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1、 专题十三 主旨大意高考英语高考英语(江苏省专用)A A组组自主命题自主命题江苏卷题组江苏卷题组Passage1(2016江苏,D)词数:720Notsolongago,mostpeopledidntknowwhoShelly-AnnFraser-Prycewasgoingtobecome.Shewasjustanaveragehighschoolathlete.TherewaseveryindicationthatshewasjustanotherJa-maicanteenagerwithoutmuchofafuture.However,onepersonwantedtochangethis
2、.StephenFrancisobservedtheneighteen-year-oldShelly-Annatatrackmeetandwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningsoftruegreatness.Hertimeswerenotexactlyimpressive,butevenso,hesensedtherewassomethingtryingtogetout,somethingtheothercoacheshadoverlookedwhentheyhadassessedherandfoundherlacking.Hedecidedtooffer
3、Shelly-Annaplaceinhisverystricttrainingsessions.Theircooperationquicklyproducedresults,andafewyearslateratJamaicasOlympictri-alsinearly2008,Shelly-Ann,whoatthattimeonlyrankednumber70intheworld,beatJamaicasunchallengedqueenofthesprint(短跑).“Wheredidshecomefrom?”askedanastonishedsprintingworld,beforeco
4、ncludingthatshe五年高考mustbeoneofthoseone-hitwondersthatspringupfromtimetotime,onlytodisappearagainwith-outsigns.ButShelly-Annwastoprovethatshewasanythingbutaone-hitwonder.AttheBeijingOlympicsshesweptawayanydoubtsaboutherabilitytoperformconsistentlybybecomingthefirstJamaicanwomanevertowinthe100metresOl
5、ympicgold.ShediditagainoneyearonattheWorldChampionshipsinBerlin,becomingworldchampionwithatimeof10.73thefourthfastesttimeever.Shelly-Annisalittlewomanwithabigsmile.Shehasamentaltoughnessthatdidnotcomeaboutbychance.Herjourneytobecomingthefastestwomanonearthhasbeenanythingbutsmoothandeffortless.Shegre
6、wupinoneofJamaicastoughestinner-citycommunitiesknownasWaterhouse,whereshelivedinaone-roomapartment,sleepingfourinabedwithhermotherandtwobrothers.Waterhouse,oneofthepoorestcommunitiesinJamaica,isareallyviolentandoverpopulatedplace.SeveralofShelly-Annsfriendsandfamilywerecaughtupinthekillings;oneofher
7、cousinswasshotdeadonlyafewstreetsawayfromwhereshelived.Sometimesherfamilydidnthaveenoughtoeat.Sheranattheschoolchampionshipsbarefootedbecauseshecouldntaffordshoes.Hermoth-erMaxime,oneofafamilyoffourteen,hadbeenanathleteherselfasayounggirlbut,likesomanyothergirlsinWaterhouse,hadtostopaftershehadherfi
8、rstbaby.MaximesearlyentryintotheadultworldwithitsresponsibilitiesgaveherthedeterminationtoensurethatherkidswouldnotendupinWaterhousesroundaboutofpoverty.OneofthefirstthingsMaximeusedtodowithShelly-Annwastakinghertothetrack,andshewasreadytosacrificeeverything.ItdidnttakelongforShelly-Anntorealizethat
9、sportscouldbeherwayoutofWaterhouse.OnasummereveninginBeijingin2008,allthoselong,hardhoursofworkandcommitmentfinallyborefruit.Thebarefootkidwhojustafewyearspreviouslyhadbeenlivinginpoverty,surroundedbycriminalsandviolence,hadwrittenanewchapterinthehistoryofsports.ButShelly-Annsvictorywasfargreatertha
10、nthat.ThenightshewonOlympicgoldinBeijing,theroutinemurdersinWaterhouseandthedrugwarsintheneighbouringstreetsstopped.Thedarkcloudaboveoneoftheworldstoughestcriminalneighbourhoodssimplydisappearedforafewdays.“Ihavesomuchfireburningformycountry,”Shellysaid.Sheplanstostartafoundationforhomelesschildrena
