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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Writing Research a sport that is included in both the Paralympics and Olympics.Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting how athletes in both compete.Social StudiesUsing a world map,indicate the locations of the Olympics and Paralympics sinc
2、e 1980.Label the map with each city and year.ConnectionsAdaptive AthletesA Reading AZ Level Z1 Leveled BookWord Count:1,910www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z1ZZ1Z2Adaptive AthletesWritten by David Dreierwww.readinga-In what ways are adaptive athletes great competitors?Focus QuestionWritten by David DreierA
3、daptive AthletesAdaptive AthletesLevel Z1 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by David DreierAll rights reserved.www.readinga-abilityadaptiveamputatedcompetitivedisabilitymobilityparalyzedparaplegiaprestigiousrehabilitatestrivingvenuesWords to KnowCorrelationLEVEL Z1WXN/A60Fountas&PinnellReading Recover
4、yDRAPhoto Credits:Front cover:Mark Ralston/AFP/Getty Images;title page:Ng Han Guan/AP Images;page 3(main):Xinhua/Landov;page 3(inset):Geoff Caddick/PA/AP Images;page 4:Rolf Vennenbernd/picture-alliance/dpa/AP Images;pages 5,6:TopFoto/The Image Works;page 8:Katsumi Kasahara/AP Images;page 9:REUTERS/L
5、OCOG;page 10(left):Han Chuanhao/Xinhua/Landov;page 10(right):Eugene Hoshiko/AP Images;page 11(left):REUTERS/Claro Cortes IV;page 11(right):REUTERS/Grace Liang;pages 12,13:Dmitry Lovetsky/AP Images;page 15(left):Lin Yiguang/Xinhua/Landov;page 15(right):Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works;page 16:Wang Lei/X
6、inhua/Landov;page 17:Heathcliff OMalley/Rex Features/AP Images;page 18:Paul Sakuma/AP Images;page 19:PA Photos/LandovFront cover:Basketball teams from Brazil and Australia face off at the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing,China.Title page:Chinas Hu Daoliang(left)fences with the United States Scott Ro
7、dgers during a match at the 2008 Paralympic Games.Table of contents:The logo design of the 2012 Paralympic Games in London(main);One of the special coins designed to honor all the sports to be contested in the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics in London(inset).3Table of ContentsIntroduction .4History of
8、 the Paralympics .5The 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London .8At the Top of Their Game .10Amy Purdy .12Blind Athletes .14Exoskeletons .17Achieving Excellence .19Glossary .20Adaptive Athletes Level Z14IntroductionPeople have always admired athletes,especially those special few who excel at
9、their sport.We admire natural talent as well as the ability to compete and win under pressure,but even gifted athletes must sharpen their skills with practice.The best athletes typically spend years developing the ability to run faster,swim farther,or throw a ball more accuratelyalways trying to be
10、the best.Athletic skill comes in many different forms.Swimmers,runners,weight lifters,and cyclists are all athletes.Many athletes who have a physical or mental disability are top competitors,too.For years,rules kept disabled athletes from Olympic competition.Today,the Paralympic Games bring them to
11、center stage!Since 1960,athletes with physical disabilities have competed in the Parallel Olympics,or Young dancers perform for the crowd during the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing,China.5Paralympics.These competitors are known as adaptive athletes.Some adaptive athletes are
12、 missing arms or legs,while others use wheelchairs for mobility.Some have limited vision or complete blindness.All these elite athletes have shown that with drive and hard training,almost any physical limitation can be overcome.The 2012 Paralympics,held in London,put the talents of outstanding adapt
13、ive athletes in the spotlight for all the world to see.History of the ParalympicsThe idea of the Olympic Games came from ancient Greece,where athletic contests were held every four years.The games were stopped by a ruling Roman emperor in AD 393,but more than 1,500 years later the Olympics were offi
14、cially brought back.Two hundred forty-one athletes from fourteen countries met in Athens,Greece,to compete in forty-three events.The first Paralympics began about fifty years later.The games grew Dr.Ludwig Guttmann addresses the competitors at the Opening Ceremony of the 1964 games in Tokyo,Japan.Ad
15、aptive Athletes Level Z16out of a program in Great Britain to rehabilitate World War II combat veterans who had spinal injuries.The program was the idea of a British neurologist,Sir Ludwig Guttmann.Guttmanns goal was to turn his games into a prestigious competition like the Olympics,and that is exac
16、tly what happened.Nations around the world joined the Paralympic movement.The first official Paralympic Games were held in 1960 in Rome,Italy,just after the Rome Summer Olympics.The 1960 games included about four hundred athletes from twenty-three nations who competed in eight events,including arche
17、ry,fencing,swimming,and basketball.The Paralympic movement grew from there.Summer and Winter Paralympic Games have since been held every four years,usually in the same city as the Olympics.In 1989,the International Paralympic Committee(IPC)was founded in Germany.Athletes from the United States and I
18、srael compete in wheel-chair basketball at the 1960 games held in Rome,Italy.7The EventsAthletes at the London Paralympic Games competed in 503 events in 21 sports.ArcheryAthleticsBoccia(lawn bowling)Cycling RoadCycling TrackEquestrianSoccer,5-on-a-sideSoccer,7-on-a-sideGoalballJudoPowerliftingRowin
