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1、湖南省师范大学附属中学2021-2022学年高二下学期期中考试英语试卷第一部分 听力（共两节，满分30分）略第二部分 阅读（共两节，满分50分）第一节 （共15小题；每小题2.5分，满分37.5分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。AWomen scientists around the world have made significant contributions to Stem (science, technology, engineering, and maths). Here are four who pushed boundaries and cha
2、nged the world.Wu Chienshiung (19121997)Born in Taicang, Jiangsu province, Wu took part in the Manhattan Project which helped create the worlds first nuclear weapon. Her famous Wu experiment overturned the theory of parity in physics. This breakthrough led to a Nobel Prize that was awarded to her ma
3、le colleagues, but Wus critical role in the work was overlooked.Hedy Lamarr (19142000)Austria-born Lamarr starred in a lot of Hollywood films and made great success. She was also super smart and a self-taught inventor. During the second world war, Lamarr together with George Antheil, a composer, dev
4、eloped a radio guidance system. The principle of their work is part of the basis of Bluetooth and wireless technology.Katherine Johns (19182020)African American NASA mathematician Johnsons calculations were critical in getting the first US astronauts to space and back safely. During her 33-year care
5、er at NASA, Katherine earned a reputation for mastering complex calculations and was referred to as a “human computer”.Tu Youyou (1930)Born in Ningbo, Zhejiang province, Tu shared the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with two other foreign scientists, for her work in discovering artemisini
6、n, a drug used to treat malaria. Her work has saved millions of lives all over the world. Tu is the first Chinese Nobel winner in physiology or medicine and the first female citizen of the PRC to win a Nobel Prize.1. Besides being an inventor, Hedy Lamarr is also a(n) _.A. composerB. producerC. actr
7、essD. mathematician2. What is Tu Youyous greatest contribution to the world?A. She treated people for cancer.B. She is the first Chinese Nobel winner.C. Her discovery helped save millions.D. Her research project is one of a kind.3. What do the four female scientists have in common according to the t
8、ext?A. They shared the same interest.B. They each constructed a theory.C. They were all awarded the Nobel Prize.D. They all made a difference to the world.【答案】1. C 2. C 3. D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了4名改变世界的女性科学家。【1题详解】细节理解题。根据Hedy Lamarr (19142000)中的“Austria-born Lamarr starred in a lot of Hollywood fi
9、lms and made great success. She was also super smart and a self-taught inventor.(奥地利出生的拉玛出演了许多好莱坞电影，并取得了巨大的成功。她还非常聪明，是一个自学成才的发明家)”可知，除了是一个发明家，海蒂拉玛也是一个女演员。故选C。【2题详解】细节理解题。根据Tu Youyou (1930)中的“Her work has saved millions of lives all over the world. (她的工作拯救了全世界数百万人的生命)”可知，屠呦呦对世界最大的贡献是她的发现帮助拯救了数百万人。故选C
10、。【3题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“Here are four who pushed boundaries and changed the world. (下面是四位打破界限、改变世界的人)”可知，这四位女科学家共同之处是她们都对世界产生了影响。故选D。BIt was near New Year 2014, and David Fajgenbaum, who was battling Castleman disease, was rushed to a CT scan in an Arkansas hospital. Tears streamed down his face. He thou
11、ght about the first patient whod died under his care and how her brain had bled in a similar way from a stroke(中风).But he survived. Also, this experience led David to complete “the undertaking” surprising his doctors. “You learn a lot by almost dying,” they said.It was in 2010 that David got very si
12、ck and was hospitalized for five months. He was learning to become a doctor at the University of Pennsylvania in memory of his mother who died of cancer. The examination showed it was idiopathic multi-centric Castleman disease (MCD). First described in 1954, Castleman presents partly like an autoimm
13、une(自身免疫的) condition and partly like cancer. It doesnt happen very often therere only around 7,000 new cases each year in the United States, so a very limited number of experts are on it.In his hospital bed, David felt weak. His organs were failing, and he noticed curious red spots on his skin. He a
