《原版英语RAZ 教案(Z) Symbiotic Wildlife_DS.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《原版英语RAZ 教案(Z) Symbiotic Wildlife_DS.pdf（14页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Symbiotic WildlifeA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:2,315Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.WritingImagine you are a scientist studying the ocean.What symbiotic relationships would you see?Write a journal entry detailing your discovery.ScienceChoose and research one s
2、ymbiotic relationship from the book or another source.Write a report that includes details about both species and their partnership.Connectionswww.readinga-Symbiotic WildlifeWritten by M.T.Stark LEVELED BOOK ZZZ1Z2www.readinga-How do symbiotic relationships work,and why are they important?Focus Ques
3、tionWritten by M.T.StarkSymbiotic Wildlife24Glossarydistribute(v.)to spread or scatter over an area(p.5)fertilized(v.)combined male and female reproductive cells to create a new animal or plant(p.18)interdependent(adj.)dependent on each other,as in people,groups,or organisms in an ecosystem(p.6)inti
4、midating(adj.)frightening or overwhelming(p.9)mucus(n.)a thick,slimy liquid created in a body to protect tissues and keep them wet(p.7)parasites(n.)plants or animals that grow on and feed off others(p.10)pollen(n.)male flower cells,which often look like fine yellow powder(p.5)refuge(n.)a place of sa
5、fety,comfort,or protection(p.7)species(n.)a group of living things that are physically similar and can reproduce (p.4)symbiotic(adj.)of or relating to a beneficial relationship between different kinds of organisms(p.4)venomous(adj.)having the ability to inject venom,a poisonous fluid,by striking,bit
6、ing,or stinging(p.5)vulnerable(adj.)able to be hurt easily(p.22)2423Each symbiotic relationship is a little different and provides each species with a slightly different benefit.What all symbiotic relationships have in common,though,is that each organism that participates in the relationship receive
7、s something that helps it in return.The end result is that fish,birds,humans,and all sorts of other living things on our planet have a better chance of surviving,reproducing,and living longer,healthier lives.Grazing impalas stir up bugs,which gives baboons an easy meal.Baboons pay them back by sound
8、ing a warning if danger approaches.Symbiotic Wildlife Level ZSymbiotic WildlifeLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by M.T.StarkAll rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAFront cover:A yellow-billed oxpecker positions itself on the neck of an impal
9、a before cleaning its ears.Title page:A greater short-nosed fruit bat feeds on a banana plant.The banana is a bat-dependent plant.Pollen is carried on the bats fur to other banana plants,allowing them to reproduce.Page 3:A school of yellow tang fish clean the algae from a green sea turtle.Photo Cred
10、its:Front cover:Pete Oxford/Minden Pictures;title page:Merlin Tuttle/BCI/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 3:Masa Ushioda/age fotostock/SuperStock;page 4:Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy;page 5:iStock/Kristian Sekulic;page 6:John Pavel/D;page 7:iStock/Derek Holzapfel;page 8:Alexandr Shestopalets/D;pages 9(top),11
11、(top),12:iStock/Diane Labombarbe;page 9(bottom):Richard T Nowitz/C/DAMON/age fotostock;page 10:Jamesdawson/D;page 11(bottom):Tui De Roy/Minden Pictures;page 13:Salpics32/D;page 14:Reinhard Dirscherl/Alamy;page 15(main):Dave Parker/D;page 15(inset):Rafael Angel Irusta Machin/D;page 16:Carol Buchanan/
12、D;page 17:Richard Du Toit/Minden Pictures;page 18:Rolf Nussbaumer Photography/Alamy;page 19:Lorand Schuller/D;page 20:Melinda Podor/Alamy;page 21(main):Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy;page 21(inset):Gerry Bishop/Visuals Unlimited,Inc.;page 22(main):Ralf Broskvar/D;page 22(inset):Frans Lanting/National Geog
13、raphic Stock;page 23:Steffen Foerster/Ddistributefertilizedinterdependentintimidating mucus parasites pollen refugespeciessymbioticvenomousvulnerableWords to Know233Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Finding Food and Giving Protection .7Helping with Personal Hygiene .10Sharing a Home .12Teaming Up to F
14、ind Food .15Hitching a Ride .16Pollinating and Fertilizing .18Spreading Seeds .20Conclusion .22Glossary .24Symbiotic Wildlife Level Z22ConclusionThe world would be a very different place without symbiotic relationships.Without the help that these natural partnerships provide,many species would be mo
15、re vulnerable to predators and pests,more likely to be isolated in smaller patches of habitat,less apt to bloom and spread,or faced with fewer choices for food.Scientists are still learning about how these special relationships work and are discovering new ones all the time.Sooty shearwaters and tua
16、taras have a special living arrangement on the shoreline cliffs of New Zealand.4IntroductionLiving in the wild is tough.Food can be scarce,good homes are hard to find,and pests arewell,pests.Plus,theres almost always someone out to eat you.Thats why many species in the wild are part of an unusual re
