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1、www.readinga-Adaptive AthletesA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:2,104Writing Research a sport that is included in both the Paralympics and Olympics.Write a paragraph comparing and contrasting how athletes in both compete.Social StudiesUsing a world map,indicate the locations of the Olympi
2、cs and Paralympics since 1980.Label the map with each city and year.ConnectionsVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.LEVELED BOOK Z2ZZ1Z2Adaptive AthletesWritten by David DreierAdaptive Athleteswww.readinga-In what ways are adaptive athletes great competitors?Focus QuestionWritten
3、 by David Dreier24Glossaryability(n.)a skill or talent;the power to do something(p.4)adaptive(adj.)able to change to fit a new or specific situation or environment(p.5)amputated(v.)cut off;severed(p.15)competitive(adj.)of or relating to a rivalry between individuals,teams,or businesses(p.4)disabilit
4、y(n.)a physical or mental condition that limits a persons ability to do something(p.4)mobility(n.)the ability to move from place to place(p.5)paralyzed(adj.)made unable to move in one or more parts of the body(p.13)paraplegia(n.)a condition caused by illness or injury in which the lower half of the
5、body,including both legs,is left paralyzed(p.22)prestigious(adj.)having honor,respect,or high standing(p.7)rehabilitate(v.)to restore to health or normal activity(p.6)striving(v.)making a serious effort to achieve something(p.4)venues(n.)places where organized events are held(p.11)24Adaptive Athlete
6、sPhoto Credits:Front cover:Mark Ralston/AFP/Getty Images;title page:Ng Han Guan/AP Images;page 3(main):Xinhua/Landov;page 3(inset):Geoff Caddick/PA/AP Images;page 4:Rolf Vennenbernd/picture-alliance/dpa/AP Images;page 5:Bob Daemmrich/Corbis;pages 6,7:TopFoto/The Image Works;page 8:Andy Wong/AP Image
7、s;page 9:Katsumi Kasahara/AP Images;page 11:REUTERS/LOCOG;page 12:Duif du Toit/Gallo Images Sport/Getty Images;page 13(top):Han Chuanhao/Xinhua/Landov;page 13(bottom):Eugene Hoshiko/AP Images;page 14:REUTERS/Claro Cortes IV;page 15:REUTERS/Grace Liang;pages 16,17:Dmitry Lovetsky/AP Images;page 18:Li
8、n Yiguang/Xinhua/Landov;page 19:Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works;page 20:Wang Lei/Xinhua/Landov;page 21:Heathcliff OMalley/Rex Features/AP Images;page 22:Paul Sakuma/AP Images;page 23:PA Photos/LandovFront cover:Basketball teams from Brazil and Australia face off at the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing
9、,China.Title page:Chinas Hu Daoliang(left)fences with the United States Scott Rodgers during a match at the 2008 Paralympic Games.Table of contents:The logo design of the 2012 Paralympic Games in London(main);One of the special coins designed to honor all the sports to be contested in the 2012 Olymp
10、ics and Paralympics in London(inset).abilityadaptiveamputatedcompetitivedisabilitymobilityparalyzedparaplegiaprestigiousrehabilitatestrivingvenuesWords to KnowAdaptive AthletesLevel Z2 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by David DreierAll rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&
11、PinnellReading RecoveryDRA23Achieving ExcellenceFrom its humble beginnings in 1948,the Paralympics have grown to rival the Olympics in scope and spectacle.The Paralympic Games,just like the Olympic Games,offer an inspiring look at the human spirit at its best,showcasing top athletes achieving excell
12、ence in their chosen sports.Paralympic athletes are great examples of competitors who have been made able by their abilities rather than being hampered by their disabilities.Those abilities will shine at the Paralympic Games for years to come.The British tandem cycling pair of Aileen McGlynn(left)an
13、d sighted pilot Ellen Hunter pedaled for gold at the 2008 Paralympics in Beijing.Adaptive Athletes Level Z2233Table of ContentsIntroduction.4History of the Paralympics .6The 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London .10At the Top of Their Game .13Amy Purdy.15Blind Athletes .18Exoskeletons .21Ac
14、hieving Excellence .23Glossary .24Adaptive Athletes Level Z222Some exoskeletons,often referred to as robotic legs,are worn only on the lower part of the body.They are designed to make it possible for people with paraplegia to walk.In 2011,a medal-winning Paralympic track and field athlete,Dave MacCa
15、lman of New Zealand,purchased a set of robotic legs.MacCalman had lost the use of his legs due to a spinal cord injury.With his$150,000 battery-powered robotic legs,MacCalman took his first steps in more than thirty years.Perhaps robotic legs will someday be a common sight at the Paralympics.Critica
16、l ThinkingWhat do you think would be the pros and cons of allowing athletes with robotic legs to compete in future Paralympic competitions?This lower-body exoskeleton,named eLEGS,is a bionic device that helps people with paraplegia stand and walk.4IntroductionPeople have always admired athletes,part
