份(that 除外)名词能做成份,从句都能做 从句表示意思比名词复杂得多第5页请判断出以下句子属于哪种从句请判断出以下句子属于哪种从句What I want to do is taking a bath.The news that they won the game spread the whole school.I dont think he is an honest boy.The fact is tha
5、t he stole the car.Do you know the fact that he stole the car?Do you know the man who is standing over there?It is said that they won the game.(主从主从)(同位语从句同位语从句)(宾从宾从)(表从表从)(同位语从句同位语从句)(定从定从)(主从主从)第6页 主语从句that whether who whom whose what which when where why how从 句引导词:1.That he knows Japanese is kno
6、wn to all.他懂英语,这一点大家都知道令我诧异是在这儿见到他.3.When he will come is unknown.4.Whether he is coming doesnt matter much.他来不来没什么要紧他什么时候来不清楚.他们是怎么登上山顶仍是个秘密.5.It remains a secret how they climbed up the mountain.主语从句位置主语从句位置 1.在句首在句首 2.主语较长时通常放主语较长时通常放在后面在后面,句首主语用句首主语用 It 主语太长了!放到句尾Details Details Details Details
7、That无词义无词义,不可省略不可省略What“什么”,“所.”2.What surprised me was to see him here.When“什么时候”主语从句主语从句不用不用 if位于句首位于句首第7页主语从句主语从句v主语从句在复合句中做句子主语。主语从句在复合句中做句子主语。1.That most of these are now threatened and may disappear is a serious matter to the people in Britain.2.Why he failed the exam wasnt clear.4.It is a pit
8、y that she cannot come.3.Whether he has failed the exam wasnt clear.第8页2）主语从句连接词主语从句连接词1.连连词词that(无无词词义义,不不作作成成份份,不不能能省省略略,只只起起连接作用连接作用);whether(是否是否),不作成份不作成份,不用不用if.That he will come and help us is certain.Whether we will succeed is still a question.注意注意:已确定事由已确定事由thatthat引导引导;没决定事由没决定事由whetherwhe
9、ther引导引导.第9页他星期三来这里是必定。他星期三来这里是必定。That he will come here on Wednesday is certain.注意：从句作主语时，就算是句子意思完整，都要加注意：从句作主语时，就算是句子意思完整，都要加上隶属连词上隶属连词that他星期三是否来这里还不愿定。Whether he will come here on Wednesday is not certain.注意：注意：that 引导引导主语从句放在句首极少，只是为了强调主语从句放在句首极少，只是为了强调或谓语较长时才这么或谓语较长时才这么第10页3.连连接接副副词词when(ever)
10、,where(ever),how(ever),why,how long,how often,how soon,how far,how many/much 等等.When the test will be given is not yet decided.How much we can spend must be agreed on.2.连连 接接 代代 词词 what,whatever,who,whoever,which,whichever,whose等等.在从句做在从句做主语主语/宾语宾语/表语表语What you said is perfectly true.(宾语宾语)Whoever c
11、omes will be welcome.谁来都欢迎谁来都欢迎第11页v连接代词和连接副词在句中既连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己疑问保留自己疑问含义含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句成又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句成份份。v在主语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语在主语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语v这些连接词不能省略这些连接词不能省略；注意注意第12页vWhat caused the accident is a complete mystery.(主主)vWhatever she said was right.(宾语宾语)vWho will win the match is still u
12、nknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。vWhoever comes to the party will receive a present.（主语）（主语）第13页vWhen hell be back depends much on the weather.vWhere the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.(状语状语)英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣告。英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣告。vWhy he failed the exam wasnt clear.(状语状语)vHow t
