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1、Introduction to Endocrinology in EnglishCATALOGUE目录IntroductionOverview of Endocrine SystemThe mechanism of action of horsesEndocrine ordersEndocrine and metabolic diseasesEndocrine therapy drinksIntroduction01Course Introduction010203Endocrinology is the branch of medicine that deals with the endoc
2、rine system and its disordersThe endocrine system insists of lands that produce horses,which regulate various body functionsThis course provides an overview of endocrinology,including the structure and function of the endocrine system,horses and their effects on the body,and the diagnosis and treatm
3、ent of endocrine disorders01Learn about the various horses and their roles in regulating body functionsGain knowledge on the diagnosis and treatment of endocrine disordersDevelop critical thinking and problem-solving skills in the field of endocrinologyUnderstand the structure and function of the en
4、docrine system020304Learning objectivesOverview of Endocrine System02The endocrine lands are often referred to as the master lands because they control the function of other organizations and issues through the secret of horsesThe endocrine lands are a group of organs that product and secret horses
5、into the bloodstream to regulate the function of other organs and issuesThe endocrine lands include the pastoral land,thyroid land,adult lands,pancreas,gonads,and othersEndocrine landsA hormone is a chemical substance produced by endocrine lands that regulates the function of other organisms and iss
6、uesHormones can either stimulate or inhibit the function of target organizations,depending on the type of Hormone and the target organizationHormones are secret into the bloodstream and travel to target organizations where they bind to receivers on the cell surface to initiate a responseHormoneHormo
7、ne synthesis and secretThe synthesis of hormones commonly involves precursor molecules and enzymes that catalyze the reactions necessary for hormone productionThe synthesis and secret of horses is a highly regulated process that is controlled by various factors,including genetics,environmental,and n
8、eural inputsThe secret of horses is commonly controlled by neural inputs or by the release of other horses from other endocrine glandsThe mechanism of action of horses03VS Cells that respond to the action of horses They have receivers on their cell membrane that bind to the hormone and initiate a re
9、sponse within the cellReceptors Molecules on the surface of target cells that bind to specific horses and transmit their signal into the cell Receivers are classified as either nuclear or membrane bound,depending on their location and functionTarget cellsTarget cells and receiversSignal translation
10、The process by which a hormone binding to its receiver on the target cell membrane initiates a series of chemical reactions within the cell,ultimately leading to a physiological responseSecond messengers Small molecules that are generated within the cell in response to hornone binding and act as int
11、ermediaries in signal transmission,relaying the initial hornone signal to internal targetsSignal translation The process by which horses are broken down within the body,both through enzymatic degradation or excess from the body The process by which horses are rendered inactive,either through metabol
12、ism or binding to circulating binding proteins that prevent them from interacting with their receivers Circulating proteins that bind to specific horses and prevent them from interacting with their receivers,that inactivating them Binding proteins regulate hormone levels in the blood and help mainta
13、in homeostasisMetabolismActivationBinding proteinsMetabolism and inactivation of horsesEndocrine orders04Pituitary diseasesA tuber that grows in the Pituitary land,leading to monetary imbalancesPituitary deficitA condition where the Pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone,leading to c
14、ontinued growth in childrenPituitary gigantismA condition where the Pituitary gland products too much growth hormone,leading to excessive growth in childrenPituitary adenomaHypophysism A condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone,leading to slow metabolism and other sy
15、mptomsHyperthyroidism A condition where the thyroid gland products too many thyroid hormones,leading to rapid metabolism and other symptomsThyroiditis An inflation of the thyroid gland that can lead to hyperthyroidism or hyperthyroidismThyroid diseaseAddisons disease01 A condition where the adult la
16、nds do not produce enough cortisol,leading to fatigue,weight loss,and other symptomsCushings syndrome02 A condition where the adult lands product too much cortisol,leading to weight gain,high blood pressure,and other syndromesPrimary aldosteronism03 A condition where the adult lands product too many
17、 aldosterones,leading to high blood pressure and other symptomsAdrenal diseases要点三Klinefelters syndrome A condition where males have an extra X chromosome in their gonas,leading to under developed productive organizations and other syndromes要点一要点二Turners syndrome A condition where females have only
18、one X chromosome in their gonas,leading to under developed productive organizations and other syndromesTesticular minimization syndrome A condition where males have a genetic defect that causes their gonas to develop as female reproductive organs,leading to inferiority and other syndromes要点三Gonadal
19、diseasesEndocrine and metabolic diseases05Type 1 diabetes:Caused by autoimmune construction of pancreatic beta cells,leading to absolute insulin deficiencyGestational diamonds:Developments during preparedness and commonly resolve after delivery It is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabe
20、tes later in lifeManagement:Diabetes management includes lifestyle modifications,such as die and exercise,and pharmaceutical treatment with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agentsType 2 diabetes:Characterized by insulin resistance and related insulin deficiency It is the most common type of diamondsDiab
21、etesCauses Overriding,lake of physical activity,genetic predisposition,and territorial imbalances can lead to objectivityComplications Obesity is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease,type 2 diabetes,osteoarthritis,and cancerManagement Weight loss can be achieved through lifest
22、yle changes,such as a balanced die and regular exercise,as well as bariatric surgery in extreme cases010203ObesityCauses:Osteoporosis is caused by low bone mass and microarchitecture changes in bone tissue,leading to increased bone fracture and a higher risk of fracturesRisk factors:Age,female gende
23、r,family history,low body weight,and central medical conditions are risk factors for osteoporosisManagement includes calculus and vitamin D supplementation,weight learning exercise,and fall prevention measures In multiple cases,antagonistic or analytical agents may be subscribedOsteoporosisEndocrine
24、 therapy drinks06Hormone replacement therapyHormone replacement therapy is a treatment that replaces Hormones that are either not produced in sufficient quantities by the body or are no longer produced due to medical conditions like hyperthyroidism or hypogonadismHormone replacement therapyIt is com
25、monly used to treat conditions like hyperthyroidism,hypogonadism,and adult insufficiencyHormone replacement therapy can be administered through various routes,including oral,injectable,and transientThe most commonly used horses for replacement therapy include thymine,testosterone,cortisol,and estrog
26、en输入标题02010403Antihormone therapyAntihormone therapy is a treatment that blocks the action of specific hormones by using drugs that counter their effectsThe most commonly used antihormone agents include tamoxifen,aromatase inhibitors,and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone inhibitorsAntihormone th
27、erapy can be administered through oral or injectable routesIt is commonly used to treat conditions like breast cancer,prostate cancer,and endometrial cancerTargeted therapeutic drugs are drugs that specifically target the recipients or enzymes that are involved in hormone signaling pathwaysThey are
28、designed to negotiate with the abnormal function of these receivers or enzymes,then treating hormone related conditions like hyperthyroidism,diamonds,and polycystic ovary syndromeTargeted therapeutic drugsVSTargeted therapeutic drugs can be administered through oral or injectable routesThe most commonly used targeted therapeutic agents include tyrosine kinase inhibitors,somatostatin analyses,and glucose like peptide-1 inhibitorsTargeted therapeutic drugsTHANKS.