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1、Unit 1. History of medicineKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary, and pay attention to the tense, voice and collocations of the verbs.1. is credited with;2. are sometimes referred to as;3. was supposed to;4. were espoused by;5. in addi
2、tion to;6. was attributed to;7. categorize;8. is given credit for;9. though.Sentence Simulation（略） Translate the following sentences into English.1. Hippocrates proposed the humoral theory that the body of man has four distinct bodily fluids in itself: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, diff
3、erent mixture of which leads to different temperaments. 2. In ancient Greece, career as a doctor was passed on from father to son, so Hippocrates studied medicine under his father from his early age.3. Ancient Greek medicine was a field restricted by religious superstition where wizards cured diseas
4、es by means of prayer, magic or ritual recitation of spells.4. It now appears that Hippocrates was incorrect in his explanation of the causes of human temperament, but his temperament categories and names have been in use ever since.5. Ancient Western doctors about to enter medical practice were req
5、uired to take an oath on medical ethics, which was derived from the oath of Hippocrates, an ancient Greek physician revered as father of medicine” in the West.6. As the father of Western medicine, Hippocrates is the first to formulate the code of ethics that doctors are required to comply with. Furt
6、hermore, his medical opinions and medical practice have exerted a huge influence on the development of Western medicine for centuries.Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Four traditional examination methods: looking, listening and smelling, asking, and touching.
7、2. TCM can make diagnoses and treat patients without needing a scientific understanding of cause and pathogenesis.the fundamentals of TCM remain largely unchanged and its theories inexplicable to science.3.the methodological quality of trials is low.Most of these trials are published in Chinese, ina
8、ccessible to western doctors, and not included in systematic reviews. Selective publication of positive trials is another problem.4. All natural phenomena could be categorised into Yin and Yang (two opposite, complementary, interdependent, and exchangeable aspects of nature), everything in the unive
9、rse consisted of five basic elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, and water), and the universe was constantly changing towards dynamic balance or harmony. Yin refers largely to the material aspects of the organism and Yang to functions. There is a circulation of Qi (energy) and blood. The organs work
10、together by regulating and preserving Qi and blood through the so-called channels and collaterals. Disease occurs after a disturbance in Yin-Yang or flow of Qi or blood, or disharmony in the organs caused by pathogenic (eg, sadness, joy, lifestyle) and climatic factors (dampness, heat, cold). Treatm
11、ent aims to expel or suppress the cause and restore balance.Unit 2 Health professionals for a new centuryText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. integration2. kept pace with 3. adopts 4. In view of5. effectiveness6. ultimate7. acquiring8.
12、 attributes9. shifts10. encounterTranslate the following sentences into English.7. Medical science is no longer simply biomedicine, but a comprehensive discipline of humanities, social sciences and biomedicine.8. Science and technology development, along with social progress, has put forward higher
13、demands and greater challenges on higher medical education.9. Medical education is characterized by a high degree of specialization and practicality, as well as a comparatively high cost and a long training cycle.10. It is the main task of medical schools to train good doctors needed by the people.1
14、1. The objective of clinical medical education is to train capable and well qualified academic doctors with a solid professional foundation and a broad spectrum of knowledge.12. The innovation of teaching methods has not only improved the students initiative and enthusiasm to learn, but also enhance
15、d the quality of clinical teaching and practice.13. In spite of its great progress, our countrys medical education still fails to keep pace with social progress, development of science and technology, and needs for medical and health reform. Translate the following passage/sentence into Chinese.1. 过
16、去一个世纪教育的进步在于三个时代的教育改革。第一个时代始于20世纪初，注重教授科学课程。大约于20世纪中期，第二个时代的改革开启了问题导向式的教学革新。现在，我们需要进行体系导向式的第三个时代的教育改革，通过调整核心专业技能使其适应特定环境，同时借鉴国际化知识，从而提升医疗体系的性能。2. 迁移学习是一种重要成果，其包含了三个基本的转变：从对事实的记忆转变为对信息的搜索、分析和综合从而作出决策；从追求专业文凭转变为实现核心竞争力从而达到医疗体系里有效的团队协作；还有，从对教育模式不带批判的照搬应用转变为对整体资源的创造性改造以应对局部的重点问题。3. 医护人员在过去一个世纪以来对人类健康和发展
