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1、专题31 语法填空考点题型 技巧考向分析综观近几年的高考完形填空的考查走势，全国卷中的完形填空中，说明文类完形填空出现的几率很小。但是，我们也不能马虎，它们作为高考题型的重要补充，还是有可能考的。因此，说明文类完形填空也要进行一定量的练习。考点导航 语法填空题的命题方式是在一篇200词左右的语言材料中留出10个空白，部分空白的后面给出单词的基本形式，要求考生根据上下文填写空白处所需的内容（1个单词）或所提供的单词的正确形式。语法填空题着重从句子和语篇两个层级，考查考生在阅读理解的基础上运用语法、语用与语篇知识，对语言的形式、意义与功能的综合运用能力，对考生理解语篇语用、分析句子结构、把握语篇话
2、题以及熟练使用语法知识等方面的能力要求比较高。语法填空题的测试点包括英语的词法、句子关系、以及在具体情景中如何确保语义连贯的篇章知识等。在试题设置上，语法填空题在形式上主要分两类：（1）有提示词填空题：通常考查动词的时态、语态、非谓语动词、主谓一致、形容词与副词的等级变化、以及词类转换等；（2）无提示词填空题：通常考查冠词、代词、名词、介词与连词的正确选用等。无论是哪一类的填空题，其核心目的在于考查考生如何通过语言的、语法的、语用的以及语篇的知识，去实现语篇意义的连贯性。复习的重点是要掌握句子的基本结构。首先，我们必须熟练掌握简单句的基本句型结构：（1）主语+谓语（+宾语+宾补）（2）主语+系
3、动词+表语。其次，我们要充分了解充当各个句子成分的典型词类：（1）充当主语或宾语的典型词类是名词或代词。此外，还有动名词、不定式短语等。（2）充当谓语的一定是动词。（3）充当补语或表语的典型词类是形容词。（4）在名词前作定语的典型词类是形容词或形容词性物主代词。（5）作状语的典型词类是副词。再次，我们还要掌握句子的扩展结构：两个或几个简单句之间若不用句号或分号，就必须要用连词，否则，句子的结构就不完整。连词主要有以下四类：（1）用and,but,or,while(而，却)，when（就在这个时候）等构成并列句。 (2) 用if,unless,before,after,until,althoug
4、h,though,as,since,because,so,so that等构成含状语从句的复合句（这里要注意区分一下复杂句和复合句，复合句是包含在复杂句这个概念里面的,在下文的基础写作部分有提到）。（3）用who,which,that,when,where,why等构成含定语从句的复合句。（这里要提醒考生的是往往不给任何提示的空就是填连词或关系词的，但也须结合句子结构来分析。）（4）用that,if/whether(是否)，wh-等构成含名词性从句的复合句。解语法填空，要从词、句、篇三个层面去思考。1. 词汇层面方法1：作主语或宾语的名词或形容词+名词前无形容词性物主代词、不定代词等限定词时，
5、根据上下文填冠词。方法2：句子缺主语或宾语，空格后没有提示词，填词多为代词。方法3：空格前已有主语，括号内是动词提示，空格需填谓语动词。方法4：句中已有谓语动词且又无并列连词与括号内提示的动词并列，说明空格需填非谓语动词形式。方法5：当括号内所提示的词是形容词或副词且空格处需要的仍是形容词或副词时，很可能填比较级和最高级。方法6：当（+限定词）+名词或+代词/doing/从句在句中不作主语或宾语时，通常填介词。2. 句子层面方法1：连接两个功能对等的单词、短语或句子时，应填并列连词and，or，but，while, when等。方法2：若判断连词所引导的从句起名词的作用（作主语/宾语/表语/同
6、位语），则为名词性从句，根据引导名词性从句的连接词在从句中的成分和意义确定连词。方法3：若判断连词所引导的从句起形容词的作用（作定语），则为定语从句，根据引导定语从句的先行词和关系词在从句中的成分确定关系代词或者关系副词。关系代词在从句作主语和宾语，作状语用关系副词（可转换为介词+关系代词）。方法4：若判断连词所引导的从句起副词的作用（作状语），则为状语从句，再根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系或者从属连词在从句中的作用和意义，来确定合适的连词。3. 篇章意义层面方法：了解文章/对话大意，运用上下文语境线索、前后呼应、词语搭配等逻辑关系来解题，填入既符合上下文情景，又符合句义、词义的正确单词。【题型
7、分析】 The small town of Rjukan in Norway is situated between several mountains and does not get direct sunlight from late September to mid-March- 1 six months out of the year. Of course, we 2 it when the sun is shining, says Karin Ro, who works for the towns tourism office. We see the sky is 3 , but d
8、own in the valley its darker its like on a 4 day.” But that 5 when a system of high-tech 6 was introduced to reflect sunlight from neighboring peaks（山峰）into the valley below. Wednesday, residents（居民）of Rjukan 7 their very first ray of winter sunshine: A row of reflective boards on a nearby mountains
9、ide were put to 8 . The mirrors are controlled by a computer that 9 them to turn along with the sun throughout the 10 and to close during windy weather. They reflect a concentrated beam（束）of light onto the towns central 11 , creating an area of sunlight roughly 600 square meters. When the light 12 ,
10、 Rjukan residents gathered together. People have been 13 there and standing there and taking 14 of each other, Ro says. The town square was totally 15 . I think almost all the people in the town were there. The 3,500 residents cannot all 16 the sunshine at the same time. 17 , the new light feels lik
11、e more than enough for the towns 18 residents. Its not very 19 ,” she says, but it is enough when we are 20 .”1. A. onlyB. obviouslyC. nearlyD. precisely2. A. fearB. believeC. hearD. notice3. A. emptyB. blueC. highD. wide4. A. cloudyB. normalC. differentD. warm5. A. helpedB. changedC. happenedD. mat
12、tered6. A. computersB. telescopesC. mirrorsD. cameras7. A. rememberedB. forecastedC. receivedD. imagined8. A. repairB. riskC. restD. use9. A. forbidsB. directsC. predictsD. follows10. A. dayB. nightC. monthD. year11. A. libraryB. hallC. squareD. street12. A. appearedB. returnedC. fadedD. stopped13.