11、ndwantstobuildacommunitycentreinWaterhouse.ShehopestoinspiretheJamaicanstolaydowntheirweapons.Sheintendstofighttomakeitawomansaswellasamansworld.AsMuhammadAliputsit,“Championsarentmadeingyms.Championsaremadefromsome-thingtheyhavedeepinsidethem.Adesire,adream,avision.”OneofthethingsShelly-Anncanbepro
12、udofisherunderstandingofthistruth.1.WhydidStephenFrancisdecidetocoachShelly-Ann?A.Hehadastrongdesiretofreeherfamilyfromtrouble.B.Hesensedagreatpotentialinherdespiteherweaknesses.C.Shehadbigproblemsmaintainingherperformance.D.Shesufferedalotofdefeatsattheprevioustrackmeets.2.Whatdidthesprintingworldt
13、hinkofShelly-Annbeforethe2008OlympicGames?A.Shewouldbecomeapromisingstar.B.Shebadlyneededtosethighergoals.C.Hersprintingcareerwouldnotlastlong.D.Hertalentforsprintingwasknowntoall.3.WhatmadeMaximedecidetotrainherdaughteronthetrack?A.Hersuccessandlessonsinhercareer.B.HerinterestinShelly-Annsquickprof
14、it.C.HerwishtogetShelly-Annoutofpoverty.D.Herearlyentranceintothesprintingworld.4.WhatcanweinferfromShelly-AnnsstatementunderlinedinParagraph5?A.Shewashighlyrewardedforherefforts.B.Shewaseagertodomoreforhercountry.C.Shebecameanathleticstarinhercountry.D.Shewastheenvyofthewholecommunity.5.Bymentionin
15、gMuhammadAliswords,theauthorintendstotellusthat.A.playersshouldbehighlyinspiredbycoachesB.greatathletesneedtoconcentrateonpatienceC.hardworkisnecessaryinonesachievementsD.motivationallowsgreatathletestobeonthetop6.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMakingofaGreatAthleteB.TheDreamforChampionshipC.T
16、heKeytoHighPerformanceD.ThePowerofFullResponsibility答案答案语篇解读本文是一篇记叙文。题材为人物故事类。本文讲述了在北京奥运会上获得女子100米短跑金牌的牙买加运动员Shelly-Ann的奋斗故事,也给那些想取得成功的人一个启示:要有渴望、有梦想、有愿景。1.B推理判断题。根据第一段中的描述可知,从她身上教练看到了一个伟大成功的开始,看到了她身上有东西可以被开发出来,尽管这些东西被其他教练忽视了。由此推断出这位教练决定训练Shelly-Ann是因为他看到了Ann身上的那股巨大潜力。故选B项。2.C细节理解题。根据第二段中的描述可知,她就是那种
17、偶尔出名一次的人(one-hit),会在毫无征兆的情况下又销声匿迹了(disappearagainwithoutsigns),故选C项。3.C细节理解题。根据第三段中的描述可知,她下决心不会让她的孩子在Waterhouse一直过这种贫穷的生活,故选C项。4.B推理判断题。根据本段描述可知,Shelly-Ann在北京奥运会获得金牌后她那个充满凶杀和暴力的家乡也一下子安静了好几天。她说:我有很多能量为我的祖国去燃烧,由此推断出她说这句话的目的就是想为自己的国家做更多的贡献,故选B项。5.D推理判断题。根据拳王阿里说的话可知,冠军不是产生于体育馆,是产生于自己内心的某种东西。要有渴望、有梦想、有愿景
18、。由此推断出阿里认为做一件事的动机会让运动员达到巅峰。故选D项。6.A主旨大意题。本文主要讲的是一位教练如何发现了Shelly-Ann并把她培养成世界冠军的历程。即一个伟大运动员的形成。故选A项。高级语块高级语块1.aone-hitwonder昙花一现2.springup跳起;跃起;迅速成长3.anythingbut根本不4.becaughtupin被卷入,牵涉,涉及5.bearfruit结果实,有成果长难句长难句ShegrewupinoneofJamaicastoughestinner-citycommunitiesknownasWaterhouse,whereshelivedinaone-
19、roomapartment,sleepingfourinabedwithhermotherandtwobrothers.她在牙买加治安最差的贫民区之一的Waterhouse长大,在这里她居住在一个有一个房间的公寓中,和母亲还有两个弟弟四个人睡在一张床上。本句为主从复合句。第一个逗号之前是主句部分;关系副词where引导非限制性定语从句,修饰先行词Waterhouse;sleeping.是非谓语动词短语作状语。Passage2(2015江 苏,B)词数:391IntheUnitedStatesalone,over100millioncell-phonesarethrownawayeachyear
20、.Cell-phonesarepartofagrowingmountainofelectronicwastelikecomputersandpersonaldigitalassistants.Theelectronicwastestreamisincreasingthreetimesfasterthantraditionalgarbageasawhole.Electronicdevicescontainvaluablemetalssuchasgoldandsilver.ASwissstudyreportedthatwhiletheweightofelectronicgoodsrepresent