17、做出了巨大贡献，然而，自满只会让人们继续徒劳地采用20世纪的教育策略，而无法应对21世纪的挑战。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1. Because it is crucial to tackle the obstacles of the 21st century.2. The outcome-based core curriculum has served as a framework in many countries, and can be adjusted for specif
18、ic local needs as postulated by the commissioners.3. Students participate in an international forum which brings together students of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions (namely, the World Healthcare Students Symposium). The benefits of the annual World Healthcare Students Sym
19、posia are for students to learn to understand the different professions and discuss the best ways of effective and fruitful collaboration.4. The authors think the proposed focus on the implementation of innovative and promising information and communication technologies merits attention and believe
20、in its potential benefits for the education of medical students. According to the authors, students from low-income countries with a lack of resources can especially benefit from such initiatives as the website Health Sciences Online, although such free initiatives should not counteract the proposal
21、 to focus development assistance more strongly on health professionals education.5. Yes. Student initiatives have tackled climate change, migrant health, and other issues of global and national relevance.6. Overall, medical students worldwide have been playing an active role in implementing the reco
22、mmendations of the Global Commission mainly by developing their own outcome-based core curricula and launching an international forum which brings together students of medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health professions, among other initiatives.Unit 3 Health-care system KeysText ALanguage Foc
23、usFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. Compliance；2. disparity；3. prescribe；4. maneuver；5. commonplace；6. underserved；7. reconcile；8. fragments；9. plight；10. invasive.Translate the following passage/sentence into English.1. Many other Americans are denied
24、 insurance due to previous illnesses or conditions that insurance companies decide are too risky or expensive to cover.2. Health care reform will reduce our deficit by more than $100 billion over the next decade and more than $1 trillion in the decade after that. So this isnt radical reform. But it
25、is major reform.3. An estimated eighty-three percent of people under age sixty-five who are in the United States legally now have insurance coverage. 4. This year the law will start closing what is known as the doughnut hole. That is a lack of Medicare coverage for some drug costs for older American
26、s. 5. President Obama promised senior citizens that the health care reform will not cut their guaranteed benefits.Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.14（略）5. The SARS epidemic and rising public discontent generated the political will to fundamentally reform the sys
27、tem, including a partial resumption of central management of public-health services and a major reallocation of central resources to address inequities in health. The outcome of these post-SARS reforms remains uncertain, but there are reasons for optimism.(a) Central funding is supporting the re-int
28、roduction of a New Cooperative Medical System in rural areas and a parallel programme for the uninsured in urban areas that plans to achieve universal coverage by 2020. (b) China can accomplish in health care reform. The exemplary national monitoring system for infectious diseases implemented after
29、the SARS epidemic (which provides real-time reports of cases across the country) and the effective public-health response to the earthquake in Sichuan are examples 6. The most important task ahead is to focus attention and resources on improving the quality, comprehensiveness, and cost-effectiveness
30、 of services.Unit 4 Cancer and LifeKeysText ALanguage FocusFill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form where necessary.1. Eradication2. Deterioration3. Withstand4. Overwhelm5. Recurrent6. Prove7. Outburst8. DivergeVocabulary Enlargement& Reinforcement1. Routine2. Advanced3. Chroni
31、c4. Under siege5. Physical &emotional6. Malignant7. Risk factor8. Steady decline9. Affluent10. Admit11. Severely weaken12. Well up with13. Recurrence14. Undergo15. Outlines16. Gastrointestinal17. Withstand18. Chores19. The unexpected public arising of 20. Spasms21. Chronicle22. Flicker acrossTransla
32、te the following sentences into Chinese.1. 奥唐奈女士一个月前的例行乳房X光检查并没有显示出肿瘤的迹象。但在夏威夷为期两周的假期里，肿块迅速生长，因此她回印第安纳州后就马上去看医生。2. 1995年2月奥唐奈女士开始化疗，做了两次手术，包括乳房切除，并于1995年8月完成化疗。她现在被认为是治愈了。3. 当夫妻二人有人对奥唐奈女士的治疗感到恐惧害怕时，他们会向对方要求一段时间不谈癌症，可能持续一小时或一天，在此期间，他们同意谈话不涉及她的健康危机。4. 他们意识到夫妇两人共同的路突然分开了。他们经历同样的事情，但却有了完全不同的感受。5. 但他发现，他