13、he book will sell depends on its author.(状语状语)第14页3）注意事项：）注意事项：1.为了使句子结构平衡，防止头重脚轻，主语为了使句子结构平衡，防止头重脚轻，主语从句惯用从句惯用“it”作形式主语，把真正主语放作形式主语，把真正主语放在后面在后面。主语从句后谓语动词普通用单数形式。惯用主语从句后谓语动词普通用单数形式。惯用句型以下：句型以下：It is known to us that he will come here.第15页v（1）It+be+形容词形容词+主语从句主语从句 v（2）It+be+名词名词+主语从句主语从句 v（3）It+不及物动
14、词不及物动词+主语主语 从句从句 v（4）It+及物及物 动词被动语态动词被动语态+主语从句主语从句 惯用句型以下：惯用句型以下：第16页It+be+形容词形容词 主语从句主语从句It is necessary/important that.是有必要是有必要/主要主要It is obvious/clear that 很显著很显著It is certain/true that 是必定是必定It is true that 是事实是事实It is strange that 很奇怪很奇怪It is natural that 是很自然是很自然第17页It+be+名词名词 主语从句主语从句It is a
15、pity/a shame 真遗憾真遗憾It is a surprise.令人惊奇是令人惊奇是It is a fact 事实是事实是It is an honor 是我荣幸是我荣幸 It is a wonder 是奇迹是奇迹第18页It+不及物动词不及物动词 that从句从句It appears/seems that 似乎似乎/看起来看起来It happens that.恰巧恰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起我突然想起It doesnt matter whether第19页It+be+-ed分词分词 主语从句主语从句It is believed/thought that
16、人们相信人们相信It is well known to us/all that.众所周知众所周知It has been decided that 已经决定已经决定It is said/reported that 据听说据听说/据报道据报道Eg:It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是怎样成为一名作家。我们都知道他是怎样成为一名作家。It+及物动词（被动语态）及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句主语从句第20页vIt is a pity that we cant go.vIt is certain that she will do well in
17、 her exam.vIt is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.vIt depends on the climate whether they are going shopping today.第21页2.在在主主语语从从句句中中用用来来表表示示惊惊奇奇、不不相相信信、惋惋惜惜、理理应应如如此此等等语语气气时时，谓谓语语动动词词要要用用虚虚拟拟语语气气“(should)+do”，惯用句型有：惯用句型有：vIt is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that vIt is suggested(
18、requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that 第22页主语从句中虚拟语气主语从句中虚拟语气vIt is suggested,ordered,proposed,required,demanded,requested,insisted+that(should)do vIt is important,necessary,natural,desirable,strange,advisable,impossible+that(should)do vIt is a pity,a shame,no wonder(难怪)+that(should)do 第23页 what 引引导导主
19、主语语从从句句时时在在句句时时在在从从句句中中充充当当句句子子成成份份，如如主主语语,宾宾语语,表表语语，而而that 则则不不然然。比如：比如：1)_you said yesterday is right.2)_she is still alive is a good thing.It is right what you said yesterday.It is a good thing that she is still alive.WhatThat3.what 与与that 在引导主语从句时区分在引导主语从句时区分第24页用 it 句型翻译:1.听说今年高一学生要学新教材听说今年高一学生
20、要学新教材.2.事实是他们靠自己完成了全部任务事实是他们靠自己完成了全部任务.3.恰巧他们已经参加过军训了恰巧他们已经参加过军训了.4.众所周知众所周知,比尔比尔 盖茨是世界上最富有人盖茨是世界上最富有人.5.我们应该养成好学习习惯这很主要我们应该养成好学习习惯这很主要.It is said that the Senior Grade one students will learn a new text this year.It is a fact that they finished all the work by themselves.It happened that they had h
21、ad their military training.It is well-known that Bill Gates is the richest person in the world.It is important that we(should)form a good habit of studying.第25页II.表语从句表语从句v在句中作表语从句叫表语从句。在句中作表语从句叫表语从句。1.That is why he didnt pass the exam.2.The question is where he has gone.3.The problem is that he ha
22、s gone.4.It looks/seems as if/though it were going to rain.第26页表语从句从 句 同主语从句(11个),外加as if/引导词:as though,1.The truth is that he has never been to the countryside.2.The question is whether w can finish the experiment by Friday.3.It looks as if it were going to rain.实际情况是他从未去过农村.that 普通不省略问题在于我们能否在明天下午