21、edbypreciousmetalswasrelativelysmallincomparisontototalwaste,theconcentration(含量)ofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinso-callede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals.Electronicwastesalsocontainmanypoisonousmetals.Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingprocessoftenisc
22、arriedoutinpoorcountries,inpracticallyun-controlledwayswhichallowmanypoisonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.Creatingproductsoutofrawmaterialscreatesmuchmorewastematerial,upto100timesmore,thanthematerialcontainedinthefinishedproducts.Consideragainthecell-phone,andimaginetheminesthatproducedtho
23、semetals,thefactoriesneededtomaketheboxandpackaging(包装)itcamein.Manywastesproducedintheproducingprocessareharmfulaswell.TheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencynotesthatmostwasteisdangerousinthat“theproduc-tion,distribution,anduseofproductsaswellasmanagementoftheresultingwasteallresultingreenhousegasrel
24、ease.”Individualscanreducetheircontributionbycreatinglesswasteatthestartforinstance,buyingreusableproductsandrecycling.Inmanycountriestheconceptofextendedproducerresponsibilityisbeingconsideredorhasbeenputinplaceasanincentive(动机)forreducingwaste.Ifproducersarerequiredtotakebackpackag-ingtheyusetosel
25、ltheirproducts,wouldtheyreducethepackaginginthefirstplace?Governmentsincentivetorequireproducerstotakeresponsibilityforthepackagingtheyproduceisusuallybasedonmoney.Why,theyask,shouldcitiesortownsberesponsibleforpayingtodealwiththebubblewrap(气泡垫)thatencasedyourtelevision?Fromthegovernmentspointofview
26、,aprimarygoaloflawsrequiringextendedproducerresponsi-bilityistotransferboththecostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegov-ernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers.1.BymentioningtheSwissstudy,theauthorintendstotellusthat.A.theweightofe-goodsisrathersmallB.e-wastedeservestobemadegooduse
27、ofC.naturalmineralscontainmorepreciousmetalsD.thepercentageofpreciousmetalsisheavyine-waste2.Theresponsibilityofe-wastetreatmentshouldbeextended.A.fromproducerstogovernmentsB.fromgovernmentstoproducersC.fromindividualstodistributorsD.fromdistributorstogovernments3.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?A
28、.Theincreaseine-waste.B.Thecreationofe-waste.C.Theseriousnessofe-waste.D.Themanagementofe-waste.答案答案语篇解读本文为说明文,题材为环境保护类。随着电子数码科技的进步,越来越多的电子垃圾产生了,手机、电脑、个人电子器件等被扔掉的越来越多。这些被扔掉的电子垃圾中含有一些像金银之类的贵重金属,当然也有很多有毒物质。那我们该如何处理这些电子垃圾呢?1.B推理判断题。根据第二段第二句中.theconcentrationofgoldandotherpreciousmetalswashigherinso-cal
29、lede-wastethaninnaturallyoccurringminerals可知,瑞士的一项研究结果表明,电子垃圾中贵重金属的含量比自然界中矿石中贵重金属的含量还要高。由此推断作者旨在说明这些电子垃圾值得被充分利用,故选B项。2.B推理判断题。根据文章最后一段.aprimarygoaloflaws.istotransferboththecostsandthephysicalresponsibilityofwastemanagementfromthegovernmentandtax-payersbacktotheproducers.可知,政府要制定相关法律,对制造商提出明确的责任要求,这
30、份责任应该是从政府开始延伸到制造商身上,故选B项。3.D主旨大意题。本文第一段提出了越来越严重的电子垃圾污染问题,后面就如何处理这些垃圾提出了一些建议,也明确了该问题所涉及各方应负的责任,由此推断出本文的主题应该是D项:电子垃圾的处理。评析评析主旨大意题是阅读理解的难点,首先根据第一段确定文章主线,然后分析后面各段与第一段的关系,分别从哪个角度为第一段服务,全面地推断出主题,不能受到某个细节的影响而误选。此题易误选C项:电子垃圾的严重性。这仅仅是文章的一个细节。高级语块高级语块1.incomparisonto与比较2.naturallyoccurringminerals天然产生的矿物3.fro