17、lationship.Two very different species may work together at separate tasks that benefit each other.This is called a symbiotic relationship.For example,one may offer safety from predators in exchange for a good cleaning.The word symbiosis comes from the ancient Greek words for“with”and“living.”Scienti
18、sts first applied the word to wild species in 1877 while writing about lichenscomplex(and sometimes colorful)organisms typically made up of a fungus and a type of algae that work together.A crocodile opens wide for a small Egyptian plover bird.The plover cleans bits of leftover food from the crocs t
19、eeth.21The agouti is one of the only animals in the forest with strong enough teeth and powerful enough jaws to break through a seedpods thick shell.The agouti eats some of the seeds and scatters others throughout the forest by burying them far from the parent tree.The seeds eventually sprout into t
20、rees,and the long process begins all over again.Mistletoe plants in the desert rely on a bird called a phainopepla(fay-no-PEHP-luh)to spread their seeds.The phainopepla loves to snack on the seeds,which are buried in the plants berries.The bird uses its beak to separate the skin from the berries and
21、 then disperses undigested seeds wherever it leaves its droppings.The strong jaws of the small agouti can crack open tough pods.New Brazil nut trees will sprout from droppings left by the agouti.Symbiotic Wildlife Level Z5Since then,scientists have identified symbiotic relationships all around us,fr
22、om deep oceans and dry deserts to mountains and forests.Sometimes,theyre unlikely partnerships,such as between a venomous sea anemone(uh-NEM-uh-nee)and a colorful clownfish,or a towering tree and a ground-dwelling rodent.You may even have your own symbiotic relationship at home.Your pet dog,for inst
23、ance,provides you with love,companionship,and protection.In return,your dog gets food,attention,and a safe place to live.You both benefit.In the wild,these unusual partnerships are not only fascinating but can also mean the difference between life and death.Bees,for instance,would have a hard time s
24、urviving without the nectar of flowers and,similarly,those same flowers would have a tough time spreading without the help of bees that distribute their pollen.Symbiotic Wildlife Level Z20Spreading SeedsIf youre a tree or another plant,you need a way to spread your seeds to new areas.Otherwise,youll
25、 only grow in one placeand the odds of your species surviving wont be as good as they would be if you could disperse your seeds far and wide.Many trees and other plants have unusual partners that help disperse their seeds.One of the most interesting examples,found in the Amazon rainforest,is the uni
26、que relationship between the Brazil nut tree and a cat-sized rodent called an agouti.The Brazil nut tree is a huge,towering tree that can grow to a height of 200 feet(61 m)or more.Its grapefruit-sized seedpods,which are hard and tough,typically dont break open when they hit the ground,even though th
27、ey sometimes fall from 100 feet(30.5 m)or higher.Pods of Brazil nuts clustered high in the Brazil nut tree 6Symbiotic relationships arent always equal,but those that have endured over thousands or even millions of years tend to last for one reason:both species benefit enough to make the relationship
28、 worthwhile.Some scientists believe that these symbiotic relationshipswith different species interdependent on one anotherare a big reason we have so many diverse plants and so much diverse wildlife on Earth.Lets look at some examples of the many types of symbiotic relationships to see how different
29、 kinds of living things work together in the natural world.A group of starlings stick close to a red deer for the chance to pick insects off its body.19Honeybees are one of the worlds most active pollinators.Like bats,bees enter flowers to get to their nectar and often fly away covered with flecks o
30、f pollen that are then wiped off at the next stop.Hummingbirds operate in much the same way.Female yucca moths are picky about where they lay their eggs.They prefer spreading their hundreds of eggs on several yucca flowers.Not only do the eggs find safe homes,but the flowers also benefit because the
31、 female yucca moth is spreading pollen as she flits from flower to flower.A honeybee spreads pollen from one dandelion to the next as it gathers nectar.Symbiotic Wildlife Level Z7Finding Food and Giving Protection Sometimes its nice to know someones got your back.Clownfish,such as the colorful ones
32、that live in the Indian Ocean,need all the help they can get to stay safe from predators.One way they do this is by seeking refuge in the tentacles of venomous sea anemones.Although anemones look like plants,theyre actually marine animals that attach themselves to rocks or other surfaces and then wa
33、it for prey to come to them.When small fish or shrimp brush against an anemones soft tentacles,they are exposed to a toxin.The toxin paralyzes them long enough for the anemone to pull them to its mouth and eat them.Anemones have a different relationship with clownfish,though.Clownfish have figured o