23、之前完成这项试验.表语从句不用 if好象看上去要下雨似.(其实不会)as if/as though从句常表示不真实情况She talks as if/as though she had been there before.她说话口气好象以前往过那儿似她说话口气好象以前往过那儿似.又比如:4.This school is no longer what it was before.这所学校已不再是从前那个样子了这所学校已不再是从前那个样子了.what=the thing that More 系动词后面系动词后面第27页注意以下表语从句中where,how,why 译法1.This is where
24、 Lu Xun once lived.2.That was how they won the match.3.This is why she got up so early this morning.这就是鲁迅曾经住过地方.他们就是这么赢得这场比赛.这就是她为何今天早上起得这么早原因.1.我们就是这么克服困难我们就是这么克服困难.2.那就是他昨天缺席原因那就是他昨天缺席原因.3.这就是我们上星期碰头地方这就是我们上星期碰头地方.This is/That was how we overcame the difficulties.That is why he was absent yesterda
25、y.This is where we met last Sunday.This is 总是现在时That is 表示性质 That was 指过去动作固定句型固定句型:This is where This is why This is how.这就是地方这就是原因这就是方法第28页试区分以下句子试区分以下句子Is this museum what you visited?Is this the museum that you visited?Is this museum the one that you visited?注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句
26、话：名词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词。然后把句子变换成陈说句，接着判断句子词。然后把句子变换成陈说句，接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。是属于哪种从句再完成。(表从表从)(定从定从)(定从定从)第29页II 表语从句表语从句在句中充当表语从句在句中充当表语从句(即放在即放在be动词后面动词后面)叫做表语叫做表语从句。从句。我们目标是他能认识到错误。我们目标是他能认识到错误。Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.注意：引导表语从句注意：引导表语从句连接词普通不省略连接词普通不省略。问题是它是
27、否值得做。问题是它是否值得做。The question is whether it is worth doing.注意：注意：表语从句表示表语从句表示“是否是否”只用只用“whether”而不用而不用“if”第30页2.1 引导表语从句关联词引导表语从句关联词v引导表语从句关联词与引导引导表语从句关联词与引导主语从句主语从句关联词关联词大致一样大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用用as if引导。引导。v其基本结构为：主语其基本结构为：主语+系动词系动词+that从句，从句，v引导表语从句词有引导表语从句词有that，whether，who，what，whic
28、h，whoever，whatever，whichever，when，where，why，how，because等。等。第31页(1)that,whether引导表语从句引导表语从句vthat在引导表语从句时无词义，在引导表语从句时无词义，不做成份，不做成份，而而whether有词义，意为、有词义，意为、“是否是否”,不做成份不做成份。这时主句主语经常是些抽象名词这时主句主语经常是些抽象名词,如如 question,trouble,problem,result,chance,suggestion，idea，reason等。等。eg:The reason is that you dont trus
29、t her.The question is whether they will be able to help us.问题是他们是否能帮我们。问题是他们是否能帮我们。第32页(2)连接代词引导表语从句连接代词引导表语从句v连接代词连接代词what,who,whom,which,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever v在句中作主语在句中作主语/宾语，不能省略。宾语，不能省略。eg:The problem is who we can get to replace her.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。Thats what
30、he is worrying about.那就是他在担心事。那就是他在担心事。第33页(3)连接副词引导表语从句连接副词引导表语从句v连接副词连接副词 where,when,how,whyv在表语从句中做状语在表语从句中做状语vThe question is how he did it.问题是他是怎样做此事。问题是他是怎样做此事。第34页(4)连词连词because,as if,as thoughvHe was late this morning.That was because he was caught in a traffic jam.vAll this was over twenty
31、years ago,but its as if it was only yesterday.这都是这都是20多年前事了，但宛如昨天一样。多年前事了，但宛如昨天一样。vHe looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起来还与十年前一样。他看起来还与十年前一样。v注：隶属连词注：隶属连词if普通不用来引导表语从句，普通不用来引导表语从句，但但as if却可引导表语从句，却可引导表语从句，v能跟表语从句谓语动词普通为系动词能跟表语从句谓语动词普通为系动词be,seem,look等。等。vIt looked as if it was going t
