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1、阅读拓展训练（六）1Lighting has come a long way since Tom Edison lit his first incandescent bulb （白炽灯泡） in the 1880s. LED bulbs are popping up everywhere now, on planes, car headlights, in your phone. And engineers are exploring more ways to use LEDs一everything from wireless data streaming to secure communic
2、ation systems and in-flight networking.Engineer Harald Haas co-founder of oureLiFiexolains how LEDs can be used to transmit information, LEDs have the property that we can change the light that comes out of WWWWWWWWWVWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW/WWVWWWA/VWWWWWWWW/WWWWW/WWX/J/VWWW/WWWWWWWVA/V/WWWWWWX7WWWW/X/W/WX/
3、WWWVV/V/ZWXZWZW/WZWWWWk/VV/XV/k/V/WV/WV/WW an LED ver弘 very quickly. That change in the brightness is what we exploit in order to encode data extremely fast, so that a receiver will then see these changes in the light intensity in a way a human eye would not be able to detect. Then we have algorithm
4、s （算法）to recover these changes and get back the data stream/5There are many advantages to using LEDs to transmit information. For one thing, LEDs can communicate much faster than WiFi. Whats more, the visible light spectrum （频谱）is about ten thousand times larger than the radio spectrum. This would a
5、llow communication systems to not only use a spectrum thats already been set up, but vast amount of free spectrum, which is in cars, in our LED lights at home, in streetlights and so on. Its ubiquitous. Its already there； Haas says.LiFi would also be more secure than WiFi. Because light cant go thro
6、ugh walls, people would not be able to log on to LiFi networks in the same way that theyre able to log on to and eavesdrop on （窃听）ongoing WiFi communications. Haas argues that LiFi would also be available in places where communication is typically difficult when we cant use radio.One interesting app
7、lication could be to use car headlights to communicate with other drivers on the road. We can use these LEDs to transmit data from car to car. Normally you see the car in front of you, but if you were able to relay high-definition video from, say, threeIn principle, it sounds simple: eat less and mo
8、ve more. 12 Yet, despite all the calorie counting, dieting and exercising, worldwide obesity （肥胖）rates just keep speeding up. People in the US were heavier in 2021 than they were in 2020, placing many more people at risk from serious diseases.So why hasnt this approach to weight control worked? One
9、possibility is that we havent tried hard enough. 13 Or perhaps the problem is the focus on calorie balance” itself. In a recent paper, my colleagues and I question the basic assumption of whether taking in more calories than you bum really is the chief cause of obesity. We argue that the evidence ac
10、tually points the other way: we are driven to overeat because we are getting fatter.14 As their growth rate speeds up, teenagers may eat hundreds of calories more each day than they used to. Does this “overeating cause the rapid growth? Or does the rapid growth, which requires more calories to build
11、 new body tissues, make teenagers hungrier so they eat more? Clearly the latter, as adults wont grow taller, no matter how much they eat.The key to how this works in obesity is hormones （激素），especially the fat-storage hormone. Processed, rapidly digestible high-carbon foods like potato chips and sug
12、ary drinks raise our hormone level too high. 15 A few hours after eating a high-carbon meal, the number of calories in the bloodstream falls rapidly, so we get hungrier sooner after eating.Therefore, in order to prevent and treat weight problems, the emphasis should be placed on what to eat instead
13、of how much we eat. Replacing processed high-carbon foods with high-fat foods-such as nuts-lowers the hormone obtainable for the rest of the body. 16Although much more research will be needed to test this idea, it is time to question the basic assumptions about cause and effect, calories and weight
14、gain that have dominated our thinking for decades.A Weight control becomes a battle between dieting and exercising.B - This may seem incredible but consider the rapid growth of teenagers.C The dietary advice for dealing with obesity has been around for decades.D - We have lacked willpower to maintai
15、n healthy dietary and exercise habits.E - A low-calorie diet further restricts an already limited supply of energy to the body.F - This causes our fat cells to store too many calories, leaving fewer for the rest of the body.G In fact, high-fat foods may help decrease body fat, a possibility supporte
16、d by medical practices.【重点词汇】emphasisdominate【认知词汇】assumption bloodstream【中译英翻译】作为新时期的青少年，我们有必要更加重视中国传统文化的传承。Once upon a time, we were all question-asking experts. We started asking our parents numerous questions as kids. By preschool, our inquiries even reached the depths of science, philosophy, an