19、gSailingShootingSwimmingTable TennisSitting VolleyballWheelchair BasketballWheelchair FencingWheelchair RugbyWheelchair TennisIts job is to oversee the Paralympic movement and organize the games.Its mission is“to enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and inspire and excite the wo
20、rld.”In 2001,the IPC made an agreement with the International Olympic Committee(IOC).The two organizations ruled that the city hosting the Olympics would also host the Paralympics.This had already been done with six Paralympics,but the agreement now made it a requirement.The Paralympics originally h
21、ad six participation categories:amputee,cerebral palsy,intellectual disability,wheelchair,visual Adaptive Athletes Level Z18impairment,and les autres.The term les autres is French for“the others.”This category included athletes with disabilities that do not fall into the other five groups.Today,ther
22、e are ten categories covering a range of physical,visual,and intellectual impairments.A number of Paralympic athletes have distinguished themselves.Trischa Zorn,a blind American swimmer,is the most decorated Paralympian in history.From 1980 to 2004,she won 55 medals,41 of them gold.The most decorate
23、d athlete in the Winter Games is polio survivor Ragnhild Myklebust of Norway.In cross-country races,relays,the biathlon,and ice sledge racing from 1988 through 2002,she won 27 medals,22 of them gold.The 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in LondonMore than 4,000 athletes from at least 150 countrie
24、s participated in the 2012 London Paralympic Games.Athletes competed in 503 events in 21 sports.Trischa Zorn9Bringing the Olympics and Paralympics to London was quite a competition in itself.In a lengthy bidding process,nine rival cities were reduced to five finalists:London,Madrid,Moscow,New York,a
25、nd Paris.In July 2005,the IOC conducted four ballots to decide the winner.London received the most votes in the final ballot,with Paris coming in second.The games were going to London!This was the third Olympics for London but its first time hosting the Paralympics.Londoners celebrated when they lea
26、rned of their citys victory,but their joy faded when they learned about the cost of the games.The estimated total cost of constructing the sites and conducting the games was about 9.3 billion British pounds,or about 14 billion U.S.dollars.Olympic Park,site of the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics in Lon
27、don:the Velodrome,Basketball Arena,and Athletes Village(upper left),Aquatics Centre(top left),Olympic Stadium(top right),Handball Court(center right),and the Riverbank Arena(lower right).Adaptive Athletes Level Z110The Olympic and Paralympic Games used the same venues,or facilities,in East London.Th
28、e heart of both games was the new eighty-thousand-seat Olympic Stadium,located within an area called Olympic Park.The stadium was the setting for track and field events.Other new facilities in the Olympic Park included an aquatics center,a basketball arena,and a water polo arena.The 2.5-square-kilom
29、eter(almost 1 sq.mi.)Olympic Park was once an industrial area with contaminated soil.It was transformed into a green setting for many of the Olympic and Paralympic events as part of a program to improve a run-down section of East London.At the Top of Their GameMany inspiring stories can be told abou
30、t the athletes who participated in the 2012 London Paralympics.Here are four of them:Esther VergeerDavid Weir11ESTHER VERGEER of the Netherlands became paralyzed below the waist at the age of eight.She was the worlds top-ranked wheelchair tennis player from 1999 to 2013.Vergeer was unbeaten for 10 y
31、ears.She had an impressive winning streak of 470 matches.Wheelchair racer DAVID WEIR is one of Great Britains leading Paralympic athletes.Born with a disability,he needed metal braces on his legs to walk but later switched to a wheelchair.Weir soon got into wheelchair racing.He competed in the 2004
32、and 2008 Paralympics(in Athens and Beijing)and won six medals,two of them gold.At the London Paralympics,Weir won four gold medals.In 2005,TOM AGGAR of Great Britain had a spinal injury that left both legs paralyzed.As part of his therapy,Aggar took up competitive rowing.He won gold medals in 2007,2
33、009,2010,and 2011 Tom AggarNatalie du ToitAdaptive Athletes Level Z112world championship events.He also won a gold medal at the 2008 Beijing Paralympics.After a disappointing fourth-place finish in London,Aggar won the World Cup in 2013.NATALIE DU TOIT of South Africa began swimming competitively at
34、 age 14.When she was 17,her left leg was amputated at the knee after she was hit by a car.She resumed swimming three months later.She competed at the 2004 Athens and 2008 Beijing Paralympics,winning 11 medals,10 of them gold.Du Toit is the first amputee to compete in the regular Olympics.At the Beij
35、ing games,she finished 16th in the womens 16-km race.Du Toit won one silver and three gold medals at the London Paralympics and is now retired.Amy PurdySome Paralympians have been disabled for most of their lives.Others,like Tom Aggar and Natalie du Toit,have had to adapt to changes in their abiliti
36、es later in life.Amy Purdy13One athlete who had an especially difficult adjustment is Amy Purdy.Amy began snowboarding when she was 15 years old.When she was 19,she became ill.Her symptoms suggested a case of the flu.What Amy really had was a deadly infection that spread quickly throughout her body.