14、sked doctors what the “blood moles” meant. But they, focused on saving his life, werent interested in them. Castleman disease struck David four more times over the next three years. Despite it all, he managed to graduate and later founded the Castleman Disease Collaborative Network (CDCN) devoted to
15、 fighting Castleman disease.In late 2013, Castleman struck again, landing David in that Arkansas hospital. It marked his closest brush with death yet. After this time, David set out to try to save his own life. Examining his medical charts, he zeroed in on an idea that researchers hadnt explored. Wi
16、th considerable effort, he found a drug called Sirolimus might be beneficial to his discase. After consulting with his doctors, he picked up the drug. So far, its working. David is in recovery and devoting his medical career to saving other patients like him. “I hope my story offers lessons far beyo
17、nd medicine about what people can do when theyre up against a brick wall,” says David.4. How did David feel when having the CT scan?A Grateful.B. Awkward.C. Hopeless.D. Unsure.5. What does “the undertaking” in paragraph 2 refer to?A. David founded the CDCN.B. David recovered from Castleman.C. David
18、survived the CT scan.D. David found a way to treat his disease.6. What do we know about Castleman disease?A. It is a rare disease.B. It killed Davids mother.C. It is a kind of cancer.D. It interested many experts.7. Which of the following can best describe David?A. Selfless and optimistic.B. Determi
19、ned and observant.C. Ambitious and confident.D. Warm-hearted and hardworking.【答案】4. C 5. D 6. A 7. B【解析】【导语】本文是一篇记叙文。文章描述David Fajgenbaum在濒临死亡的时候通过敏锐的洞察力和坚定的意志发现了救治自己和他人的方法，最终战胜Castleman病的故事。【4题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“It was near New Year 2014, and David Fajgenbaum, who was battling Castleman disease, was ru
20、shed to a CT scan in an Arkansas hospital. Tears streamed down his face. He thought about the first patient whod died under his care and how her brain had bled in a similar way from a stroke(中风). ( 2014年新年临近，正在与Castleman病作斗争的大卫法根鲍姆(David Fajgenbaum)被紧急送往阿肯色州一家医院做CT扫描。眼泪顺着他的脸流下来。他想起了在他的治疗下死去的第一个病人，以及
21、她的大脑是如何因中风而以类似的方式流血的。)”因为想到他的治疗下死去的第一个病人，由此可推断，他当时是非常绝望的，故选C。5题详解】词句猜测题。根据下文“You learn a lot by almost dying,” they said.(“濒死可以学到很多东西，”他们说。)”和最后一段“After this time, David set out to try to save his own life. Examining his medical charts, he zeroed in on an idea that researchers hadnt explored. With c
22、onsiderable effort, he found a drug called Sirolimus might be beneficial to his case. After consulting with his doctors, he picked up the drug. So far, its working. David is in recovery and devoting his medical career to saving other patients like him.( 在这之后，大卫开始试图挽救自己的生命。在检查他的病历时，他把注意力集中在一个研究人员从未探索
23、过的想法上。经过相当大的努力，他发现一种名为西罗莫司的药物可能对他的疾病有益。在咨询了医生之后，他选择了这种药。到目前为止，它是有效的。大卫正在康复中，他的医疗事业致力于拯救其他和他一样的病人。)”由此可知，大卫在濒临死亡的时候发现救治自己的药物，所以说是这次经历让他完成了自救，故猜测“the undertaking”意思是大卫发现了救治自己的方法，故选D。【6题详解】细节理解题。根据第三段“First described in 1954, Castleman presents partly like an autoimmune(自身免疫的) condition and partly like
24、 cancer. It doesnt happen very often therere only around 7,000 new cases each year in the United States, so a very limited number of experts are on it. (首次描述是在1954年，Castleman的表现部分像自身免疫疾病，部分像癌症。这种情况并不经常发生在美国每年只有大约7000例新病例，所以专家数量非常有限。)”由此可知这是一种罕见的病，故选A。【7题详解】推理判断题。根据第四段“In his hospital bed, David felt
25、 weak. His organs were failing, and he noticed curious red spots on his skin. He asked doctors what the “blood moles” meant.( 躺在病床上的大卫感到很虚弱。他的器官正在衰竭，他注意到皮肤上有奇怪的红斑。他问医生“红斑”意为这什么。)”和最后一段“After this time, David set out to try to save his own life. Examining his medical charts, he zeroed in on an idea t
26、hat researchers hadnt explored. With considerable effort, he found a drug called Sirolimus might be beneficial to his case. After consulting with his doctors, he picked up the drug. So far, its working. David is in recovery and devoting his medical career to saving other patients like him.( 在这之后，大卫开
27、始试图挽救自己的生命。在检查他的病历时，他把注意力集中在一个研究人员从未探索过的想法上。经过相当大的努力，他发现一种名为西罗莫司的药物可能对他的疾病有益。在咨询了医生之后，他选择了这种药。到目前为止，它是有效的。大卫正在康复中，他的医疗事业致力于拯救其他和他一样的病人。)” 由此可知大卫是一个善于发现，有洞察力和意志坚定的人，故选B。CNo one can say whether human-like robots will have a sweet dream, but they will almost certainly need periods of rest that offer be
