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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.ConnectionsWritingHow would our world be different without the work of Marie Curie?Write an essay highlighting her achievements and their impact on our world today.Social Studies Research another woman who has won a Nobel Prize in science.Crea
2、te a poster for your class,including biographical information about the scientist and her impact on science.Marie CurieA Reading AZ Level V Leveled BookWord Count:1,338www.readinga-Written by Kira FreedVYZ1Marie CurieLEVELED BOOK Vwww.readinga-Written by Kira FreedMarie CurieWho was Marie Curie,and
3、how did she change the world of science?Focus QuestionCorrelationLEVEL VR4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAMarie CurieLevel V Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Kira FreedAll rights reserved.www.readinga-atomsbreakthroughscommissiondoctorateelementNobel Prizenominatedperseverancephysicsradioacti
4、veSorbonneX-raysPhoto Credits:Front cover:Marie Curie/Bridgeman Images;back cover,page 9:alhovik/123RF;title page,page 3:Portrait of Marie Curie,French School,Private Collection/Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Images;page 4:Photo Researchers/Alamy Stock Photo;page 5:Universal History Archive/Universal Im
5、ages Group/REX Shutterstock;page 6:Leemage/Corbis;page 7:Heritage Images/Corbis;page 8:PHAS/Universal Images Group/REX Shutterstock;page 11:Pictorial Press Ltd/Alamy Stock Photo;page 12:LOC/Science Source;page 14:Library of Congress-digital ve/Science Faction/Corbis;page 15:Pasquale Sorrentino/Scien
6、ce SourceWords to Know3Table of ContentsTrailblazer .4Early Years .5Patience and Preparation .6Paris at Last .7Two Types of Rays .8Achievements and Recognition .10Dark Times and More Fame .11On the Battlefront .12Later Life .14Gifts to the World .15Glossary .16Marie Curie Level V4TrailblazerAt a tim
7、e when few women were scientists,one womans research and discoveries changed the world.She left her homeland to study science and math at a leading university.She followed her scientific interests even though the world seemed to block her way at every turn.She was the first woman to be awarded a Nob
8、el Prize and the only person ever awarded Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields.This groundbreaking scientist was Marie Curie.Marie Curies laboratory was packed with scientific instruments,some of which were invented by her husband,Pierre,and his brother,Jacques.5Early YearsMarie Curie was
9、 born Maria Sklodowska on November 7,1867,in Warsaw,Poland.She was called Manya as a child and was the youngest of five children.Their father taught math and physics at a boys high school.When Manya was born,the part of Poland where her family lived was ruled by the Russian Empire.Loyalty to Poland
10、put peoples lives in danger.Manyas father lost his job in 1873 because he supported Polish independence.Manyas oldest sister died in 1876,and her mother died two years later.Manya was a bright,curious child and an outstanding student.She earned top honors when she graduated from high school at age f
11、ifteen in 1883.Marie Curie(center)sits for a photograph with her brother and sisters(left to right)Zosia,Hela,Joseph,and Bronya.Marie Curie Level V6Patience and PreparationManya and her sister Bronya wanted to continue their studies,but women could not attend the University of Warsaw.They would need
12、 to leave Poland but did not have enough money.The sisters attended Warsaws“floating university”free education offered in secret by Polish teachers.Although the classes were no match for the finest European universities,they kept Manya up-to-date on scientific discoveries.Both sisters wanted to atte
13、nd the Sorbonne in Paris,but they could not afford the tuition.They made a deal:Manya would earn money for Bronyas education,and Bronya would return the favor after earning her degree.Manya worked as a tutor and governess for five years and studied science,literature,and other subjects in her free t
14、ime.After helping her sister pay for her schooling,it was Manyas turn to attend.The Sorbonne was,and still is,one of the finest universities in the world.7Paris at LastManya moved to Paris in 1891 and enrolled at the Sorbonne.She took the name Mariethe French version of Mariaat that time.Two years l