13、A. drivingB. hidingC. campingD. siting14. A. picturesB. notesC. careD. hold15. A. newB. fullC. flatD. silent16. A. blockB. avoidC. enjoyD. store17. A. InsteadB. HoweverC. GraduallyD. Similarly18. A. nature-lovingB. energy-savingC. weather-beatenD. sun-starved19. A. bigB. clearC. coldD. easy20. A. tr
14、yingB. waitingC. watchingD. sharing检测训练1、A scientist 1 several monkeys in order to study animal psychology. He took a glass bottle, 2 its cork (瓶塞) and put two peanuts inside it. The peanuts dropped to the bottom and were easily seen from the outside. He then passed the bottle to a monkey, who shook
15、 it 3 for a long while and was able to get the peanuts when they 4 fell out. The scientist then put some peanuts into the bottle again 5 he had done before and showed the monkey that it only needed to turn the bottle upside down for the peanuts to drop out. 6 the monkey always ignored his 7 . Each t
16、ime it just shook the bottle frantically, with great 8 but without necessarily achieving 9 result.Now the question is why the monkey was unable to understand 10 the scientist instructs. 11 because all its attentions was focused on the peanuts. Instead, it must take its eyes off the peanuts and quick
17、ly 12 its attention to the 13 movement of the scientist and the way the bottle was turned upside down. To achieve this, it had to calm down and not be 14 by the impulse (诱惑) of its appetite. Yet the monkey was not able to understand this. It is the instance like this that reveals the monkeys some ps
18、ychology is just like 15 of human beings.1. A. keptB. roseC. fedD. caught2. A. movingB. removedC. discoveredD. covered3. A. happilyB. anxiouslyC. hurriedlyD. instantly4. A. suddenlyB. accidentallyC. occasionallyD. quickly5. A. asB. thatC. whatD. until6. A. ButB. WhenC. ThereforeD. Thus7. A. directio
19、nsB. explanationsC. performancesD. instructions8. A. effortB. strengthC. powerD. force9. A. expectingB. interestingC. satisfyingD. desired10. A. whatB. howC. whyD. which11. A. ProbablyB. LikelyC. SimplyD. Nearly12. A. putB. sendC. payD. shift13. A. gestureB. mouthC. handD. eye14. A. taken awayB. tak
20、en offC. taken overD. taken on15. A. thatB. theC. thoseD. this2、I was on a train in Switzerland. The train came to a stop and the conductors voice over the loudspeaker 1. (deliver) a message in German, Italian, and French. Id made the mistake of not learning any of those languages before my vacation
21、.Everyone started getting off the train and an old woman saw that I was 2. (confuse). She could speak some English and told me that an accident had happened on the 3. (track). She asked me where I was trying to get to, then went and talked to some workers, and came back to tell me that wed have to g
22、et on trains three or four times to get there.I was really glad she was heading 4. same way because it would have been impossible for me to figure it 5. on my own. So we went from one train station to the next, getting to know each other along the way.She was really the 6. (sweet) woman. It was a 2.
23、5-hour journey in total, and 7. we made it to the final destination, we got off and said our goodbyes. I had made it just in time to catch my train to Rome. She told me she had a train to catch as well. I asked her how much farther she had to go and 8. turned out that her home was two hours back the