34、ut a way to build up immunity to the anemones venom.They do this by touching the anemones tentacles once or twice,taking a break,and then doing it again and again.This repetition gradually provides the clownfish with a protective layer of mucus on its skin.Sea anemoneSymbiotic Wildlife Level Z18Poll
35、inating and FertilizingBats do more than just inspire spooky stories.For many plants around the world,bats are their ticket to survival.In return,those plants provide a sweet,delicious meal for their winged friends.Bats are part of an important group of animals called pollinators.These animals trans
36、port pollen from the male parts of plants to the female parts of other plants,allowing the plants to be fertilized,reproduce,and grow.Often working at night,bats love to sink their heads deep into the center of a flower to drink sugary nectar and eat the protein-rich pollen.When they leave the flowe
37、r,their bodies are often speckled with bits of sticky pollen.That pollen is then transferred to the next flower that the bat visits,providing a regular exchange of pollen between flowers and a steady source of nectar and delicious pollen for the hungry bats.A long-nosed bat feeds on the nectar and p
38、ollen of the pollen-rich agave plant.Bats are the main pollinators of agaves and cacti within their range.8The mucus shields the clownfish from any harmful contact with the anemone and allows the fish to swim among the anemones tentacles without getting hurt.So,when a predator arrives to have a clow
39、nfish for lunch,the clownfish can dive into the safe arms of the anemone.The anemone often kills the larger predatory fish,providing a meal for both the anemone and the clownfish.A cautious striped clownfish hides from predators among the protective tentacles of a venomous sea anemone.17Some hermit
40、crabs that live in the Mediterranean Sea wear an odd-looking hat.The hat is actually a hitchhiking sea anemone.The sea anemones long tentacles are venomous,but the hermit crab is protected from them by its hard shell.The anemone protects the hermit crab from predators.In exchange,the anemone gets ex
41、tra meals when it eats scraps of food that the crab doesnt eat.In Africa,a small bird called an oxpecker will often hitch a ride on the back of a hippopotamus rather than spend its time flying around looking for insects.The bird picks bugs off the skin of the hippo and eats them.The bird gets a meal
42、 and a ride,and the hippo gets picked clean of pests.A group of oxpecker birds hitch a ride on the back of a hippopotamus.In return for the ride,they pick the hippo clean of bugs.Symbiotic Wildlife Level Z9In Africa,ostriches and zebras often feed together and help keep each other safe from predator
43、s.Ostriches have good eyesight,and zebras have excellent hearing.By working together,the two species have a much better chance of knowing when a lion or other predator is sneaking up-and they have a head start on getting away.Africas impalas and baboons have a similar relationship.Impalas have super
44、b hearing,sight,and sense of smell.If they detect danger first,their alert body language and horn shaking warn the baboons.The baboons then use their loud screams and intimidating teeth to scare predators away.Groups of ostriches and zebras often feed together and warn each other if they detect appr
45、oaching predators.AfricaINDIAN OCEANATLANTIC OCEANEuropeSymbiotic Wildlife Level Z16Hitching a RideMost small fish wisely keep their distance from sharks.A slender fish called a remora,though,does everything it can to get up close and personal with sharks.In fact,each remora has a special organ on i
46、ts head that acts like a suction cup to help the fish attach itself to the underside of a shark.Remoras are capable of swimming on their own,and they often do,but hitching a ride on a shark or other large creature is sometimes just an easier way to get around.Once attached,a remora goes everywhere t
47、hat the shark goes,sometimes eating any scraps of food that escape the sharks powerful jaws.The remoras sometimes provide a service,too,consuming parasites and helping to keep their host animals clean.A small remora fish(arrow)attaches itself to a sharks belly to travel with it and share its meals.1
48、0Helping with Personal HygieneSome animals need a friends help to clean those hard-to-reach places.On many ocean reefs,a silvery little fish called a cleaner wrasse provides just such a service.The tiny wrasse sets up a“cleaning station,”and large fish wait patiently for their turn.So why doesnt the
49、 larger fish,such as an angelfish or butterflyfish,just eat the wrasse?Its because the wrasse has developed a certain way of swimmingsome have described it as a sort of“hypnotic dance”that calms the larger fish and eventually leads it to open its mouth to let the wrasse inside.The wrasse then darts
50、in and out of the larger fishs mouth and gills as it eats fungus,parasites,dead skin,and other debris.The wrasse gets a snack and leaves the larger fish clean and healthy.A giant moray eel has its teeth and mouth cleaned by a bluestreak cleaner wrasse.15Teaming Up to Find FoodHigh in Americas Rocky