《原版英语RAZ 教案(U) The Hard Stuff! All About Bones.pdf》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《原版英语RAZ 教案(U) The Hard Stuff! All About Bones.pdf（13页珍藏版）》请在taowenge.com淘文阁网|工程机械CAD图纸|机械工程制图|CAD装配图下载|SolidWorks_CaTia_CAD_UG_PROE_设计图分享下载上搜索。
1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.The Hard Stuff!All About BonesA Reading AZ Level U Leveled BookWord Count:1,691QLEVELED BOOK UThe Hard Stuff!All About BonesRUXWritten by Lisa Trumbauerwww.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL UQ4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAThe Hard Stuff!All Ab
2、out BonesLevel U Leveled Book Learning AZISBN 1-59827-258-6Written by Lisa TrumbauerAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover:iS Kaulitzki;back cover:Michal Heron Photography;title page:iS Galbraith;pages 4(all),6,8(head),10,12(all),13(all),14(bones art,kids),15,17(bones art),18,19(
3、right),22:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 5(all):MedicalRF.com/Corbis;page 7:Oguz Aral/123RF;page 8(skull):Derrick Neill/D;page 9:iS Biczo;page 11:iS King;pages 14(arm photo),17(leg photo):Craig Frederick/Learning AZ;page 16:iS Abildgaard;page 17(left):S Krinke;page 19(left):Sebastian Kaulitzki/123RF
4、;page 20:Gunilla Elam/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 21:Stacy Barnett/123RF;page 24:iS BucklinWritten by Lisa Trumbauerwww.readinga-The Hard Stuff!All About BonesThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 34Body ShapersLizards have one.Elephants have one.Even fish have one.You have on
5、e,too!What do you all have?You all have skeletons.Skeletons are the bones inside animals bodies.The skeleton is a frame that has muscles,blood vessels,and skin wrapped around it.Skeletons give vertebrateshumans and many other animalstheir shape.You can identify many animals just by looking at their
6、skeletons.lionelephantcowsealmonkeyTable of ContentsBody Shapers.4Heads Up .6Put Your Back Into It .10And Now the Appendages.14Dont Get Out of Joint .18Inside Your Bones .20Keeping Bones Healthy.21Glossary.23The Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 56Heads UpPress your hand against your foreheadthe pa
7、rt of your face above your eyebrows.Your forehead feels hard because you can feel your skull,or cranium,under the skin.The cranium is one set of bones in your body.It protects your brain,a very important and very soft organ.The cranium is like a crash helmet,except that it is not as strong.For that
8、reason,you need to wear a helmet when you play some sports.These racers wear helmets to protect their skulls.The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones,starting at the top with the skull and ending at the bottom with the toe bones.Many bones have muscles attached to them by tendons.These bones help
9、us move.Some bones protect soft organs inside our bodies,such as the heart and the brain.Many large bones have special areas in the center that make blood cells.Tissues called ligaments connect the bones to make up the skeleton.To learn how bones work,lets take a closer look at specific body areas.L
10、igaments hold the hand and foot bones together.ligamentsThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 78If you feel around your head,your skull seems to be one piece.Actually,though,the skull is made up of many different bones.The bones come together at special joints called sutures.Unlike other joints,sut
11、ures dont move much.Remember touching your forehead?This part of the skull is the frontal bone.The ridge of bone above your eyes is the supraorbital ridge.The largest part of your skull covers the top and back of your head.These two bones are the parietal(puh-RY-eh-tul)bones.The part of your skull j
12、ust above your neck in the back is the occipital(awk-SIP-ih-tul)bone,and the sides of the skull,above the ears,are the temporal bones.parietal bonefrontalboneoccipital bonetemporal bonesuturessupraorbital ridgeMajor Skull BonesIn all,your skull has twenty-two bones,not counting the six in your middl
13、e ears and one in your throat.Under your cheeks,you can feel your cheekbones,or zygomatic bones.Your jaw is made up of two bonesthe upper jaw,or maxilla,and the lower jaw,or mandible.The lower jaw is one of the few bones in your skull that can move on its own.anvilstirrupeardrumhammeranvilupper jaw
14、bonelower jaw bonecheekboneBones Bonus Your ears also have bonesthe hammer,anvil,and stirrup,which are attached to the eardrum.These bones are the tiniest bones in your body.When the eardrum picks up sounds and vibrates,the eardrum moves the hammer.The hammer then vibrates,which makes the anvil vibr
15、ate,which in turn pushes the stirrup.Nerves detect these vibrations and send them to the brain,which makes meaning of the sounds.stirrupThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 910If you look at a skeleton,you might see something missing from its facea nose.The part of your nose that sticks out is not
16、 made of bone but rather of a tissue called cartilage(CAR-tih-ledj).Touch your nose and move it around.Cartilage,unlike your bones,can bend.Cartilage,which is also found at the ends of bones,keeps them from rubbing together.Skeletons also have teeth,but teeth are not bones.Teeth are harder than bone