32、o rain.看起来天要下雨了。看起来天要下雨了。第35页难点难点v1.连词连词because可引导表语从句。如：可引导表语从句。如：eg:I think it is because you are doing too much.我想这是因为你做得太多。我想这是因为你做得太多。v2.引导表语从句引导表语从句that不省略，不省略，that仅起连接作用，在仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成份，无任何意义。从句中不充当任何成份，无任何意义。eg:The impression he makes on me is that he is a reliable person.他给我印象是他是一个可靠人他给
33、我印象是他是一个可靠人v3.whether可引导表语从句，表可引导表语从句，表“是否是否”，它在从句，它在从句中不充当成份，中不充当成份，if不能引导表语从句。不能引导表语从句。eg:Whether John will do this experiment remains a question.第36页v4.the reason后面表语从句只能用后面表语从句只能用that引导，引导，易犯易犯“the reason is because”错误错误 eg:The reason why he was late was that his car broke down on the way.v5.在在
34、表表 示示 命命 令令 order,advice,suggestion,desire,proposal,demand,request,requirement等等名名词词后后表表语语从从句句中中，谓谓语语动动词词要要 用用虚虚拟拟语语气气：should+动动词词原原形形，should可可省略省略 eg:His suggestion is that we(should)hold another meeting to discuss the problem.第37页最具代表性表语从句最具代表性表语从句v1.That is why practice is the most important in l
35、earning English.v2.The village is no longer what it used to be ten years ago.v3.That was because he was caught in a traffic jam.v4.The reason why he was late was that his car broke down on the way.第38页1.I know him.2.I know who he is.主语主语谓语谓语宾语宾语（简单句）（简单句）主语主语谓语谓语宾宾 语语 从从 句句连词连词从句从句主语主语 从句谓语从句谓语主主 句句
36、复复合合句句第39页III.宾语从句宾语从句v在句中充当在句中充当及物动词及物动词或或介词介词或或一些一些形容词形容词宾语宾语句子叫句子叫做宾语从句。做宾语从句。通常放在主句谓语动词通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词及物动词)或或介词或形容词之后。介词或形容词之后。1.I think that it will be of no use.2.I wonder if you can do me a favour.3.It depends on whether the boss will agree to you or not.4.Im sure that you will win the game.第
37、40页1.作动词宾语作动词宾语 (1)动词后动词后直接直接+宾语从句宾语从句 由由that引导宾语从句引导宾语从句(that 通常能够省略通常能够省略),比如：比如：I heard that he joined the army.由由what,whether(if)引导宾语从句，比如：引导宾语从句，比如：She did not know what had happened.I wonder whether you can change this note for me.(2)动词间接宾语宾语从句动词间接宾语宾语从句。比如：。比如：She told me that she would accep
38、t my invitation.第41页3.作形容词宾语作形容词宾语 I am afraid(that)Ive made a mistake.I am sure (that)he will win the game.2.作介词宾语作介词宾语 I dont care for who marries him.We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.第42页宾语从句三要素：宾语从句三要素：连连 接接 词词时时 态态语语 序序第43页由隶属连词由隶属连词that引导宾语从句引导宾语从句 连接代词连接代词 Who,whom
39、,whose,which what 连接副词连接副词 where,how,why,when引导宾语从句引导宾语从句由隶属连词由隶属连词 whether,if 引导宾语从句引导宾语从句第44页注注：that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成份，在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成份，在口语或非正式文体中往往省略在口语或非正式文体中往往省略e.g.1.I hear(that)_.（一小时后他会回来）（一小时后他会回来）2.He said(that)_.（他非常想念我们）（他非常想念我们）3.The teacher told us(that)_.4.（地球围着太阳转）（地球围着太阳转）he wi
40、ll be back in an hour he missed us very much the earth moves around the sun第45页由隶属连词由隶属连词whether,if 引导宾语从句引导宾语从句e.g.1.I want to know _.（他是否跟我们一起去公园）2.Ask him _.（他是否能来）3.I dont know _.（是否要下雨）if(whether)he will go to the park with us whether(if)he can come whether it is going to rain or notwhether,if在
41、从句中不能充当成份，在从句中不能充当成份，当句末为当句末为or not时，引导词只能用时，引导词只能用whether而不能用而不能用if.第46页由连接代词由连接代词what,whom,whose,which,what连接副词连接副词 when,where,how,why引导宾语从句引导宾语从句1.He asked _.(谁能回答这个问题谁能回答这个问题）2.Do you know_.（他们在等谁）（他们在等谁）3.He asked _.（谁书法是班上最好）5.6.Please tell me _.（我们什么时候开会）7.Can you tell me _.（他在哪儿）8.Could you
