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1、www.readinga-LEVELED READER ALEVELED BOOK TWritten by Kira FreedCamouflageVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.CamouflageA Reading AZ Level T Leveled BookWord Count:1,855CamouflageLevel T Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Kira FreedAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:
2、Front cover,back cover,title page,pages 4,5,6,7,9(top),10(both),11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,20,21,22,23(both),24,25,26:ArtToday;page 8(top):Larry Miller/SPL/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 8(bottom):John Glade/D;page 9(bottom):iS Bauer;page 19:Satoshi Kuribayashi/Nature Production/Minden PicturesCorrelation
3、LEVEL TP3838Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAwww.readinga-CamouflageWritten by Kira FreedCamouflage Level T 34Table of ContentsIntroduction.4Blending.or.Concealing.Coloration.6Seasonal.Blending.9Color.Change.11Camouflage.in.Young.Animals.13Disguise.16Trickery.17Disruptive.Coloration.20Flash.Colorat
4、ion.and.Other.Surprises.21Warning.Coloration.22How.Did.Camouflage.Develop?.24Summary.26Glossary.28IntroductionMost.animals.have.enemies.In.order.to.survive,.they.have.to.defend.themselves.Some.animals.use.speed.and.strength.to.survive.Others,.like.alligators,.use.their.powerful.jaws.and.sharp.teeth.
5、Some,.like.rattlesnakes.and.black.widow.spiders,.use.venom.Others,.such.as.turtles,.have.hard.body.coverings.But.other.animals.must.rely.on.the.color.and.pattern.of.their.body.covering.for.survival.ChameleonCamouflage Level T 56The.use.of.coloring.and.patterns.to.disguise.and.conceal.is.called.camou
6、flage.Many.kinds.of.animals.use.camouflage.in.order.to.survive.Predatorsanimals.that.huntuse.it.to.sneak.up.on.their.prey.without.being.seen.Prey.use.it.to.hide.from.predators.Ces.in.many.forms.Some.animals.have.permanent.color.patterns.that.help.them.to.hide.Others.have.color.patterns.that.change.w
7、ith.the.seasons.Still.others.have.color.patterns.that.change.with.the.surface.the.animal.is.on.And.still.others.use.patterns.that.change.during.different.stages.of.life.Lets.take.a.look.at.different.forms.of.camouflage.The snakes patterns and color can help it hide.Blending or Concealing ColorationH
8、ave.you.heard.the.joke.about.the.student.who.turned.in.a.blank.sheet.of.white.paper.for.his.art.project?.His.teacher.asked.him.how.he.could.call.that.art.“Its.not.a.blank.sheet.of.white.paper,”.he.replied.“Its.a.polar.bear.in.a.snowstorm.”.The.polar.bear.is.an.example.of.blending colorationits.white
9、.fur.blends.in.well.with.its.snowy.surroundings.This.gives.the.polar.bear.an.advantage.when.hunting.It.is.less.visible.and.can.sneak.up.on.seals,.walruses,.and.other.animals.that.it.hunts.Do You Know?A polar bear can swim up to 60 miles without resting.Polar bears blend in with their surroundings.Ca
10、mouflage Level T 78Bmon.in.nature.Many.desert.creatures,.including.snakes,.lizards,.and.desert.foxes,.are.the.color.of.sand.to.match.their.surroundings.Many.insects.are.green.to.blend.in.with.the.plants.they.live.and.feed.on.Lions.match.the.color.of.the.dry.grasslands.of.the.African.plains.where.the
11、y.live.Other.big.cats.with.color.patterns,.such.as.leopards,.cheetahs,.and.tigers,.blend.in.with.the.light.and.dark.of.their.woodland.homes.This snakes color blends with the rocks.A.special.kind.of.blending.can.happen.when.one.kind.of.animal.is.found.living.in.many.different.places.Lets.look.at.earl
