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1、2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一(Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, you will hear a uestion about what is said. The uestion will be read only once, after you hear th
2、e uestion, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder. You havent had a bite all day. uestion: Whats the matter with the womanYou
3、will read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerABDNow lets begin with uestion Number 1.1. A. The womans condition is critical.B. The woman has been picking up uite well.C. The womans illness was caused by a mosuit
4、o bite.D. The woman wont see the doctor any more.B. A terrible cough.D. Eye problem.B. She is in good health.2. A. A broken finger.C. Frontal headaches.3. A. She needs a physical examination.C. Its good to have a doctor friend.D. Its good to visit the doctor.B. The blouse is too expensive.D. The blo
5、use is so fashionable.B. To take mans offer.D. To try an agency.4. A. He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B. He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C. He doesnt mind eating a lot every day.D. He is overcautious sometimes.5. A. The blouse is a bargain.C. The blouse is colorful.6. A. To ueu
6、e for a ticket.C. To buy a ticket online.官方网站:10California. League tables drawn up by the National Academy of Sciences and others show little movement in this pecking order, even over several decades.Another, perhaps more contentious, issue concerns the relevance of the modem research university to
7、the community it serves. The established model, whatever else its strengths and weaknesses, reflects the desire of the middle classes for undergraduate training that prepares their offspring for a stable career. But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their c
8、areers throughout their adult livesThe passage begins with the presentation of the American research university.A. in a uniue wayB. in a jealous toneC. in the eyes of outsidersD. out of personal admirationThe traditional model of the US research university.A. determines the complexity of the single-
9、discipline departmentB. is well established with competition among its departmentsC. ensures the success and prestige of each single departmentD. is characterized by the department-based structureThe structure of the US research university, the author contends, needs to be stretched.A. to change the
10、 way scientific research is done along the disciplineB. to promote individuality and creativity in doing scienceC. to address the current interdisciplinary challengesD. to advance the discipline-based departmentIn addition to the department-based structure, the pecking order.A. remains unchallenged
11、as the name of the gameB. fosters unfair competition at the American institutionC. contributes to insufficient interdisciplinary collaborationD. makes uneven allocations of financial resource among the US universitiesWhat can be infened from the uestion: But how does it serve a society in which peop
12、le may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult livesA. The American societal structure has an impact on that of the research university.B. College students need to be trained to be dedicated to the social value of science.C. The modern research university ought to change th
13、e way it serves the middle class.D. The established model serves as an obstacle to the best service of the society.Passage FourScience and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows. Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change, where it is now time for emergency counseling. One point rep
14、eatedly made at last weeks climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists.Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do, but at this stage climate11scientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in t
15、he 2022 report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, for two reasons.First, models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it: Tell me what the slock market will do in 100 years and I will tell you what the climate
16、will do. Second as most climate scientists will agree. their role is not to formulate policy. They can provide more or less apocalyptic （大灾预测的）scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds, from burning forests to disappearing islands. But when politicians ask whal is the absolut
17、e maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out, the answer is, invariably, how much risk do you want to takeThere are ways out of the deadlock. As the major climate negotiations in December approach, scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as co
18、ncerned citizens. Some may feel uncomfortable with blurting the line between science and activism, but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions.Politicians, for their part, should stop begging climatologists for
19、easy answers. What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray一people who are willing and able to weight up the risks, costs and benefits of various degrees of action.If all else fails, there may still be the safety net of geoen
20、gineering. As we have said on several occasions, this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy. Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers, but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions, cut them deeply and cut them
21、 fast. Geoenginecring is no get-out-of-jail-fecard; it has dangers of its own.The military are already taking an interest, raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing wc wantIn the case global warning, scientists.A. tend to be more conserv
22、ative than politiciansB. are in no position to offer a definite answerC. never trust politicians as in other casesD. feel incapable more than ever beforeSpeaking of climate change, politicians.A. Dont like it when scientists are indirectB. never see eye to eye with scientists thereC. seldom want to
23、play the game with scientistsD. are left puzzled over the formulation of policyTo bridge the gap between the two sides, according to the passage, scientists are supposedto.A. act with more concern and enthusiasmB. discard their prejudice towards politiciansC. be definite enough to offer informed opi
24、nionsD. do as concerned citizens do in protecting environmentFor their part, politicians ought to be reasonable and.A. pick up the right scientists for informed opinionsB. place policy and decision in the hands of scientistsC. receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academiaD. choose those who ca
25、n provide a straightforward prediction8(). The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of.A. the other alternatives in the matterB. the climate weapon as a double-edged swordC. the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD. the urgency of emission reduction on the part
26、 of governments Passage FiveYou are what you eat notwithstanding, it is only recently that most consumers have become interested in the technical details of their foods composition, production and transport. With obesity and climate change now major concerns, and localvore and fbod miles entering th