42、tell me _.（我该怎么去车站）9.Would you tell me _（为何火车迟到了）who could answer the question whom they are waiting for whose handwriting was the best in the class when well have a meeting where he is how I can get to the station why the train is late第47页3.2 语序语序v宾语从句语序用宾语从句语序用陈说陈说语序语序：连接词连接词+主语主语+谓语谓语+其它成份其它成份第48
43、页主句时态主句时态从句时态从句时态v普通现在时、普通未来时、祈使句时v依据句意需要用任意一个时态v普经过去时v与原句相对应过去时态客观事实、真理、自然现象、客观事实、真理、自然现象、名言警句、谚语等名言警句、谚语等 v一律用普通现在时3.3 时态时态第49页vI know he lives here .vI know he lived here ten years ago.vI have heard that he will come tomorrow.1.主句用主句用现在时或未来时，从句可用任何时态，现在时或未来时，从句可用任何时态，依据实际情况而定依据实际情况而定。第50页2.2.假如主句
44、是过去时态（普通过去时，过去进行时），假如主句是过去时态（普通过去时，过去进行时），从句时态一定要用相对应过去某种时态从句时态一定要用相对应过去某种时态（普通过去时，过去进行时，过去未来时，过去完成时）（普通过去时，过去进行时，过去未来时，过去完成时）vI knew who lived here.vI saw she was talking with her mother.vHe asked whether his father would come back tomorrow.vHe said that he had seen it.第51页vThe teacher told me she
45、was born in 1960.vI heard that he went to Paris last night.3.从句说明是普通真理、客观事实、自然现象时，从句说明是普通真理、客观事实、自然现象时，仍用普通现在时。仍用普通现在时。Dad told us that it is better to do than to say.He told the boy that three and three is six.He told me the earth moves around the sun.4.从句从句中有中有详细时间状语详细时间状语，即使从句动作发生在，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前
46、，主句动作前，仍用普通过去时仍用普通过去时。第52页1.The radio says it _ cloudy tomorrow.(be)2.The headmaster hopes everything _ well.(go)3.I hear they _ (return)it already.4.He said that they _ members of the Party since 1948.(be)5.Our teacher told us in class the sun _ in the east.(rise)will be goes have returned had been
47、 rises第53页3.4 宾语从句注意事项宾语从句注意事项v1)当从句原句为以下句子以及当从句原句为以下句子以及what,who作主作主语时，语序不变：语时，语序不变：vWhats wrong?Whats the matter?veg:I dont know whats the matter.Can you tell me who is over there?第54页2)在在宾宾语语从从句句中中，只只能能用用whether，不不能能用用if引引导宾语从句导宾语从句v(1)在含有选择意义，又有在含有选择意义，又有or或或or not时，尤其是直时，尤其是直接与接与or not连用时，往往用连用
48、时，往往用whether Let me know whether he will come or not v(2)在介词后面在介词后面 Im thinking of whether we should go to see the film.v(3)在带在带to不定式前不定式前 We decided whether to walk there.v(4)宾语从句提前时宾语从句提前时，不能换用，不能换用if。Whether this is true or not，I cant say这是否真我说不上来。第55页3）否定转移）否定转移若主句谓语动词为若主句谓语动词为think,consider,sup
49、pose,believe,expect,guess,imagine等，等，其后宾语从句若含有否定意义，普通要把否定词转移其后宾语从句若含有否定意义，普通要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用必定式到主句谓语上，从句谓语用必定式。I dont think this dress fits you well.I dont think you are right.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。我认为你是错。我认为你是错。I dont believe you will finish the work today.我认为你今天无法完成工作。我认为你今天无法完成工作。第56页4）宾语从
50、句中用宾语从句中用it作形式宾语作形式宾语We think it our duty that we should help others.I find it impossible that he should finish the work in two days.注意：假如主句中有形容词或名词作宾语补足注意：假如主句中有形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，普通用语时，普通用it来作形式宾语来作形式宾语，而真正宾语，而真正宾语that 从句则放在宾补后面。从句则放在宾补后面。第57页5)宾语从句中虚拟语气宾语从句中虚拟语气在动词在动词 insist,order,command,suggest,advi