33、的信仰不仅是宗教信仰，也包括对婚姻能承受长期压力的信念正受到考验。6. 他们夫妻所经历的困难被公诸于众，甚至仅是在她朋友圈中公开，但这不期意的公开，令奥唐奈女士感到震惊。Text BAnswer the following questions according to text B you have read.1 Long before cancer could ever be detected by current imaging scans or blood tests, the new way to find cancer earlier is to find an ultra-earl
34、y indicator of the disease: substances in blood platelets that indicate cancer is in the works. The platelet substances are a so-called biomarker of cancer-characteristics in bodily fluids that can indicate the presence of disease.2 Location of the specific cancer. If you dont know where the cancer
35、is-if you cant feel it, see it, locate it, or biopsy it-you cant treat it.3 Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of drugs used to lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase, which plays a central role in the production of cholesterol in the liver. Increased
36、cholesterol levels have been associated with cardiovascular diseases, and statins are therefore used in the prevention of these diseases. Research has found that statins are most effective for treating cardiovascular disease (secondary prevention), with questionable benefit in those without previous
37、 CVD but with elevated cholesterol levels. Statins have rare but severe adverse effects, particularly muscle damage, and some doctors believe they are overprescribed. The best-selling statin is atorvastatin, marketed as Lipitor (manufactured by Pfizer) and Torvast. By 2003 atorvastatin became the be
38、st-selling pharmaceutical in history, with Pfizer reporting sales of US$12.4 billion in 2008. As of 2010, a number of statins are on the market: atorvastatin (Lipitor and Torvast), fluvastatin (Lescol), lovastatin (Mevacor, Altocor, Altoprev), pitavastatin (Livalo, Pitava), pravastatin (Pravachol, S
39、elektine, Lipostat), rosuvastatin (Crestor) and simvastatin (Zocor, Lipex) Several combination preparations of a statin and another agent, such as ezetimibe/simvastatin, are also available. ( )4 This discovery pushes the issue of early detection further than ever before. In effect, it could allow ca
40、ncer to be treated similarly to the way doctors now treat heart disease. Just as doctors prescribe statin drugs to help prevent heart attacks in patients with high cholesterol, oncologists could test patients for this early biomarker and prescribe drugs to help prevent cancer. And just as cardiologi
41、sts dont have to wait for a heart attack in order to act, oncologists wouldnt have to wait until malignant tumors are found. Drugs in this case would be used to stop the cancerous process itself - rather than targeting a tumor in a particular part of the body. The marker could also potentially be us
42、ed to monitor patients who had already had cancer for the earliest signs of recurrence.5 Advantages: The new, less-toxic cancer treatment (So-called smart drugs such as Gleevec, Tarceva, Iressa and Erbitux)target only cancerous cells, and have less toxicity than standard chemotherapy regimens.These
43、targeted therapies, which can sometimes be taken for years, have in many cases turned cancer into a manageable chronic disease, similar to the way diabetes is treated. Drugs could be used to stop the development of blood vessels in the cancer process itself, before the tumor even has a chance to gro
44、w.Disadvantages: It isnt clear yet what drugs would be given in the preventive step. Such efforts are still in very early stages, and more research needs to be done to see that drug treatment offers people the chance of improved survival outcomes.6 The usefulness of the marker still needs to be vali
45、dated in trials involving cancer patients, before it could be used in clinical settings. And some observers note that the cancer biomarkers discovered so far can have problems, such as false positives. Even with the widely used PSA test, doctors still cant tell whether a high reading indicates cance
46、r or a benign condition without doing a biopsy. “Very few biomarkers have really stood up against rigorous testing in a clinical setting,” （says Sudhir Srivastava）Unit 5 Text ALanguage focus1. interim provisions10. diagnostic criteria2. clinical application11. initial step3. intensive12. baseline4.
47、summit13. provisional approval5. came into effect14. cadaveric organ transplants6. compensation15. equitable7. written consent16. conform to8. death sentences17. religious9. symposium18. abolish中译英：1. Organ transplantation is an accepted treatment today for many patients with end-stage disease. 2. C
48、hina has made selling of organs illegal as of July 2006 and claims that all prisoner organ donors have filed consent.3. Both the source and method of obtaining the organ to transplant are major ethical issues to consider, as well as the notion of distributive justice.4. It is now possible to transplant organs from animals into people.5. In addition, the importance of various recipient characteristics to post-transplant survival isnt fully understood.6. Israel is to become the first count