28、nefits like what sleep provides to living brains, according to new research from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).“We study spiking neural networks (尖峰神经网络), which are systems that learn much as living brains do,” said Yijing Watkins, a computer scientist from LANL. “We trained a neuromorphic (
29、神经形态的) processor in a way how humans and other biological systems learn from their environment during childhood development.” Watkins and her research team found that the network simulations (模拟) became unstable after continuous periods of unattended learning. When they exposed the networks to state
30、s that are analogous to what living brains experience during sleep, stability was recovered. “It was as though we were giving the neural networks a good nights rest,” said Watkins.The discovery came about as the research team worked to develop neural networks that are as close as how humans and othe
31、r biological systems learn to see. The group initially struggled with stabilizing simulated neural networks undergoing unattended dictionary training, which involves classifying objects without providing examples to compare them to. The researchers expose the networks to an artificial simulation of
32、sleep as nearly a final effort to stabilize them. They experimented with various types of noise. The best results came when they used waves of so-called Gaussian noise. These waves can make sure that the neural networks keep stable.The groups next goal is to apply their algorithm (算法) to Intels Loih
33、i, a product which uses spiking neural networks to work. They hope allowing Loihi to sleep from time to time will enable it to stably process information from a camera in real time. If it can confirm the need for sleep in artificial brains, we can probably expect the same to be true of human-like ro
34、bots and other intelligent machines that may come about in the future.8. What did Watkins and her research team find?A. Neural networks are far from stable.B. Artificial brains may need break as well.C. Neural networks are very sensitive to noise.D. Human-like robots need equal rest to humans.9. Wha
35、t does the underlined word “analogous” in paragraph 2 mean?A. Contrary.B. Beneficial.C. Similar.D. Related.10. Why will the researchers apply the algorithm to Loihi?A. To better update Loihi.B. To enable Loihi to run faster.C. To further confirm their discovery.D. To make sure Loihi get enough sleep
36、.11. In which section can we probably find this article?A. Mind & Brain.B. Business & Industry.C. Medicine & Care.D. Computer & Science.【答案】8. B 9. C 10. C 11. D【解析】【导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的一项最新研究表明，机器人运行一段时间后也需要一段时间的休息，这种休息带来的好处与睡眠给人类带来的好处类似。【8题详解】细节理解题。根据第一段“No one can say whether human-like r
37、obots will have a sweet dream, but they will almost certainly need periods of rest that offer benefits like what sleep provides to living brains, according to new research from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).(洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的一项最新研究表明，没有人能说类人机器人是否会做一个甜美的梦，但它们几乎肯定需要休息一段时间，这种休息带来的好处与睡眠给人类带来的好处类似)”以及
38、第二段“Watkins and her research team found that the network simulations became unstable after continuous periods of unattended learning.(沃特金斯和她的研究团队发现，在连续的无人值守学习后，网络模拟变得不稳定)”可知，沃特金斯和她的研究团队发现人造大脑可能也需要休息。故选B项。【9题详解】词句猜测题。根据第二段“Watkins and her research team found that the network simulations became unstab
39、le after continuous periods of unattended learning. When they exposed the networks to states that are analogous to what living brains experience during sleep, stability was recovered. “It was as though we were giving the neural networks a good nights rest,” said Watkins.(沃特金斯和她的研究团队发现，在连续的无人值守学习后，网络
40、模拟变得不稳定。当他们将网络暴露在analogous人脑在睡眠中经历的状态时，稳定性得到了恢复。沃特金斯说：“这就像我们让神经网络好好休息了一夜。”)”可知，在连续的无人值守学习后，人造大脑的网络变得不稳定，当将网络置于类似于人脑睡眠的状态时，稳定性得以恢复，推测划线单词表示“类似的”，与similar同义。故选C项。【10题详解】推理判断题。根据最后一段“The groups next goal is to apply their algorithm to Intels Loihi, a product which uses spiking neural networks to work.
