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1、www.readinga-Symbiotic WildlifeSymbiotic WildlifeA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:2,315Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by M.T.Stark LEVELED BOOK ZZZ1Z2WritingImagine you are a scientist studying the ocean.What symbiotic relationships would you see?Write a
2、journal entry detailing your discovery.ScienceChoose and research one symbiotic relationship from the book or another source.Write a report that includes details about both species and their partnership.Connectionswww.readinga-How do symbiotic relationships work,and why are they important?Focus Ques
3、tionWritten by M.T.StarkSymbiotic WildlifeLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by M.T.StarkAll rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAFront cover:A yellow-billed oxpecker positions itself on the neck of an impala before cleaning its ears.Title page
4、:A greater short-nosed fruit bat feeds on a banana plant.The banana is a bat-dependent plant.Pollen is carried on the bats fur to other banana plants,allowing them to reproduce.Page 3:A school of yellow tang fish clean the algae from a green sea turtle.Photo Credits:Front cover:Pete Oxford/Minden Pi
5、ctures;title page:Merlin Tuttle/BCI/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 3:Masa Ushioda/age fotostock/SuperStock;page 4:Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy;page 5:iStock/Kristian Sekulic;page 6:John Pavel/D;page 7:iStock/Derek Holzapfel;page 8:Alexandr Shestopalets/D;pages 9(top),11(top),12:iStock/Diane Labombarbe;page
6、 9(bottom):Richard T Nowitz/C/DAMON/age fotostock;page 10:Jamesdawson/D;page 11(bottom):Tui De Roy/Minden Pictures;page 13:Salpics32/D;page 14:Reinhard Dirscherl/Alamy;page 15(main):Dave Parker/D;page 15(inset):Rafael Angel Irusta Machin/D;page 16:Carol Buchanan/D;page 17:Richard Du Toit/Minden Pict
7、ures;page 18:Rolf Nussbaumer Photography/Alamy;page 19:Lorand Schuller/D;page 20:Melinda Podor/Alamy;page 21(main):Juniors Bildarchiv/Alamy;page 21(inset):Gerry Bishop/Visuals Unlimited,Inc.;page 22(main):Ralf Broskvar/D;page 22(inset):Frans Lanting/National Geographic Stock;page 23:Steffen Foerster
8、/DSymbiotic Wildlifedistributefertilizedinterdependentintimidating mucus parasites pollen refugespeciessymbioticvenomousvulnerableWords to Know34Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Finding Food and Giving Protection .7Helping with Personal Hygiene .10Sharing a Home .12Teaming Up to Find Food .15Hitching
9、 a Ride .16Pollinating and Fertilizing .18Spreading Seeds .20Conclusion .22Glossary .24IntroductionLiving in the wild is tough.Food can be scarce,good homes are hard to find,and pests arewell,pests.Plus,theres almost always someone out to eat you.Thats why many species in the wild are part of an unu
10、sual relationship.Two very different species may work together at separate tasks that benefit each other.This is called a symbiotic relationship.For example,one may offer safety from predators in exchange for a good cleaning.The word symbiosis comes from the ancient Greek words for“with”and“living.”
11、Scientists first applied the word to wild species in 1877 while writing about lichenscomplex(and sometimes colorful)organisms typically made up of a fungus and a type of algae that work together.A crocodile opens wide for a small Egyptian plover bird.The plover cleans bits of leftover food from the
12、crocs teeth.Symbiotic Wildlife Level Z56Since then,scientists have identified symbiotic relationships all around us,from deep oceans and dry deserts to mountains and forests.Sometimes,theyre unlikely partnerships,such as between a venomous sea anemone(uh-NEM-uh-nee)and a colorful clownfish,or a towe
13、ring tree and a ground-dwelling rodent.You may even have your own symbiotic relationship at home.Your pet dog,for instance,provides you with love,companionship,and protection.In return,your dog gets food,attention,and a safe place to live.You both benefit.In the wild,these unusual partnerships are n
14、ot only fascinating but can also mean the difference between life and death.Bees,for instance,would have a hard time surviving without the nectar of flowers and,similarly,those same flowers would have a tough time spreading without the help of bees that distribute their pollen.Symbiotic relationship
15、s arent always equal,but those that have endured over thousands or even millions of years tend to last for one reason:both species benefit enough to make the relationship worthwhile.Some scientists believe that these symbiotic relationshipswith different species interdependent on one anotherare a bi
16、g reason we have so many diverse plants and so much diverse wildlife on Earth.Lets look at some examples of the many types of symbiotic relationships to see how different kinds of living things work together in the natural world.A group of starlings stick close to a red deer for the chance to pick i