17、s.The outside of a tooth is made of a substance called enamel.Enamel is the hardest substance in the body.Cartilage is softer than bones,but teeth are harder.Put Your Back Into ItThe skull connects to the backbone,also called the spinal column.You can feel the first few parts of the spinal column al
18、ong the back of your neck.The ridges of the spinal column continue down your back,all the way to your hips.These ridges,called vertebrae(VER-teh-bray),are the individual bones of your backbone.The backbone has thirty-three vertebrae.Seven vertebraethe cervical vertebraeare in the neck.Twelve vertebr
19、ae run from the top of your back to about the middle of your back.They are the thoracic (thor-AH-sik)vertebrae.Five lumbar vertebrae are at the back of your waist,followed by five fused sacral vertebrae,which sit between your hips.The remaining vertebrae form the coccyx(KOK-siks)at the bottom of you
20、r spinal column.Bones Bonus The top two vertebrae are the atlas and axis.These two vertebrae allow you to nod and shake your head.The Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 1112The skull is not the only set of bones attached to the backbone;the ribs and pelvic bones are attached to it,too.Along with giv
21、ing shape to your chest,the ribs protect the lungs and heart.If you bang your chest,your lungs and heart dont get squashed because the ribs provide a sturdy wall around them.Your rib cage has twelve bones on each side,each of which is connected to one of the twelve thoracic vertebrae.Front ViewSide
22、ViewspinalcolumnribsclaviclepelvisscapulaYour spinal column has two important jobs.First,it protects the soft spinal cord,which runs through the vertebrae.The spinal cord is the place where all the nerves in your body meet to send information to your brain.The spinal column also allows you to bend,t
23、wist,roll,and flip.Because the backbone is a chain of bones instead of one solid bone,it is very flexible and can move in many directions.thoracic vertebraelumbar vertebraesacrumcervicalvertebraecoccyxSpinal ColumnFront ViewSide ViewThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 1314And Now the AppendagesYo
24、ur arms and hands,legs and feetyour appendagesallow you to perform different activities.Your arms and hands allow you to lift and hold things,while your legs and feet help you to move around.These actions are possible in part because of the bones inside your appendages.Your arms each contain three b
25、onesthe humerus,the radius,and the ulna.The humerus is the upper-arm bone,attached at the top to the shoulder.The radius and the ulna make up the lower part of the arm,between the elbow and wrist.These kids use their arms to help hold themselves up.radiuswristbonespalmbonesulnathumband fingerboneshu
26、merusNear the top end of the spinal column,you will also find a scapula and clavicle on each side.Scapula is the technical term for the shoulder blade,and clavicle is the technical term for the collarbone.The scapula and the clavicle make up the shoulder.Near the bottom of the spinal column,two hip
27、bones form the pelvis.On each side,a pelvic bone looks like a shallow dish or bowl.Thats because it holds your intestines and other lower-body organs.Boning UpThe skeleton of a newborn baby is not the same as the skeleton of an adult.An unborn baby has cartilage instead of bones.As the unborn baby g
28、rows and develops,the cartilage hardens and turns to bone.By the time the baby is born,most of the cartilage has become bone.As babies become children and then adults,their bones continue to harden or even join together.One of the last sets of bones to join together is the group that makes up the pe
29、lvis.These bones become one solid structure when a person is in his or her late teens or early twenties.pelvic bonessacrumThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 1516The bones of the legs and feet are similar to the bones of the arms and hands.The top portion of the leg is one solid bone,called the t
30、highbone,or femur.The bottom part of the leg has two bonesthe shinbone,or tibia,and the fibula.Between the upper and lower parts of the leg is one more bonethe kneecap,or patella.The kneecap lies over the knee joint,protecting the tendons beneath it that allow the leg to bend.Bones BonusThe longest,
31、strongest,and largest bone in your body is in your leg.Its the thighbone,or femur.The femur extends from the pelvis to the knee.To break the femur requires a large amount of forcefor example,you would have to fall from a great height or have a high-speed collision while skiing or skating.Bones of a
32、runners legYour wrist and hand together have more bones than any other part of your bodytwenty-seven!Thats a total of fifty-four bones for both hands.Because wrists and hands have so many bones,they are very flexible and precise,allowing us to do complex activities such as writing,drawing,playing th
33、e piano,and tying shoelaces.An X-ray of a handMany for Manipulating Your fingers may be smaller than your arms,but they have more bones.Heres how the number of bones in each part of your arms and hands compare.Arm:3 bones Wrist:8 carpals Palm:5 metacarpals Each finger:3 phalanges(fuh-LAN-jeez)Each t