37、Amys organs failed and the circulation to her legs stopped.Doctors had to amputate both of her legs below the knee.While recovering,Amy set her mind to making the most of her abilities.Just seven months after receiving prosthetic legs,Amy began snowboarding again.More than anything,Amy wanted to exc
38、el in her sport,but her prosthetic legs and feet made it hard for her to snowboard.That didnt stop her,however.The determined double-amputee decided to build her own.Within a year,she was winning medals at major national snowboarding competitions.Amy Purdy celebrates on the medal stand at the 2014 W
39、inter Paralympics in Sochi.Adaptive Athletes Level Z114Amys success inspired her to help others like herself.In 2005,she cofounded an organization called Adaptive Action Sports.The organization introduces people with physical challenges to sports like snowboarding.Amy worked hard to have adaptive sn
40、owboarding included in the Winter Paralympics.In 2014,Amys hard work paid off.Adaptive snowboarding was added as a Paralympic event in Sochi,Russia.Amy not only won the battle to include snowboarding in the Paralympics,but she also won a bronze medal competing at those games.Blind AthletesAthletes w
41、ho are partially sighted or blind participate in a number of Paralympic sports.The top sport for these Paralympians is goalball.It is the only sport in the Paralympics that is just for athletes with limited eyesight.Each goalball team consists of three players.They stay within fixed boundaries and t
42、ry to throw a large rubber ball into the opposing teams goal.Jingling bells inside the ball let the players know where it is.All competitors must wear blackout masks so they cannot see at all.Sound is also used for track and field athletes who are blind or partially sighted.Spoken 15information,clap
43、ping,and electronic signals guide them.Whenever such sounds are being used in an event,the spectators are required to be absolutely silent.Runners also have guide runners who run in a lane next to them.The two runners are usually connected by a strap,or tether,fastened loosely around their wrists.In
44、 track events longer than 400 meters,a runner can have two alternating guides.In addition to receiving cues from the tether,runners may be aided by verbal information from their guide runner.In cycling events,visually impaired athletes use a two-seat bicycle with a pilot in the front seat.The athlet
45、e pedals the bike and the pilot guides it.Japans Akiko Adachi saves the ball during a womens goalball match against Sweden at the 2008 Paralympic Games.Octavio dos Santos(1036)of Angola and his sighted guide finish the mens T11 200-meter race at the 2008 Paralympics.Adaptive Athletes Level Z116Guide
46、s are also used in another Paralympic sportfive-on-a-side soccer.Each team is allowed one guide,who stands on the sidelines and shouts instructions to the players.Just as in goalball,the ball is equipped with a noisemaking device so the players can hear where it is.Swimming events use people called“
47、tappers,”who stand at the ends of the pool holding a long pole.They use the pole to tap the swimmers as they approach the wall.All swimmers must wear blackened goggles so that partially sighted swimmers do not have an advantage over swimmers who are completely blind.Australias(yellow/green)Kieran Mo
48、dra and his pilot,Tyson Lawrence(front),broke the world record and won the gold medal in the Mens Individual Pursuit event of the 2008 Paralympic Games.17Exoskeletons A device called an“exoskeleton”could help improve mobility for many people with disabilities and could someday play a part in the Par
49、alympics.An exoskeleton is a powered metal framework that fits around all or part of the body.It is powered by a small engine or a battery pack.Full-body exoskeletons enable the wearer to carry heavy loads while running or climbing.Exoskeletons have other possible uses as well,such as allowing rescu
50、e workers to lift heavy debris in their search for victims.The exoskeleton,nicknamed“Ekso,”at its public debut in London in October 2011.Originally developed for military use,the Ekso will now help people with spinal injuries to walk again.Adaptive Athletes Level Z118Some exoskeletons are designed f