17、nsects off its body.Symbiotic Wildlife Level Z78Finding Food and Giving Protection Sometimes its nice to know someones got your back.Clownfish,such as the colorful ones that live in the Indian Ocean,need all the help they can get to stay safe from predators.One way they do this is by seeking refuge
18、in the tentacles of venomous sea anemones.Although anemones look like plants,theyre actually marine animals that attach themselves to rocks or other surfaces and then wait for prey to come to them.When small fish or shrimp brush against an anemones soft tentacles,they are exposed to a toxin.The toxi
19、n paralyzes them long enough for the anemone to pull them to its mouth and eat them.Anemones have a different relationship with clownfish,though.Clownfish have figured out a way to build up immunity to the anemones venom.They do this by touching the anemones tentacles once or twice,taking a break,an
20、d then doing it again and again.This repetition gradually provides the clownfish with a protective layer of mucus on its skin.The mucus shields the clownfish from any harmful contact with the anemone and allows the fish to swim among the anemones tentacles without getting hurt.So,when a predator arr
21、ives to have a clownfish for lunch,the clownfish can dive into the safe arms of the anemone.The anemone often kills the larger predatory fish,providing a meal for both the anemone and the clownfish.A cautious striped clownfish hides from predators among the protective tentacles of a venomous sea ane
22、mone.Sea anemoneSymbiotic Wildlife Level Z910In Africa,ostriches and zebras often feed together and help keep each other safe from predators.Ostriches have good eyesight,and zebras have excellent hearing.By working together,the two species have a much better chance of knowing when a lion or other pr
23、edator is sneaking up-and they have a head start on getting away.Africas impalas and baboons have a similar relationship.Impalas have superb hearing,sight,and sense of smell.If they detect danger first,their alert body language and horn shaking warn the baboons.The baboons then use their loud scream
24、s and intimidating teeth to scare predators away.Helping with Personal HygieneSome animals need a friends help to clean those hard-to-reach places.On many ocean reefs,a silvery little fish called a cleaner wrasse provides just such a service.The tiny wrasse sets up a“cleaning station,”and large fish
25、 wait patiently for their turn.So why doesnt the larger fish,such as an angelfish or butterflyfish,just eat the wrasse?Its because the wrasse has developed a certain way of swimmingsome have described it as a sort of“hypnotic dance”that calms the larger fish and eventually leads it to open its mouth
26、 to let the wrasse inside.The wrasse then darts in and out of the larger fishs mouth and gills as it eats fungus,parasites,dead skin,and other debris.The wrasse gets a snack and leaves the larger fish clean and healthy.Groups of ostriches and zebras often feed together and warn each other if they de
27、tect approaching predators.A giant moray eel has its teeth and mouth cleaned by a bluestreak cleaner wrasse.AfricaINDIAN OCEANATLANTIC OCEANEuropeSymbiotic Wildlife Level Z1112Sharing a Home Sharing a home can be tricky,especially when its with a species thats nothing like you.Two of natures most im
28、probable roommates live on the high shoreline cliffs of New Zealand.One of them is a slow-moving,lizardlike reptile called a tuatara(too-uh-TARR-uh),which usually cant be bothered to build its own nest.The other is a fast-flying bird called a sooty shearwater.The two species share a homebut they eac
29、h use the home at different times.The tuatara usually spends the day in the burrow and goes out at night.When home,it eats the burrow bugs and parasites that annoy the tidy shearwater.The sooty shearwater hunts during the day and then returns to the shared burrow at night.Once inside,the shearwater
30、loosens the burrow dirt and produces droppings that attract insects that the tuatara loves to eat.Although they rarely see each other,they share both a home and a welcome partnership.Some of Darwins ground finches provide a similar cleaning service to tortoises on the Galapagos Islands.When a tortoi
31、se is ready for cleaning,it extends its neck and legs so that a neighboring group of ground finches can swoop in and peck away at parasites that the tortoise is unable to reach.The tortoise leaves cleaner,and the finches have fuller stomachs.NEW ZEALANDAustraliaPACI FI C OCE A NI ND I A N OCE A NDar
32、wins ground finches cling to the neck and legs of a giant tortoise as they pick ticks from its body.GALAPAGOS ISLANDSSouth AmericaNorth AmericaPACIFIC O CE A NAT LAN T I C O C EANAsiaSymbiotic Wildlife Level Z1314Burrowing owls,the smallest owls in North America,cant dig holes,but they need a safe p
33、lace to hide from predators.Because of their small size,theyre a perfect fit for abandoned burrows that were once home to prairie dogs or gopher tortoises.When a tiny owl chooses an empty burrow,the former occupant may still live in the burrow next door.Each animal sounds a warning to the other if a