15、ater,she graduated first in her class with a masters degree in physics.The following year,she earned a second masters,in math.Marie received a commission to study the magnetic properties of steel.She needed a laboratory for her research.Another scientist introduced her to a physics professor named P
16、ierre Curie,who arranged for Marie to use some lab space where he worked.Over time,Marie and Pierre fell in love.They married in July 1895 and had a daughter,Irene,two years later.Marie was still very involved with her work.After finishing her research,she decided to earn a doctorate at the Sorbonne
17、.Pierre Curie and Marie Sklodowska Curie as they appeared soon after they married.Marie Curie Level V8Two Types of RaysMarie needed a topic for her doctoral research.Two important physics discoveries had been made not long before.In late 1895,Wilhelm Roentgen,a German physicist,discovered X-rays.Ear
18、ly the following year,French physicist Henri Becquerel discovered that the chemical element uranium also gave off rays,which were weaker than X-rays.Marie decided to study uranium rays.Marie began to study the effect of uranium rays on air by measuring barely noticeable electric currents in air that
19、 had been blasted with uranium rays.Marie agreed with Becquerel that uranium in any form gave off electricity and that more uranium gave off stronger rays.She also demonstrated that the rays were a property of uraniums structure,not just its physical or chemical state.In addition,she discovered that
20、 another element,thorium,gave off rays as well.Wilhelm Roentgens discovery of X-rays in 1895 set off a revolution in physics.9Marie kept testing materials to see which ones gave off rays.She tested a mineral called pitchblende,which contains uranium.She found that it gave off more rays than could be
21、 caused by its uranium.She supposed that pitchblende must contain a second radioactive elementone that scientists didnt know about yet.In 1898,Pierre Curie joined Marie in searching for the new element.After much research,they discovered two new elements:polonium(named for Maries homeland)and radium
22、(from the Latin word for“ray”).Pierre also proved that radiums radioactivity could harm living flesh.His discovery opened the doors to treatments for cancer and other illnesses.The Birth of Atomic PhysicsDuring Maries time,scientists knew about atomsthe smallest particles of things.However,they thou
23、ght that atoms could not be broken down into smaller units.Maries uranium research led her to discover that atoms store a huge amount of energy.That discovery changed scientists understanding of atoms and led to a new field of scienceatomic physics.Health ConcernsMarie and Pierre were often ill whil
24、e doing their research.It wasnt clear whether the cause was working too hard or radiation.Marie did not accept the idea that radiation was to blame,but today we know that it can cause illness and death.Marie Curie Level V10Achievements and RecognitionMarie earned her Doctor of Science in June 1903.S
25、he was the first woman in France to be awarded a doctorate and the first woman in all of Europe to be awarded a doctorate in science.Marie was the one in charge of the physics research she and Pierre did.Even so,she was almost passed over for the Nobel Prize,one of the worlds most respected awards,b
26、ecause she was a woman.Only Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel were nominated for the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics.When Pierre found out,he said it would be terribly unfair for Marie not to be included.Maries name was then added to the list,and she and Pierre won together,along with Becquerel,in Decemb
27、er 1903.The award recognized their pioneering work on radiation.It was the first Nobel Prize awarded to a woman.The Curies instantly became famous around the world.Pierre was given a better job at the Sorbonne,and Marie received a salary and became chief of laboratory.She was excited by the attentio
28、n and new responsibilities.The Curies had a second daughter,Eve,in 1904.Around the same time,the Sorbonne gave the Curies a new laboratory to work in.11Dark Times and More FameThe Curies were enjoying their successes when tragedy struck.In 1906,Pierre was run over by a horse-drawn wagon and killed i
29、nstantly.News of his death spread around the world.Marie was completely numb with shock but eventually found the strength to keep going.She was given Pierres teaching position at the Sorbonne and was the first woman to become a Sorbonne professor.Marie was awarded a second Nobel Prize,this time in c