34、humb:2 phalanges Fingers and thumb:14 phalanges totalThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 1718Dont Get Out of JointAlong with 206 bones,the adult human body has over 100 joints.Joints are the places where bones meet.Bones are hard and unbending,but because bones are connected at joints,our bodies
35、can bend and twist.Your joints allow you to bend and twist into unusual positions.Bones BonusSometimes we say that people are double-jointed,which doesnt mean that they have two joints instead of one.Double-jointed people are more flexible than the average person because the ligaments between their
36、joints are looser.These loose ligaments allow them to bend in unusual ways.Like the hand,the foot is a complex collection of many bones.Each foot has only one less bone than a handtwenty-sixfor a total of fifty-two bones for both feet.The ankle and heel of a foot have seven tarsal bones,and the ball
37、 of a foot has five metatarsal bones.Like the hand,the foot has fourteen phalangestwo for the big toe and three each for the remaining toes.Skin and tissue on the bottoms,or soles,of the feet protect the bones from the impact of jumping and running.fibulaankle bonestoebonesballtibiapatellafemurFoot
38、bones are cushioned by the skin and tissue around them so they dont break when you run,jump,and hop.The Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 1920Inside Your BonesIt might seem as if bones are hard and dead,like rocks,but that is not the case.Bones are alive with millions of bone cells that need oxygen
39、 and food to survive,just like other types of cells.On the outside,a bone is hard and solid.This outer layer is the compact bone.Below the compact bone is the spongy bone,which has holes to keep the bones light so our muscles can lift them.Inside the spongy bone is bone marrow.Bone marrow is the pla
40、ce where the body makes blood cells.The bone marrow in a typical adult produces more than 50 billion red blood cells every day!compact bonebone marrowspongy boneNot all joints are the same.The joint where the humerus connects to the shoulder bone is a ball-and-socket joint.The connection between the
41、 femur and the pelvis is another joint of this type.The top end of the humerus has a ball shape.This ball fits snugly into a round socket in the shoulder.The same is true for the femur,which fits into the pelvis.The elbow joint and the knee joint are hinge joints.Hinge joints can only bend in one di
42、rection.The joints between the vertebrae of your spine are swivel joints,which tilt and turn.Sutures connect the skull bones but do not allow much movement.The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint.An X-ray of the hip joint,which connects the pelvis and femurballsocketThe Hard Stuff!All About Bones L
43、evel U 2122Bones need to stay healthy to remain strong.Exercising regularly is the best way to keep your bones in good working order.Eating a well-balanced diet helps the bone marrow to produce healthy blood cells.Legumes(such as pinto beans or peas),other vegetables,and fruits are good for your bon
44、es.Foods rich in calcium,such as dairy products and fortified soy milk,rice milk,and orange juice,can also help bones to grow.Your bones give your body its shape,and they also give you much more.They give you the ability to move,sit,stand,and write.You wouldnt be you without your bones!Bones help yo
45、u do all kinds of fun activities.Keeping Bones HealthyEven though bones are very strong,they can break if they are hit hard enough.Healing a broken bone requires a little help from a doctor and a great deal of help from bone cells.For a bone to heal correctly,the bone must be put back the way it was
46、 before the break.Doctors may need to move around the broken bones to put them back together.Then they place a cast around the body part where the bone was broken.The cast keeps the body part from moving so the bone has time to heal.As soon as a bone breaks,bone cells begin repairing it.Holding the
47、broken bone in place with a cast allows the bone cells to do their job.A cast helps hold a broken bone in place so it can heal.The Hard Stuff!All About Bones Level U 2324Glossaryappendages(n.)external body parts that stick out of the body,such as arms or legs(p.14)ball-and-socket a joint that fits t
48、ogether joint(n.)as a ball fits into a glove (p.19)bone marrow(n.)spongy material in the center of bones that creates blood cells(p.20)cartilage(n.)an elastic tissue found in humans and other vertebrates(p.9)fused(adj.)joined together(p.10)hinge joints(n.)joints that open like a door(p.19)legumes(n.
49、)plants with seed pods,such as beans,lentils,and peas (p.22)ligaments(n.)tissues that connect one bone to another bone(p.5)precise(adj.)exact in movement or operation(p.15)spinal cord(n.)a collection of nerves that are protected by vertebrae (p.11)sutures(n.)joints or seams between skull bones(p.7)swivel joints(n.)joints that can tilt or turn(p.19)tendons(n.)tough tissues that attach muscles to bones(p.5)vertebrates(n.)animals with backbones(p.4)pelvisfemurclaviclehumerusradiustibiaspinal columnulnapatellafibulacraniumanklebonesHuman Skeletonrib cagefoot boneshand boneswrist bones