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1、2022年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题试卷一 (Paper One)Part I Listening Comprehension (30%)Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers. Al the end of each conversation, you will hear a uestion about what is said. The uestion will be read only once, after you hear t
2、he uestion, read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man: No wonder You havent had a bile all day.uestion: Whats the matter with the womanYou wil
3、l read:A. She is sick.B. She is bitten by an ant.C. She is hungry.D. She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerABDNow lefs begin with uestion Number 1.1. A. On campusB. At he dentistsC. At the pharmacyD. In the laboratoryA. PainB. Weakness C. FatigueD. Headache2. A. Their weird b
4、ehavior at school.B. Their superior cleverness over others.C. Their tendency to have learning difficulty.D. Their reluctance to switch to right handedness.3. A. John will be angry.B. John will be disappointed.C. John will be attracted.D. John will be frightened.4. A. Theyre uite normal.B. Theyre not
5、 available.C. They came unexpected.D. They need further explanation.5. A. He knows so little about Lady GagaB. He has met Lady Gaga before.C. He should have known Lady GagaD. He is a big fan of Lady Gaga.官方网站:10Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be
6、 refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed Stratified （分层的）or personalized
7、* medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of
8、inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a genetic component, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effective interventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare servic
9、es. In order to optimize benefit euitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine
10、is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality.However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics fbr their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare an
11、d untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing oners entire genomic seuence is no the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to b
12、e, and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype （ 鼓吹）and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and public should have a realistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors
13、in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a particular combination of
14、genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.71. Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree withA. Personalized medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.B. Genetic biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.C. Physical examinat
15、ion remains essential in tine tuning a diagnosis.D. Clinical history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.72. What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicineA. It can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.B. It has been widely recognized among the physicians.
16、C. It necessitates adaptation of the healthcare community.D. It is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.73. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in.A. the greater potential of treating rare diseasesB. the greater efforts in the relevant clinical resear
17、chC. the greater preparedness of the physicians to employ themD. the greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayalsIn the last paragraph, the author cautions against.A. underestimation of the importance of the genetic risk factorsB. unrealistic expectation of the genetic predicative pow
18、erabuse of genetic medicine in treating common diseases D. unexpected evolution of the bioinfbrmatics.74. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passageA. Genetic medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.B. Genetic medicine poses great challenges to medical pra
19、ctice.C. Genetic medicine will exert great influence on medicine.D. Genetic medicine is defined as stratified medicine.Passage FourMisconduct is a word that is always on professors minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism f
20、or fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions （违法）occur relatively rarely. Much more freuent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members dont need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or approp
21、riation of students work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement （强烈的）reactions to a host of uestionable behaviors. In parti
22、cular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and mentoring. These included routinely being late for classes, freuently skipping appointments with advisees, showing favoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in
23、front of students, providing little or no feedback on students theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in
24、-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual depa
25、rtments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but inadeuate teaching can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow,
26、real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a students oral defense of their thesis, or be available regularly to answer ueslions.To
27、 deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-integrity committees, similar to the research-integrity committees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following
28、 a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of other committees, such as for tenure applications.75. What is implied in the first two paragraphsA. The misconducts are widely exposed in the news.B. The high-profile infractions are not adeuately report
29、ed.C. The freuent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.D. The violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.76. What, in the respondents mind, is the nature of showing favoritism to some studentsA. It is a serious high-profile infraction.B. It is an interesting but avoidable behavior.C
30、. It is a punishable but avoidable misconductD. It is a uestionable but non-punishable behavior.77. The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribed to.A. their offering more courses than they can handleB. their paying little attention to the students feedbackC.
31、their receiving inadeuate education in how to teachD. their lacking interest in the areas other than their ownWhich of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issueA. Development of codes of conductB. Exposure online of the misconductsC. Education about the rules of proper me
32、ntoringD. Development of clear mechanism for reportingWhat is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphsA.The approaches to addressing the problems of inadeuate teaching.B. The specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.C. The different committees dealing with inadeuateteaching.D. T
33、he codes of conduct for the students to report violations.Passage FiveIs the profession of medicine in retreat Im reminded of this with September welcoming a new13influx （流入）ofmedical students. A handful of them may be some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of
34、Medicine （RSM） earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medicine. Choose medicine, I said, because it is a profession that allows you to pursue many different paths, catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any medical schools intake.But Im beginning to wonder if I mi
35、sled them Not just on the opportunities that will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities. No, Im uestioning something more fundamental: the perception of medicine as a profession.Doctors have traditionally embellished （ 润色）their day jobs with roles, for example, on m
36、edical committees, college councils, and faculties for conferences, meetings and training courses. Journal editors and associate editors are prime examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been cons
37、iderable for individuals and for the organizations that employ them. The organizations gain greater influence, open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies, and can gain a competitive advantage. Doctors have considered that these additional responsibilities are an important differentia
38、tor between medicine as a profession and medicine as a factory job.Yet times are changing. Clock-watching has become common place, with the European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples. More troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning, which is beginning to
39、limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake. Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.Most doctors will find a way round this new regime, but short-term petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers. Their limited vision con
40、siders doctors to be dangerously independent, malfunctioning cogs （ 无足轻重的成员）in their wobbly health care machine, a species to be controlled and beaten into the shape of appropriate widget （装饰品）.Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision, was it Ultimately it will be the less enlig
41、htened organizations who will fail. These organizations will perceive little value in doctors spreading their wings and will treat them like factory workers, clocking on and off and filling in timesheets. Doctors in these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession
42、 when its practitioners are forced to cower （畏缩）before number crunches and bean counters.78. Why does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medicals studentsA. because he misinformed them in their choice.B. because he worries about medicine as a profession.C. because he uestions their ambit
43、ion and competence.D. because he is not sure about their diverse personalities.79. Which of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors taking onadditional responsibilitiesA. more positionsB. greater influenceC. greater competitivenessD. more exposure to new ideasWhat is the
44、most probably message from the passageA. Most employers are short-term petty-minded.B. Medicine is becoming more like a factory job.C. Doctors role and responsibilities change all the time.D. Senior doctors are challenged with a shrinking marketIn the last paragraph, the author seems to warn.A. the
45、government against limiting the doctors to take additional rolesB. the organizations against viewing doctors as factory workersC. the practitioners against taking on additional responsibilitiesD. the doctors against spreading their wings too widelyWhat is the authors purpose of writing the passageA.
46、 To advise the organizations to be open-minded.B. To remind the readers of medicine as a profession.C. To uestion the role of taking on an additional position.D. To explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.Passage SixScientists have a duty to talk to the public. Why Because social
47、policies need to be decided on the basis of rational grounds and facts. These include important issue ranging from climate change, to Ihe goals of the space program, to the protection of endangered species, to the use of embryonic stem cells or animals in biomedical research. Both the public and pol
48、icy makers need to understand not only the scientific justification for our work but also, in some cases, why we deem our studies to be morally justifiable.The time is ripe for a more open, public and honest debate about the role of scientific experimentation in animals. What follows are some of my
49、thoughts on this topic. I hope this perspective encourages other scientists to join the discussion and prompts opponents of animal research to create an atmosphere where civil discourse can take place, free of the threats, harassment and intimidation （恐吓）that are increasingly directed at biomedical scientists and their families.