17、d the social order. Where does the sun go at night? Why doesnt that man have a home like we do? Why do rocks sink but ice floats? 17Why does the childs urge to ask questions grow inactive in so many adults? An important factor is how the social environments surrounding us change as we age. Schools t
18、ransform from a place for asking questions to one funded by our ability to answer them. 18 And we recognize that society rewards the people who propose to have the answers.19 We can be braver about asking questions in public and encouraging others to pursue their curiosity, too. In that encouragemen
19、t, we help create an environment where those around us feel safe to ask questions.When it comes to how we phrase questions, we are advised to open with less sensitive questions, favor follow-up questions, and keep questions open-ended. We can also practice asking questions of and for ourselves by ke
20、eping a running list of questions in a journal. 20 Finally, we could set aside time to ask absurd questions like How would you accomplish a weeks work in two hours?” This type of questions forces us to break the boundaries of our comfort zone.In the world that does not look much as it did years ago,
21、 we must ask questions. 21 Great questions can open up our capacity to change because they allow us to draw people in, opening them up to sharing knowledge, ideas, and opinions. And they are also our primary means of learning about the world. In short, asking questions is the best way to deepen our
22、understanding of the things that matter to our life. As any child could probably tell us if we asked.A Then, at some point, our inquiring desires disappear.B It is a high-payoff behavior especially in times of change.C The questions we ask depend on our attitudes as well as the situations.D - But as
23、 we grow up, asking questions fills us with worry and self-doubt.E - As such, one way to renew our inquiring spirit is to change the atmosphere.F - We learn to sell ourselves on the job market by what we know, not what we dont.G It not only removes the publicity from question asking, but offers us a
24、 place to experiment.【重点词汇】numerousinquiryrecognize【认知词汇】journalboundary【中译英翻译】众所周知，自然保护区对维护生物多样性发挥着重要作用。(biodiversity, nature reserves)参考答案：1 D 2 D 3 - C4 C8 B12 C17 A5 D9 D13 D18 F6 B10 A14 B19 E7 A11 c15 F20 G16 G21Bcars in front of you, you could see earlier whats happening. This is a way we can
25、 enhance safety on our roads J Haas says.Haas and his coworkers foresee the LED light industry changing rapidly in the near future to include additional features. That is where LiFi plays a key role. From home sensing of interior, youd find out if people have fallen down and the way you would naviga
26、te （导航） indoors. So many, many more applications would be possible with light J Haas says.1 - What is essential to enable LEDs to send signals?A - The research work by pureLiFi.B Quickly changing light of LEDs.C Common use of LEDs in daily life.D Accurate analysis of light intensity.2 - What does th
27、e sentence Ils ubiquitous. in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A LiFis speed is superfast.B LED lights are free to use.C LEDs are stable in quality.D Available spectrum is everywhere.3 -Haas mentions the examples in the last two paragraphs mainly to indicate LiFis.A advantage in securityB- mature applicati
28、onC promising prospectD- rapid upgrades【重点词汇】secureintensityfeatureapplication【认知词汇】encodeinterior【中译英翻译】1 .这次重聚增强了我和亲人之间的纽带 (reunion，bond )2 .每个同学对这次交流活动评价很高，他们普遍认为该活动增强了他们的文化自信。2Researchers from a U.K. plant research institute have found a way to provide plants with an antibody-based defense for a
29、 specific threat, potentially speeding the creation of crops resistant to any kind of emerging virus, or bacterium （细菌）.The strategy is to inoculate a protein from the plant pathogen （病原体）to be targeted to a camel or other camel relatives, purify the unusually small antibodies the camels produce, an
30、d engineer the corresponding gene section fbr them into a plants own immune gene.Farmers lose many billions of dollars to plant diseases each year, and emerging pathogens pose new threats to food security in the developing world. Plants have evolved their own immune system, kick-started by cell rece
31、ptors that recognize general pathogen features, such as a bacterial cell wall, as well as intracellular receptors for molecules （分子）produced by specific pathogens. If a plant cell detects these molecules, it may trigger its own death to save the rest of the plant. But plant pathogens often evolve an
32、d escape from those receptors.A long-standing dream in plant biotechnology is to create designer disease resistance genes that could be produced as fast as pathogens emerge. One approach is to edit the gene for a plant immune receptor, changing the proteins shape to recognize a particular pathogenic