12、ess.lizards.as.an.example.Earless.lizards.living.on.the.white.sands.of.New.Mexico.are.white.Other.earless.lizards.that.live.nearby.on.black.volcanic.rock.are.almost.black.Still.other.earless.lizards.in.nearby.desert.areas.are.light.yellow.to.blend.well.with.sand.Earless lizardsCamouflage Level T 910
13、Arctic.birds.such.as.ptarmigans.(TAR-mi-gans).and.snowy.owls.also.change.color.with.the.seasons.Ptarmigans.start.to.grow.speckled.brown.summer.coats.in.the.spring.The.males.stay.white.longer.so.that.theyre.more.visible.to.predators.While.the.predators.are.busy.chasing.the.more.visible.male,.the.fema
14、le.hides.in.her.nest.and.warms.her.newly.laid.eggs.Ptarmigans in summer and winterSeasonal BlendingMany.animals.have.fur.or.skin.that.blends.in.with.their.environment.But.what.do.you.do.when.the.color.of.your.environment.changes?.Some.animals.that.live.in.colder.climates.change.color.with.the.season
15、s.Arctic.hares.and.Arctic.foxes.in.the.far.north.have.brown.fur.in.the.summer.and.white.fur.in.the.winter.This.helps.them.to.hide.year.round.If.the.land.around.them.is.white,.theyre.white.If.its.dark,.theyre.dark,.too.Arctic foxes change color for winter and summer.Camouflage Level T 1112Color Chang
16、ePerhaps.one.of.the.best-known.examples.of.color.change.is.the.chameleon.Many.people.believe.that.chameleons.change.color.to.hide.But.most.chameleons.change.color.to.display.emotions.to.other.chameleons.However,.because.many.chameleons.happen.to.be.green,.brown,.or.gray,.they.are.well.hidden.in.natu
17、re.Do You Know?Chameleons have the widest range of color of all the color-changing animals.They change color when they are hot,cold,frightened,angry,or in love.Chameleons can change color.The.octopus.is.also.known.for.its.ability.to.change.color.It.can.change.both.the.color.and.texture.of.its.skin.W
18、hen.an.octopus.moves.onto.a.rock,.it.changes.color.to.match.the.rock.Its.skin.becomes.bumpy.to.match.the.rocks.surface.Crab.spiders.change.color,.too.They.are.able.to.match.the.color.of.white,.pink,.or.yellow.flowers.They.sit.on.flowers.and.are.almost.invisible.until.an.unsuspecting.beetle,.fly,es.b
19、y.for.a.sip.of.nectar.The.crab.spider.then.attacks.it.The octopus blends in with its surroundings.Camouflage Level T 1314Camouflage in Young AnimalsSome.animals.have.camouflage.patterns.when.they.are.young,.but.lose.these.patterns.when.they.grow.big.and.strong.enough.to.outrun.their.enemies.When.you
20、ng,.their.parents.must.leave.them.alone.for.periods.of.time.to.go.find.food.If.the.young.are.camouflaged,.they.are.less.likely.to.be.eaten.by.a.predator.while.their.parents.are.away.This white weasel blends in with the snow.Camouflage.patterns.are.well.known.in.baby.deer.Similar.light-colored.spotti
21、ng.also.occurs.in.the.young.of.tapirs.(a.hoofed.mammal).and.wild.boars.Topi.antelopes.of.the.African.desert.blend.in.with.the.sand.while.they.are.young.When.they.grow.strong.enough.to.flee.their.enemies,.they.develop.black.markings.Even.some.young.predatory.animals.use.camouflage.to.hide.Lion.cubs.h
22、ave.spots.that.help.them.blend.in.Young deer have spots to help them blend in with the leaves.Camouflage Level T 1516Some.animals.are.even.camouflaged.before.birth.Many.animals.are.at.risk.of.being.eaten.when.they.are.in.the.egg.stage.Birds.that.nest.on.the.ground.are.at.great.risk.for.having.their.