17、icularly those special few who achieve a competitive level of ability in a sport.We admire natural talent as well as the ability to compete and win under pressure,but even athletes gifted with superior talent must hone their skills through training and practice.Successful athletes typically spend ye
18、ars developing the ability to run faster,swim farther,or throw a ball more accuratelyalways striving to be the best.Athletic skill comes in many different forms.Swimmers,runners,and basketball players are athletes,as are weight lifters,equestrians,and cyclists.Many athletes who have a physical or me
19、ntal disability are top competitors,too.For years,most of these disabled athletes were prohibited from achieving their highest goalOlympic Young dancers perform for the crowd during the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing,China.21Exoskeletons A device called an“exoskeleton”could
20、 give many people with disabilities an option for mobility and could someday play a part in the Paralympics.An exoskeleton is a powered metal framework that surrounds part or all of the body.The power can be provided by a small gasoline engine or a battery pack.Full-body exoskeletons are being devel
21、oped for military use.The exo-skeleton would enable the wearer to wield large weapons or carry heavy loads while on the move.Exoskeletons have other potential uses as well,such as allowing rescue workers to lift heavy debris.The exoskeleton,nicknamed“Ekso,”at its public debut in London in October 20
22、11.Originally developed for military use,the Ekso will now help people with spinal injuries to walk again.Adaptive Athletes Level Z25competition.Today,the Paralympic Games bring them to center stage!Since 1960,athletes with physical disabilities have been able to compete in the Parallel Olympics,or
23、Paralympics.The participants in these games are known as adaptive athletes.Some adaptive athletes are missing arms or legs,while others use wheelchairs for mobility,and some have limited vision or complete blindness.These elite athletes have shown that with desire and hard training,almost any physic
24、al limitation can be overcome.The 2012 Paralympics,held in London,put the talents of outstanding adaptive athletes in the spotlight for all the world to see.Prawat Wahoram of Thailand(right)at the finish line of the mens T54 5,000-meter race of the 2008 Beijing Paralympics.He won in 10 minutes,22.38
25、 seconds.Kurt Fearnley of Austria(left)finished second.Adaptive Athletes Level Z220In cycling events,visually impaired athletes use a two-seat bicycle with a pilot in the front seat.The athlete pedals the bike while the pilot steers it.Guides are also used in another Paralympic sportfive-on-a-side s
26、occer.Each team is allowed one guide,who stands on the sidelines and shouts instructions to the players.The ball is equipped with a noisemaking device so the players can locate it by sound.Swimming events use people called“tappers,”who stand at both ends of the pool holding a long pole.They use the
27、pole to tap the swimmers as they approach the wall.All swimmers must wear blackened goggles so that partially sighted swimmers do not have an advantage.Australias(yellow/green)Kieran Modra and his pilot,Tyson Lawrence(front),broke the world record and won the gold medal in the Mens Individual Pursui
28、t event of the 2008 Paralympic Games.6History of the ParalympicsThe idea of the Olympic Games originated in ancient Greece,where athletic contests were held every four years from the 700s BC and perhaps earlier.A ruling Roman emperor abolished the games in AD 393,but more than 1,500 years later the
29、Olympics were officially revived.Two hundred forty-one athletes from fourteen countries met in Athens,Greece,to compete in forty-three events.The first Paralympics began about fifty years later.The Paralympics developed from a program in England to rehabilitate British veterans of World War II who h
30、ad spinal injuries from combat.The program was the brainchild of a British neurologist,Sir Ludwig Guttmann.Japans Crown Prince Akihito(lower left)and Princess Michiko listen to Dr.Ludwig Guttmann address the competitors at the Opening Ceremony of the 1964 games in Tokyo,Japan.19Sound is also used to
31、 help guide track and field athletes who are blind or partially sighted.Spoken information,clapping,and electronic signals provide cues to competitors who cannot see.Whenever such sounds are being used in an event,the spectators are required to maintain absolute silence.Runners also have guide runne
32、rs who run in a lane next to them.The two runners are usually connected by a tether fastened loosely around their wrists.Track events longer than 400 meters allow a runner to have two alternating guides.In addition to receiving cues from the tether,runners may be aided by verbal information from the
33、ir guide runner.Octavio dos Santos(1036)of Angola and his sighted guide finish the mens T11 200-meter race at the 2008 Paralympics.Adaptive Athletes Level Z27Guttmanns goal was to eventually make his competition into a prestigious event equivalent to the Olympics,and that is exactly what happened.Na