24、 other way.She had jumped from train to train and traveled the whole way just 9. (make) sure that I made it. I was in shock. A woman spent her whole day sitting on trains and taking her hours away from her home just to help out a confused tourist 10. (visit) her country.3、In ancient China lived an a
25、rtist. _61_ paintings were almost lifelike. The artists reputation had made him proud. One day the emperor wanted to get his portrait (画像) done so he called all great artists to come and present their _62_ (fine) work, so that he could choose the best. The artist was sure he would. _63_(choose), but
26、 when he presented his masterpiece to the emperors chief minister, the old nan laughed. The wise old man told him to travel to the Li Riverperhaps he could learn a little from the greatest artist in the world.Filled with _64_ (curious), the artist packed his bags and left. _65_ he asked the villager
27、s on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary (传奇的) artist, they smiled and _66_ (point) down the river. The next morning he hired a boat and set out _67_ (find) the well-known painter. As the small boat moved, _68_ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains bei
28、ng silently reflected in the water. He passed milky white waterfalls and mountains in many shades of blue. And when he saw the mists rising from the river and the soft clouds. _69_ (surround) the mountain tops, he was reduced to tears. The artist was finally humbled (谦卑) by the greatest artist _70_
29、earth, Mother Nature.4、Many people have the hobby of collecting things, e.g. stamps, postcards or antiques. In the 18th and 19th centuries, _36_ (wealth) people travelled and collected plants, historical objects and works of art. They kept their collection at home until it got too big _37_ until the
30、y died, and then it was given to a museum. The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, _38_ (form) the core collection of the British Museum _39_ opened in 1759.The parts of a museum open to the public _40_ (call) galleries or rooms. Often, only a small part of a museums collection
31、 _41_ (be) on display. Most of it is stored away or used for research.Many museums are lively places and they attract a lot of visitors. As well as looking at exhibits, visitors can play with computer simulations (模拟) and imagine _42_ (they) living at a different time in history or _43_(walk)through
32、 a rainforest. At the Jorvik Centre in York, the citys Viking settlement is recreated, and people experience the sights, sounds and smells of the old town. Historical _44_ (accurate) is important but so is entertainment. Museums must compete _45_peoples spare time and money with other amusements. Mo
33、st museums also welcome school groups and arrange special activities for children.5、Any bird that crossed his path would be eaten by Rex, a German shepherd. Rex1. (rescue) from his previous shelter, where he was going to be put down after a biting incident. Last year, he2. (eventual) arrived at Puri
34、ton Horse and Animal Rescue.Geraldine was a goose abandoned by owners who could no longer put up 3. her. She wasnt exactly the picture of 4. (warm), either, when she arrived at the same shelter three months ago. The dog and the goose were individually given labels like cruel and dangerous. Neither s
35、eemed particularly harmonious with humans or even members of their own species.But when the two 5. (annoy) creatures were offered a chance to hang out together, something magical happened. They chased each other when first 6. (introduce), but Geraldine stood up for herself and that was that. They ju