23、eggs.stolen.when.they.leave.the.nest.Oystercatcher.eggs.are.the.color.of.pebbles.along.the.beaches.where.they.live.The.eggs.of.other.ground-nesting.birds.have.streaks.and.blotches.to.break.up.the.egg-shaped.outline.to.help.them.blend.with.their.surroundings.Speckled eggs blend in well with the rocks
24、.DisguiseDisguise.is.another.kind.of.camouflage.A.disguised.animal.looks.like.another.animal.or.object.Some.of.the.best.masters.of.disguise.are.leaf.insects.and.stick.insects.A.leaf.insect.has.wings.that.look.exactly.like.leaves.Stick.insects.look.so.much.like.sticks.that.its.almost.impossible.to.te
25、ll.the.insect.from.the.stick.that.it.rests.on.Some.insects.are.the.shape.and.color.of.flowers.Tropical.mantids,.of.which.the.praying.mantis.is.one,.have.bodies.that.look.just.like.orchids.They.are.always.ready.to.gobble.up.an.insect.that.thinks.its.about.to.get.a.taste.of.nectar.Many insects look li
26、ke plant parts.Camouflage Level T 1718TrickeryWhile.disguise.involves.the.visible.features.of.an.animal,.trickery.involves.behavior.Some.animals.try.to.trick.or.fool.other.animals.by.pretending.they.are.dead.or.by.using.some.other.trick.When.frightened,.some.chameleons.lie.on.the.ground.without.movi
27、ng.This.behavior.causes.the.chameleon.to.look.like.a.piece.of.dead.wood.Many.kinds.of.small.beetles.play.dead.when.they.are.disturbed.They.fall.to.the.ground.and.look.like.grains.of.soil,.fooling.birds.who.might.otherwise.eat.them.ChameleonMany.predator.animals.will.not.eat.an.animal.that.is.already
28、.dead.They.prefer.to.eat.only.fresh.meat.So.many.prey.animals.play.dead.to.avoid.being.eaten.When.threatened,.a.hognose.snake.turns.upside-down.and.throws.back.its.head,.holding.its.mouth.open.It.pretends.to.be.dead.and.tricks.its.predator.into.leaving.it.alone.A hognose snake playing deadCamouflage
29、 Level T 1920Fireflies.are.experts.at.a.very.clever.kind.of.trickery.When.a.firefly.wants.to.mate,.it.flashes.its.light.Each.species.of.firefly.flashes.its.own.kind.of.signal.pattern.Sometimes.the.female.of.one.species.will.imitate.the.signal.of.another.species.to.trick.the.males.of.that.species.She
30、.flashes.the.signal.of.the.other.species,.and.when.a.male.arrives,.she.eats.him.Fireflies use light to attract mates.Disruptive ColorationAnother.kind.of.camouflage.is.called.disruptive coloration.This.kind.of.camouflage.helps.to.break.up.an.animals.outline.and.hide.its.true.shape.The.stripes.of.tig
31、ers.and.zebras.are.two.examples.of.this.kind.of.camouflage.Two.African.antelopes.also.have.stripes.that.help.break.up.their.outlines.The.stripes.of.all.these.animals.blend.in.with.shadows.and.make.the.animals.less.visible.Zebras have disruptive coloration.Camouflage Level T 2122Flash Coloration and
32、Other SurprisesUntil.now,.weve.been.talking.about.how.animals.use.color.and.behavior.patterns.to.be.less.visible.But.some.animals.survive.by.being.more.visible.Some.animals.escape.predators.by.startling.them.Some.do.it.by.making.a.sudden.noise.or.by.baring.their.teeth.Others.startle.by.flashing.a.br
33、ight.color.at.the.predator.This.is.called.flash coloration.A.related.kind.of.camouflage.involves.eyespots.Some.moths.have.spots.on.their.wings.that.look.like.the.eyes.of.large.animals.When.the.moth.flashes.its.eyespots,.this.can.startle.a.predator.and.give.the.moth.an.extra.second.or.two.to.fly.away
34、.before.being.eaten.Io moth with eyespotsWarning ColorationOther.animals.have.bright.coloring.to.warn.other.animals.that.they.taste.bad.or.are.poisonous.The.bright.colors.remind.predators.of.the.bad.experience.they.had.the.last.time.they.tried.to.eat.one.of.these.yucky.animals.Fish,.frogs,.snakes,.a
35、nd.many.kinds.of.insects.use.warning coloration.A.few.animals.survive.simply.because.they.look.like.some.other.bad.tasting.or.poisonous.animal.They.disguise.themselves.using.the.same.colors,.just.to.keep.predators.away.Some.flies.and.moths.survive.because.they.have.black.and.yellow.body.stripes.like
36、.stinging.wasps.and.bees.Some.also.make.a.buzzing.sound.like.a.bee.Poisonous frogCamouflage Level T 2324A.famous.example.of.warning.coloration.is.the.monarch.butterfly,.which.is.bright.orange.and.black.Monarchs.taste.so.bad.that.a.bird.will.often.vomit.after.eating.one.But.the.viceroy.doesnt.taste.b
37、ad.However,.it.has.developed.similar.markings.to.look.like.the.monarch.It.is.more.likely.to.be.left.alone.by.predators.since.it.looks.like.the.foul-tasting.monarch.Viceroy Monarch How Did Camouflage Develop?From.one.generation.of.living.things.to.the.next,.little.changes.happen.in.physical.traits.su
38、ch.as.colors.and.patterns.Sometimes.when.animals.have.babies,.some.of.the.babies.are.born.with.slightly.different.features.The.difference.may.give.this.new.animal.an.advantage.toward.survival.For.example,.it.may.be.faster.or.have.a.color.or.pattern.to.better.blend.with.its.surroundings.With.such.an.