34、tions around the world joined the Paralympic movement.The first official Paralympic Games were held in 1960 in Rome,Italy,just after the Rome Summer Olympic Games.The 1960 games included about four hundred athletes from twenty-three nations who competed in eight events,including archery,fencing,swim
35、ming,and basketball.The Paralympic movement grew from there.Summer and Winter Paralympic Games have since been held every four years,usually in the same city as the Olympics.In 1989,the International Paralympic Committee(IPC)was founded in Germany Athletes from the United States and Israel compete i
36、n wheelchair basketball at the 1960 games,held in Rome,Italy.Adaptive Athletes Level Z218Blind AthletesAthletes who are partially sighted or blind participate in a number of Paralympic sports.The top sport for these Paralympians is goalball,the only sport in the Paralympics reserved exclusively for
37、athletes with limited eyesight.Each goalball team consists of three players who stand within fixed boundaries and try to throw a large rubber ball into the opposing teams goal.Jingling bells inside the ball cue players as to its location.All competitors must wear blackout masks so their vision is co
38、mpletely obscured.Japans Akiko Adachi saves the ball during a womens goalball match against Sweden at the 2008 Paralympic Games.8to oversee the Paralympic movement and organize the games.Its mission is“to enable Paralympic athletes to achieve sporting excellence and inspire and excite the world.”In
39、2001,the IPC forged an agreement with the International Olympic Committee(IOC).The two organizations ruled that the city hosting the Olympics would also host the Paralympics,formalizing what had already been done with six prior Paralympic Games.The Paralympics originally had six participation catego
40、ries:amputee,cerebral palsy,intellectual disability,wheelchair,visual impairment,and les autres.The term les autres,which is French for“the others,”included athletes with disabilities that did not fall into the other five groups.Philip Craven,president of the International Paralympic Committee,takes
41、 part in the 2008 Paralympic torch relay.17Amys success inspired her to help others like herself.In 2005,she cofounded an organization called Adaptive Action Sports,which introduces people with physical challenges to sports like snowboarding.Amy worked tirelessly to have adaptive snowboarding includ
42、ed in the Winter Paralympics.In 2014,Amys efforts finally achieved the desired outcome when adaptive snowboarding made its debut as a Paralympic event in Sochi,Russia.Amy not only won the battle to include snowboarding in the Paralympics,but she also won a bronze medal competing at those games.Amy P
43、urdy celebrates on the medal stand at the 2014 Winter Paralympics in Sochi.Adaptive Athletes Level Z29Today,there are ten categories covering a range of physical,visual,and intellectual impairments.Within each category,athletes are classified by relative ability to compete in their sport of choice.O
44、ver the years,a number of Paralympic athletes have distinguished themselves.Trischa Zorn,a blind American swimmer,is the most decorated Paralympian in history.From 1980 to 2004,she won 55 medals,41 of them gold.The most decorated athlete in the Winter Games is polio survivor Ragnhild Myklebust of No
45、rway.In cross-country races,relays,the biathlon,and ice sledge racing from 1988 through 2002,she won 27 medals,22 of them gold.Medal champ Trischa Zorn(left front)rests during training for the 2000 Paralympics held in Sydney,Australia.Adaptive Athletes Level Z216Amy began snowboarding when she was 1
46、5 years old.When she was 19,she developed flu-like symptoms that were actually signs of an aggressive and deadly infection that spread quickly throughout her body.Amys organs failed and the circulation to her legs stopped.Doctors had to amputate both of Amys legs below the knee.While recovering,Amy
47、set her mind to making the most of her abilities.Just seven months after receiving prosthetic legs,Amy began snowboarding again.More than anything,Amy wanted to excel in her sport.When her prosthetic legs and feet proved difficult to snowboard with,the determined double-amputee decided to build her
48、own.Within a year,she was winning medals at major national snowboarding competitions.Amy Purdy10The 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in London The 2012 London Paralympic Games were a huge event,with more than 4,000 athletes from at least 150 countries participating.Athletes competed in 503 event
49、s in 21 sports.Bringing the Olympics and Paralympics to London was quite a competition in itself.In a lengthy bidding process,nine rival cities were reduced to five finalists:London,Madrid,Moscow,New York,and Paris.For a while,it looked as though Paris was the front-runner,with London in second plac
50、e.But as the evaluations continued,Londons chances of getting the games gradually improved.In July 2005,the IOC conducted four ballots to decide the winner.The first three ballots eliminated Moscow,Madrid,and New York,leaving London and Paris.In the final ballot,London received 54 votes,with Paris g