31、monespointofview从某人的观点来看长难句长难句Evenwhenthemachinesarerecycledandtheharmfulmetalsremoved,therecyclingpro-cessofteniscarriedoutinpoorcountries,inpracticallyuncontrolledwayswhichallowmanypoi-sonoussubstancestoescapeintotheenvironment.即使当这些机器被回收,有害金属被移除之后,回收的过程经常在一些贫困国家进行,并且是以几乎无法控制的方式进行,使得很多有害物质进入环境。本句为
32、主从复合句。when引导的是时间状语从句;which引导的是定语从句,修饰先行词ways。Passage3(2015江 苏,C)词数:460Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.Itsverylikelythatyoullwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganizationsactivities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework.Letsbeginwitht
33、hequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.Forexample,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelationships.Ifvolun-teerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds,peoplemaynotwishto
34、participate.Toselectvolunteers,youmayneedtounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract.Peoplealsovolunteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso.Toincreaselevelsofcommunityservice,someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsoryvolunteerprograms.Unfortunately,theseprogramscanshiftpeopleswishofparticipationfromaninte
35、rnalfactor(e.g.,“Ivolunteerbecauseitsimportanttome”)toanexternalfactor(e.g.,“IvolunteerbecauseImrequiredtodoso”).Whenthathappens,peoplebecomelesslikelytovolunteerinthefuture.Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibilitywhentheymakevolunteeractivitiesamust.Oncepeoplebegintovolunteer,whatleadsthemtoremainint
36、heirpositionsovertime?Toanswerthisquestion,researchershaveconductedfollow-upstudiesinwhichtheytrackvolunteersovertime.Forinstance,onestudyfollowed238volunteersinFloridaoverayear.Oneofthemostimportantfac-torsthatinfluencedtheirsatisfactionasvolunteerswastheamountofsufferingtheyexperiencedintheirvolun
37、teerpositions.Althoughthisresultmaynotsurpriseyou,itleadstoimportantpracticalad-vice.Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento“trainingmethodsthatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesomesituationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydoexperience”.Anotherstudyof302volunteersathospit
38、alsinChicagofocusedonindividualdifferencesinthede-greetowhichpeopleview“volunteer”asanimportantsocialrole.Itwasassumedthatthosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork.Participantsindicatedthedegreetowhichthesocialrolematteredbyre-
39、spondingtostatementssuchas“VolunteeringinHospitalisanimportantpartofwhoIam.”Con-sistentwiththeresearchersexpectations,theyfoundapositivecorrelation(正相关)betweenthestrengthofroleidentityandthelengthoftimepeoplecontinuedtovolunteer.Theseresults,oncea-gain,leadtoconcreteadvice:“Onceanindividualbeginsvol
40、unteering,continuedeffortsmightfocusondevelopingavolunteerroleidentity.ItemslikeT-shirtsthatallowvolunteerstoberecognizedpubliclyfortheircontributionscanhelpstrengthenroleidentity”.1.Peoplevolunteermainlyoutof.A.academicrequirementsB.socialexpectationsC.financialrewardsD.internalneeds2.Whatcanwelear