41、They hope allowing Loihi to sleep from time to time will enable it to stably process information from a camera in real time. If it can confirm the need for sleep in artificial brains, we can probably expect the same to be true of human-like robots and other intelligent machines that may come about i
42、n the future.(该团队的下一个目标是将他们的算法应用于英特尔的Loihi，这是一种使用尖峰神经网络工作的产品。他们希望，允许Loihi不时睡觉将使它能够稳定地实时处理来自摄像机的信息。如果它能证实在人造大脑中睡眠的必要性，我们很可能期望类似人类的机器人和未来可能出现的其他智能机器也是如此)”可知，研究人员会将该算法应用于Loihi是为了进一步证实他们的发现，睡眠对于人造大脑而言是必要的。故选C项。【11题详解】推理判断题。根据第一段“No one can say whether human-like robots will have a sweet dream, but they
43、will almost certainly need periods of rest that offer benefits like what sleep provides to living brains, according to new research from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).(洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的一项最新研究表明，没有人能说类人机器人是否会做一个甜美的梦，但它们几乎肯定需要休息一段时间，这种休息带来的好处与睡眠给人类带来的好处类似)”以及文章内容可知，本文主要介绍了洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室的一项最新研究表明，机器人运行
44、一段时间后也需要一段时间的休息，推测文章可能出自计算机与科学部分。故选D项。DSeveral years ago, Jason Box, a scientist from Ohio, flew 31 giant rolls of white plastic to a glacier (冰川) in Greenland. He and his team spread them across 10,000 feet of ice, then left. His idea was that the white blanket would reflect back the rays of the su
45、n, keeping the ice cool below. When he came back to check the results, he found it worked. Exposed ice had melted faster than covered ice. He had not only saved two feet of glacier in a short time. No coal plants were shut down, no jobs were lost, and nobody was taxed or fired. Just the sort of fix
46、were looking for.“Thank you, but no thank you.” says Ralph King, a climate scientist. He told Grey Childs. author and commentator, that people think technology can save the planet, “but there are other things we need to deal with, like consumption. They burned $50,000 just for the helicopter” to bri
47、ng the plastic to the glacier. This experiment, quote-unquote, gives people false hope that climate change can be fixed without changing human behavior. It cant. Technology wont give us a free ride.Individuals respond to climate change differently. Climatologist Kelly Smith is hardly alone in her pr
48、ediction that someday soon we wont be climate victims, we will be climate Choosers. More scientists agree with her that if the human race survives. The engineers will get smarter, the tools will get better, and one day we will control the climate. but that then? “Just the mention of us controlling the climate sent a small shiver down my back, Grey writes.” “Something sounded wrong about stopping ice by our own will,” he says.Me? I like it better when the earth takes care of itself, I guess one day we will have to run the place, but for the moment, sitting at my desk, looking out at the trees