27、e lexicon, shoppers are clamoring for information. And many food companies are happy to supply it, resulting in a dizzying array of multicolored labels and claims.But not everyone is happy. A proposed law in Indiana is the latest attempt in the United States to ban milk labels proclaiming that the c
28、ows from whence the milk came were not treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH, also called recombinant bovine somatotropin or rbST). This hormone, produced by engineered bacteria, is virtually identical to the cows own and can increase milk production by 10-15%.There are two bad argume
29、nts for banning such labels. The first - that it is impossible to determine from the milk whether the cow was injected with rBGH一 is the reason cited in the bill language. The second that proliferation of “no rBGH labels will train consumers to distrust the product一is the real motivation.The first a
30、rgument can be disposed of easily: it is already illegal to make false claims about a product. The second argument may seem more convincing. There is no firm scientific evidence that injecting cows with rBGH affects human health in any way, but prevalent labeling touting the absence of rBGH would su
31、ggest to consumers that there are some differences. The mandating ( 公 布) of an additional phrase such as that agreed last month in Pennsylvania 一 No significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rbST-treated and non-rbST-treated cows” 一 ameliorates (减轻)this problem.There are good r
32、easons not to ban accurate labels. More information means that consumers can be more discerning, and not just about their own health. They can vote with their purchases for farming practices they prefer. And if a company wants to use a technology with a bad reputation, it is the firms responsibility
33、 to educate the consumer about why it is beneficial. If consumers choose irrationally to reject it, that is their prerogative （特权）.Capitalism thrives on the inationality of consumers, from their noted fear of smelling bad, to their preference for redness in apples, farmed salmon and fast-food signag
34、e （标记）.Indeed, if consumers were suddenly to become rational, an economic cataclysm （ 大灾难） would result, as households in all the rich nations would cut their consumption to only what they really needed. Such a crash would no doubt make the current economic doldrums （萧条）look like the mildest hiccup
35、（打嗝）.81. Nowadays, consumers can know more about food.A. from the internetB. by means of law weaponsC. from labels and claimsD. with the dictionaryAccording to the proposed law in Indiana,.A. there will be no milk labels of No rBGH ”B. cows are banned from being treated with rBGHC. food products are
36、 now allowed to carry labels and claimsD. milk production cannot be increased with growth hormonesThe real intention behind the ban as we can learn from the passage is.A. to convince consumers of confusion due to labels and claimsB. to get rid of the milk manufacturer bad reputationC. to prove the s
37、afety of rbST-treated cows milkD. to safeguard the sale of milk in the marketAs the author implies, a food label reflects.A. customers preferences and forming practicesB. customers rationality and irrationality aswellC. a relationship between capitalism and irrationalityD. both the companys responsi
38、bility and the customers prerogative 85. The last paragraph suggests.E. what will happen following an economic cataclysmF. what consumers irrationality means to capitalismG. why customers can be irrational in consumptionH. how the market economy runsPassage SixThere may be a link between creativity
39、and mental disorders, but it is probably not in the way that you think. There is a widespread highly romanticized belief that madness somehow heightens creative genius among artists, writers, and musicians. And that may be because we romanticize the idea of artistic inspiration.As with mental disord
40、ers, there is something mysterious and unexplainable about the creative process. But all significant creative leaps have two very important components: talent and techniue.Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, best known psychologist for his work on flow, says despite the carefree air that many creative people e
41、ffect, most of them work late into the night and persist when less driven individuals would not. Even acknowledged creative geniuses find that endurance must follow intuition. Follow-through is critical to the realization of an idea. Robert Root-Bernstein, another observer of the creative process, p
42、oints out: If the writer doesnt sit at the computer every day, the muse is not going to visit. Even having ideas can take a great deal of discipline. Discipline is not a hallmark of minds in the throes of emotional distress.Nevertheless, depression strikes artists ten times more often than it does t
43、he general population. The link, however, is not creativity. Artists are more likely to be self-reflective and to think things through. And that thinking style- as opposed to creativity itself -is a hallmark of depression and commonly leads to it.Evidence that madness does nothing to heighten creati
44、ve genius comes from a study done by psychologist Robert Weisberg. He studied in detail Robert Schumann, the great composer, who was known to endure bouts of manic depression that drove him to attempt suicide. Indeed, Schumann wrote a great deal of music during his manic intervals. But uantity is on
45、e thing and uality is another. Weisberg found that Schumanns compositional output indeed swelled during his manic years, but the average uality of his efforts did not change. Mania “jacks up the energy level, Weisberg points out, “but it doesnt give the person access to ideas that he or she wouldnt
46、have had otherwise.”Its entirely possible, Weisberg notes, that the elevated rates of mental disorders among artistic geniuses result from their creative lifestyle, which hardly provides emotional stability. Many artists struggle against poverty and public indifference in their lifetime. And if they
47、 do indeed produce works that are acclaimed, they could succumb to the overwhelming pressure to live up to their earlier successes.86. Based on the first two paragraphs, the author is trying to focus our attention on.A. madness and romanceB. genius and persistenceC. creativity and mental disordersD.
48、 romance and artistic inspirationAccording to Csikszentmihalyi and Root-Bernstein, endurance.A. does not necessarily mean disciplineB. has much to do with original outputC. is a label on those depressivesD. actually comesWhich of the following statements about depression is trueA. It never strikes common people.B. The people who are more self-reflective are more likely to be hit by depression.C. Creativity has much to do with depression and we have figured out what it is.D. The thinking style of artists is in line with creativity itself.87. What does it in Paragraph 4 refer toA. creativity