41、nfromtheFloridastudy?A.Follow-upstudiesshouldlastforoneyear.B.Volunteersshouldgetmentallyprepared.C.Strategytrainingisamustinresearch.D.Volunteersareprovidedwithconcreteadvice.3.Whatismostlikelytomotivatevolunteerstocontinuetheirwork?A.Individualdifferencesinroleidentity.B.Publiclyidentifiablevolunt
42、eerT-shirts.C.Roleidentityasavolunteer.D.Practicaladvicefromresearchers.4.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A.HowtoGetPeopletoVolunteer B.HowtoStudyVolunteerBehaviorsC.HowtoKeepVolunteersInterestD.HowtoOrganizeVolunteerActivities答案答案语篇解读本文为说明文,题材为社会生活类,内容是分析影响志愿者参与志愿者活动并坚持下去的原因。1.D推理判断题。根据文章第二段最后一句Tose
43、lectvolunteers,youmayneedtounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract.和第三段第三句.shiftpeopleswishofparticipationfromaninternalfactor.toanexternalfactor.可知,人们做志愿者主要是出于内在的动机,即内在(internal)需求,故选D项。2.B推理判断题。根据文章第四段最后一句.attentionshouldbegivento“trainingmethodsthatwouldpreparevolunteersfortroublesome
44、situationsorprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeproblemtheydoexperience”.可知,志愿者“必须做好心理上的准备”,故选B项。3.C推理判断题。根据第五段第一句中peopleview“volunteer”asanimportantsocialrole以及第二句中thosepeopleforwhomtheroleofvolunteerwasmostpartoftheirpersonalidentitywouldalsobemostlikelytocontinuevolunteerwork可知,这些人们把志愿者身份看做是
45、一种重要的社会角色,并且最有可能激励志愿者继续工作的就是这种roleidentity。故选C项。4.A主旨大意题。本文分析了人们参与并坚持志愿者活动的原因,所以“如何让人们参与志愿者活动”是最好的标题,故选A项。高级语块高级语块1.shift.to.把变成2.make.amust使成为必不可少的事物3.motivatesb.todosth.促动、激发某人做某事长难句长难句Theresearchersnotethatattentionshouldbegivento“trainingmethodsthatwouldpre-parevolunteersfortroublesomesituations
46、orprovidethemwithstrategiesforcopingwiththeprob-lemtheydoexperience”.研究人员注意到应该注意让志愿者对棘手的局面有充分准备,或者给他们提供用来处理他们确实会遇到的问题的策略的训练方法。本句为主从复合句。note后是一个that引导的宾语从句;methods后是that引导的定语从句。pre-pare.与provide.为并列谓语。Passage4(2014江苏,C)词数:351Mostdamagingly,angerweakensapersonsabilitytothinkclearlyandkeepcontroloverhi
47、sbe-haviour.Theangrypersonlosesobjectivityinevaluatingtheemotionalsignificanceofthepersonorsituationthatarouseshisanger.Noteveryoneexperiencesangerinthesameway;whatangersonepersonmayamuseanother.Thespecificexpressionofangeralsodiffersfrompersontopersonbasedonbiologicalandculturalforces.Incontemporar
48、yculture,physicalexpressionsofangeraregenerallyconsideredtoosociallyharmfultobetolerated.Wenolongerregardduels(决斗)asanappropriateexpressionofangerresult-ingfromonepersonsawarenessofinsultingbehaviouronthepartofanother.Angercanbeidentifiedinthebrain,wheretheelectricalactivitychanges.Undermostconditio
49、ns,EEG(脑电图)measuresofelectricalactivityshowbalancedactivitybetweentherightandleftpre-frontal(额叶前部)areas.Behaviourallythiscorrespondstothegeneraleven-handeddisposition(意向)thatmostofuspossessmostofthetime.ButwhenweareangrytheEEGoftherightandleftpre-frontalareasarentbalancedand,asaresultofthis,werelike
50、lytoreact.Andourbehaviouralre-sponsetoangerisdifferentfromourresponsetootheremotions,whetherpositiveornegative.Mostpositiveemotionsareassociatedwithapproachbehaviour:wemoveclosertopeoplewelike.Mostnegativeemotions,incontrast,areassociatedwithavoidancebehaviour:wemoveawayfrompeopleandthingsthatwedisl