30、hemistry,in 1911 for her work in radioactivity and her discovery of radium and polonium.She was the first scientist to be awarded two Nobel Prizes.To this day,she is the only person to be awarded prizes in two different areas of science.The Curies finally moved to a laboratory with more space in 190
31、4.Marie Curie Level V12On the BattlefrontWorld War I broke out in late July 1914,and Germany attacked France just a few days later.Most of Maries staff left to fight in the war,and her scientific research had to stop.Marie looked for ways to put her science to work to help the war effort.She provide
32、d portable X-ray machines for treating wounded soldiers on battlefields and set up more than two hundred X-ray stations.She also learned how to use X-ray equipment and taught herself to drive so she could run the X-ray machines herself.French soldiers gather around one of the mobile X-ray trucks usi
33、ng Marie Curies equipment on October 31,1914.The machines undoubtedly saved the lives of many wounded soldiers during World War I.13Timeline of Marie Curies Life1867 Born in Warsaw,Poland,November 71883 Graduates from high school1891 Moves to Paris to attend Sorbonne1893 Earns masters degree in phys
34、ics1894 Earns masters degree in math1895 Marries Pierre Curie1897 Begins her study of Becquerel rays;daughter Irene is born1898 Announces discovery of polonium and radium1903 Earns doctorate in physics;awarded Nobel Prize in Physics1904 Daughter Eve is born1906 Pierre dies;becomes Sorbonnes first fe
35、male professor1911 Awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry1914 Sets up a program of portable X-ray machines for use in World War I1918 World War I ends;opens Radium Institute1934 Dies on July 4Marie Curie Level V14Later LifeAfter World War I ended,Marie worked nonstop to turn the Sorbonnes Radium Institute
36、 into a world-class center for radioactivity research.Maries daughter Irene and her husband were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935.Sadly,Marie didnt live long enough to celebrate with them.We now know that radioactive substances are very dangerous,but that was not known during Maries life
37、.She died at age sixty-six on July 4,1934,from an illness often caused by being around radioactivity for a long time.Marie was buried next to Pierre.In 1995,their remains were moved to the Panthon in Paris,where Frances most brilliant citizens are buried.Marie was the first and only woman to be buri
38、ed there for her own achievements.Marie Curie(center)traveled by ship to New York to tour the United States with her daughters Irene and Eve in 1921.15Gifts to the WorldMarie Curies work caused a huge shift in scientific understanding of atoms and led to new treatments in medicine.It also led to the
39、 discovery of radiocarbon dating,a way to learn the age of ancient life forms.Marie showed that careful scientific research can yield amazing breakthroughs.She also showed the world how to stay strong in the face of difficult obstacles.In her words:“Life is not easy for any of us.But what of that?We
40、 must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves.We must believe that we are gifted for something and that this thing must be attained.”Using a technique made possible by Marie Curies discoveries,a researcher uses carbon dating to determine the age of scrolls found in an ancient Roman l
41、ibrary.Marie Curie Level V16Glossaryatoms(n.)the smallest parts of elements(p.15)breakthroughs important events or advances (n.)in knowledge(p.15)commission(n.)a task or project that someone requests or authorizes(p.7)doctorate(n.)the highest degree a university can award;a Ph.D.(p.7)element(n.)a su
42、bstance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances and is made up of only one kind of atom (p.8)Nobel Prize(n.)one of six prizes awarded each year for work in chemistry,economics,literature,medicine,or physics,or for advancing the cause of world peace(p.4)nominated(v.)named as a candidate fo
43、r a job,award,or position(p.10)perseverance the quality of staying determined(n.)and committed despite challenge or delay(p.15)physics(n.)the scientific study of matter,motion,and energy(p.5)radioactive(adj.)producing a dangerous type of energy called radiation(p.9)Sorbonne(n.)a university in Paris,France,famous for its high academic standards(p.6)X-rays(n.)invisible energy that can go through many solid substances(p.8)