36、st fell in love with each other.“Ive been doing rescue work since 1997 and seen all 7. (kind) of strange animal behavior, but Ive never seen anything like this,” said Sheila Brislin, 8. is the founder of the shelter. “Its so amusing to see them because they love each other to bits. They are very aff
37、ectionate. She just9. (run) around alongside him all day long and whenever we take him for 10. walk in the woods she has to come, too.”6、As our Earths temperature warms up because of climate change, it is having unexpected effects on our worlds forests. When temperatures rise, trees close their skin
38、s to 1 the loss of water, and this, in turn, slows down the 2 of photosynthesis(光合作用). As a result, these trees are shorter and grow slowly, as well as have a 3 death rate.Climate change also increases the 4 of droughts and wildfires. After wildfires, it takes a while for the forest systems to 5 , a
39、nd in some cases, the forests are 6 permanently. Trees that are stressed are also 7 to attacks by bacteria(细菌). In tropical forests, vines that use the trees as 8 can often choke the trees and rob them of nutrients. Finally, humans have 9 the forest landscape through logging. When trees are replante
40、d on the soil, they will never grow as large as the 10 trees that were cut down.As these forests disappear, species that once called them “home” are forced to change, 11 the variety of those systems. 12 , some endangered species are unable to 13 and die. Old-growth forests are disappearing in all re
41、gions of our world. When forests die, younger forests that are reestablished in the same area grow back weaker and smaller 14 poor vegetation. With trees dying increasingly and continuously, will future generations 15 out on the wonders of forests?1. A. protectB. preventC. saveD. free2. A. movementB
42、. situationC. processD. operation3. A. higherB. firmerC. lighterD. smaller4. A. choiceB. measureC. qualificationD. chance5. A. growB. rescueC. recoverD. decline6. A. ignoredB. lostC. hurtD. left7. A. accessibleB. enjoyableC. acceptableD. favorable8. A. attentionB. commandC. trustD. support9. A. frig
43、htenedB. paidC. ruinedD. wasted10. A. commonB. originalC. distantD. strong11. A. affectingB. improvingC. forgettingD. reflecting12. A. BesidesB. SurprisinglyC. OtherwiseD. Unfortunately13. A. devoteB. keepC. adaptD. lead14. A. due toB. in addition toC. instead ofD. in spite of15. A. passB. missC. br
44、eakD. bring7、Astronomy is the oldest science 41. （know）to man. Thousands of years ago man looked at the stars and wondered about the heavens. But man was 42. （limit）by the six planets that he could see only 43. his eyes alone. The Greeks studied astronomy over 2,000 years ago. They could see the siz
45、e colour, and 44. （bright）of a star. They could see its place in the sky. They watched the stars 45. （move ）as the seasons changed. But the Greeks had no tools to help themselves study the heavens. Each new tool added to the field of astronomy helped man reach out into space. Man knew a little about
46、 the moon 46. there were telescopes.He did not know that the planet called Saturn had 47. （ring）around it. His sight was 48. limited that he could not see all the planets. In the early 1700s, people thought there were only six planets. Before the spectroscope, man did not know what kind of gases 49.
47、 （be）around the sun or other stars. Without the radio-telescope, we did not know that radio noises came from far in space. Today, astronomy is a 50. （grow）science. We have learned more in the last fifty years than in the whole history of astronomy.8、It is reported that at present a city in Japan has a prob