34、 predator approaches.Forest mice and burrow beetles have another home-sharing arrangement that benefits both species.While the mouse sleeps in the burrow,the beetle roots through the mouses fur,snacking on fleas.When the mouse is away,the beetle eats other burrow bugs.The beetle eats well,and the mo
35、use gets a bug-free home.Some ocean animals share homes as well.Survival is the name of the game for all animal species,but it can be hard to survive when you cant spot danger.Thats the plight of snapping shrimp that inhabit the ocean floor.The near-blind shrimp dig burrows into the seabed.As they m
36、ove sand to construct their homes,the shrimp are at risk of being eaten by hungry predators.Fortunately,the shrimp have a clever partner with a real knack for spotting troublethe alert and sharp-sighted goby fish.As the shrimp excavate sand,the goby fish hover near their antennae and act as lookouts
37、.When danger lurks nearby,the fish flick their tails,touching the antennae and sending a signal to the shrimp that theyd better take cover.In return,the shrimp share their burrows with the goby fish,providing the fish with a safe place to sleep at night as well as a convenient place to hide.Its a pe
38、rfect partnership for these symbiotic sea dwellers.The tiny burrowing owl builds its nest underground in abandoned burrows.It warns neighbors of approaching predators.A goby fish and a snapping shrimp team up to build a home.Symbiotic Wildlife Level Z1516Teaming Up to Find FoodHigh in Americas Rocky
39、 Mountains,grizzly bears,red squirrels,and the white bark pine tree all rely on each other to thrive.The pine tree provides the pine nut,a high-calorie food source.The red squirrel eats some of the nuts and buries others.The bears strong sense of smell helps it locate the buried pine nuts.The droppi
40、ngs that the bear leaves behind after eating the nuts distribute some of the tree seeds,which causes new trees to sprout and grow.New trees will provide more pine nuts for future generations of both bears and red squirrels.Hitching a RideMost small fish wisely keep their distance from sharks.A slend
41、er fish called a remora,though,does everything it can to get up close and personal with sharks.In fact,each remora has a special organ on its head that acts like a suction cup to help the fish attach itself to the underside of a shark.Remoras are capable of swimming on their own,and they often do,bu
42、t hitching a ride on a shark or other large creature is sometimes just an easier way to get around.Once attached,a remora goes everywhere that the shark goes,sometimes eating any scraps of food that escape the sharks powerful jaws.The remoras sometimes provide a service,too,consuming parasites and h
43、elping to keep their host animals clean.The huge grizzly bear and the small red squirrel depend on each other and nuts from the white pine tree to maintain a healthy diet.A small remora fish(arrow)attaches itself to a sharks belly to travel with it and share its meals.Symbiotic Wildlife Level Z1718S
44、ome hermit crabs that live in the Mediterranean Sea wear an odd-looking hat.The hat is actually a hitchhiking sea anemone.The sea anemones long tentacles are venomous,but the hermit crab is protected from them by its hard shell.The anemone protects the hermit crab from predators.In exchange,the anem
45、one gets extra meals when it eats scraps of food that the crab doesnt eat.In Africa,a small bird called an oxpecker will often hitch a ride on the back of a hippopotamus rather than spend its time flying around looking for insects.The bird picks bugs off the skin of the hippo and eats them.The bird
46、gets a meal and a ride,and the hippo gets picked clean of pests.Pollinating and FertilizingBats do more than just inspire spooky stories.For many plants around the world,bats are their ticket to survival.In return,those plants provide a sweet,delicious meal for their winged friends.Bats are part of
47、an important group of animals called pollinators.These animals transport pollen from the male parts of plants to the female parts of other plants,allowing the plants to be fertilized,reproduce,and grow.Often working at night,bats love to sink their heads deep into the center of a flower to drink sug
48、ary nectar and eat the protein-rich pollen.When they leave the flower,their bodies are often speckled with bits of sticky pollen.That pollen is then transferred to the next flower that the bat visits,providing a regular exchange of pollen between flowers and a steady source of nectar and delicious p
49、ollen for the hungry bats.A group of oxpecker birds hitch a ride on the back of a hippopotamus.In return for the ride,they pick the hippo clean of bugs.A long-nosed bat feeds on the nectar and pollen of the pollen-rich agave plant.Bats are the main pollinators of agaves and cacti within their range.
50、Symbiotic Wildlife Level Z1920Honeybees are one of the worlds most active pollinators.Like bats,bees enter flowers to get to their nectar and often fly away covered with flecks of pollen that are then wiped off at the next stop.Hummingbirds operate in much the same way.Female yucca moths are picky a