33、 molecule.Instead, Sophien Kamoun, a molecular biologist at the Sainsbury Laboratory, and his colleagues used an animal immune system to help make the receptor adjustments. During an infection with a new pathogen, animals produce billions of slightly different antibodies, ultimately selecting and ma
34、ss-producing those that best target the virus.Camelids, which include camels, are workhorses for antibody design because their immune systems create unusually small versions, called nano-bodies. As a proof of principle of the new plant defense strategy, Kamoun,s group turned to two standard camelid
35、nano-bodies that recognize two different molecules, including one called green fluorescent protein (GFP), to detect test viruses, in this case a potato virus, engineered to make the fluorescent proteins. They investigated how well plants with the nano-body-enhanced receptors detected the changed pot
36、ato viruses. It was found that the plants increased an active immune response and experienced almost no viral reproduction.“The exciting part about this technology is that we have the potential of made-to-order resistance genes and keeping up with a pathogen Kamoun says. This technology is a potenti
37、al game changer/5 says Jeff Dangl, a plant researcher at the University of North Carolina. Ksenia Krasileva, a scientist at the University of California, Berkeley, says the mixture of nano-bodies with plant immune receptors opens up a vast body of biomedical knowledge fbr plant scientists. We can no
38、w dig into all of that research and translate it to save crops.”4 - What does the underlined word “inoculate“ in Paragraph 1 probably mean?A Compare.B Restore. C Introduce.D Label.5 - What is the main purpose of Paragraph 2?A To illustrate the function of cells in saving the plant.B To explain how t
39、o strengthen plant receptors effectively.C - To demonstrate the solutions to farmers5 annual heavy losses.D To reveal why plants fail to handle constantly-updated diseases.6 - What can we learn from the passage?A Editing plant receptors is to match the shape of pathogens.B - Nano-bodies can help pla
40、nts catch up with pathogen changes.C Plants select the best antibodies from animals to fight viruses.D Plants with nano-bodies respond actively in massive virus copying.7 - According to the passage, scientists will_. A - apply the outcome in the real worldB prove the findings of resistance genesC -
41、identify similar means to fight diseasesD seek more support for the new strategyI have a friend who bird watches. She feels comfortable whenever shes doing it. If you ask her why she likes it, she will say things like Well, birds are the worlds most magical creatures.” I have another friend who knit
42、s. She likes it because its satisfying, and has an astonishingly impressive impact on people for whom being able to knit gloves is out of reach.As a termhobby has always been of arguable meaning. Ask someone what they think a hobby is, and youll get a dictionary definition that they will have just l
43、ooked up on their phones and, then, a passionate speech on all of the activities that can under no circumstances be put into groups as hobbies by their own highly unique and inflexible standards. Being online is not a hobby, apparently, nor is listening to music.Hardly anyone knows what a hobby is,
44、and this is particularly the case now that so many of us are spending our leisure time online arguing about these sorts of basic definitions with people, as the writer Max Read put it in an essay, to whom the world has been created again every morning, for whom every settled argument of modernity mu
45、st be rewritten, but this time with their engagement/9Even taking these difficulties into account, however, it seems obvious that birdwatching and knitting are classic hobbies. They are enjoyable, involve practice and reward effort, and they are given immediate access to a group with the same intere
46、sts. They are the sorts of hobbies advice columnists （专栏作家）have in mind when people write in about their imbalanced lives. Its interesting, then, that not one of my two clearly hobby-having friends would admit to the practice.They worried that their hobbies, which give them pleasure and keep them fa
47、r from their computers, made them seem like they had too much leisure time and too Lew inner resources that would enable them to naturally avoid boredom. They are fully paid-up members of society, with busy lives, fulfilling interpersonal relationships and, again, hobbies that make them happy. Its j
48、ust that hobbies have an undeservedly bad reputation, one made worse by the Internet, like everything else.The birdwatcher said the problem with having a hobby was that it made people seem like they were contributing and learning nothing. The knitter said that she personally connected hobbies with having no friends and no idea of what normal people do to have fun, Actually, they do not want to be