39、advantage,.this.animal.is.more.likely.to.survive.to.produce.its.own.babies.These.babies.are.likely.to.also.have.the.same.trait.and.will.be.more.likely.to.survive.Camouflaged eggsCamouflage Level T 2526An.animal.whose.camouflage.does.not.work.well.will.be.eaten.by.a.predator.Only.animals.with.the.bes
40、t.traits.survive.to.produce.offspring.Those.offspring.tend.to.have.the.same.traits.as.their.parents.In.this.way,.the.successful.camouflage.is.passed.on.from.one.generation.to.the.next.This.process.works.for.predators.as.well.Predators.with.the.best.traits.will.be.the.ones.that.have.regular.meals,.st
41、ay.strong,.and.are.more.likely.to.survive.and.reproduce.Their.traits.then.get.passed.on.to.their.offspring,.who.in.turn.are.also.more.likely.to.survive.and.reproduce.Over.thousands.of.years,.weak.and.less.protected.animals.failed.to.survive.This.has.allowed.animals.with.the.best.traits.for.survival.
42、to.live.on.and.reproduce.Polar bearConclusionOnly.a.few.animals.have.no.need.for.camouflage.These.animals.may.have.no.natural.enemies.and.eat.plant.food.that.cannot.escape.Tes.from.humans.Land.animals.such.as.elephants,.rhinoceroses,.and.hippopotamuses.do.not.need.to.camouflage.themselves.from.natur
43、al.enemies.In.the.ocean,.only.certain.huge.whales.that.eat.plankton.have.no.need.of.camouflage.For.other.animals,.camouflage.plays.an.important.role.in.the.struggle.to.stay.alive.The rhinoceros does not need camouflage.Camouflage Level T 2728Glossaryblending.camouflage.that.helps.an.animal.coloratio
44、n(n.).blend.in.with.its.background.(p.6)blotches(n.)dark.patches.or.stains.(p.15)conceal(v.).to.hide.(p.5)disguise(v.).to.pretend.to.be.something.different.by.changing.appearances.(p.5)disruptive.chunky.patterns.such.as.blotches.or.coloration(n.).spots.that.help.break.up.the.outline.of.an.animal.(p.
45、20)eyespots(n.).spots.that.look.like.the.eyes.of.a.much.larger.animal.(p.21)flash.sudden,.startling.color.that.helps.ancoloration(n.).animal.escape.(p.21)offspring(n.).descendants.(p.25)predators(n.).animals.that.hunt.and.prey.on.(eat).other.animals.(p.5)prey(n.).an.animal.that.is.eaten.by.another.a
46、nimal.(p.5)startle(v.).to.suddenly.scare.(p.21)warning.colors.that.tell.other.animals.that.ancoloration(n.).animal.tastes.bad.or.is.poisonous.(p.22)TRY THIS!Wear neutral-colored clothing for a day.Notice how many people pay attention to you as you do normal activities such as going to school or goin
47、g to a store.On another day,wear bright red clothing and do similar activities.Notice if you get more attention when you wear bright colors.TRY THIS!Go out into nature with a family member.Wear clothing that is only shades of green or brown.Stand in the middle of a wooded area and see if your companion can see you from 20 paces away.Now put on a brightly colored T-shirt youve brought with you.Stand the same distance away and see if your companion sees you.