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1、www.readinga-ArrowsArrowsA Reading AZ Level R Leveled BookWord Count:1,480Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Dina AnastasioIllustrated by David CockcroftLEVELED BOOK RRUYWritten by Dina AnastasioIllustrated by David CockcroftArrowsArrowsLevel R Leveled Book Learning
2、AZWritten by Dina AnastasioIllustrated by David CockcroftAll rights reserved.www.readinga-www.readinga-Photo Credits:Page 7:Rodger Mallison/MCT/LandovThe photograph on page 7 shows the Choctaw Telephone Squad at Camp Merritt,New Jersey,on June 7,1919.From right to left:Captain E.H.Horner(Commanding)
3、Private James Davenport,Choctaw,age 27 Corporal James Edwards,Choctaw,age 20 Corporal Calvin Wilson,Choctaw,age 24 Private Mitchell Bobbs,Choctaw,age 25 Corporal Taylor Lewis,Choctaw,age 22CorrelationLEVEL RN3030Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA1920Poloma had to think about that for a minute.The Dr
4、inking Gourd would lead them back across the stream,past the boulder with the cipher,on to places north.“We need to go south,Papa.Thats where we live.”Poloma and Papa turned.They moved slowly,like creeping night creatures.The glowing beam from Polomas flashlight led them away from the North Star,pas
5、t the arrows pointing the other way,out of the woods,and home.GlossaryChoctaw(n.)a member of a group of Native Americans in the Southeast(p.7)code(n.)a system of letters,symbols,or signals that have special meaning and are used to send messages (p.6)Code Talkers(n.)Native Americans who used their na
6、tive languages as codes during World Wars I and II(p.7)deciphered(v.)worked out the meaning of a secret message or writing (p.15)glyph(n.)a picture or other character with special meaning that is often carved into something(p.6)interpret(v.)to tell or explain the meaning of something (p.7)undergrowt
7、h(n.)shrubs and small trees growing under large trees (p.4)Arrows Level RWritten by Dina AnastasioIllustrated by David CockcroftArrowsArrowsLevel R Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Dina AnastasioIllustrated by David CockcroftAll rights reserved.www.readinga-www.readinga-Photo Credits:Page 7:Rodger
8、 Mallison/MCT/LandovThe photograph on page 7 shows the Choctaw Telephone Squad at Camp Merritt,New Jersey,on June 7,1919.From right to left:Captain E.H.Horner(Commanding)Private James Davenport,Choctaw,age 27 Corporal James Edwards,Choctaw,age 20 Corporal Calvin Wilson,Choctaw,age 24 Private Mitchel
9、l Bobbs,Choctaw,age 25 Corporal Taylor Lewis,Choctaw,age 22CorrelationLEVEL RN3030Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA1920Poloma had to think about that for a minute.The Drinking Gourd would lead them back across the stream,past the boulder with the cipher,on to places north.“We need to go south,Papa.
10、Thats where we live.”Poloma and Papa turned.They moved slowly,like creeping night creatures.The glowing beam from Polomas flashlight led them away from the North Star,past the arrows pointing the other way,out of the woods,and home.GlossaryChoctaw(n.)a member of a group of Native Americans in the So
11、utheast(p.7)code(n.)a system of letters,symbols,or signals that have special meaning and are used to send messages (p.6)Code Talkers(n.)Native Americans who used their native languages as codes during World Wars I and II(p.7)deciphered(v.)worked out the meaning of a secret message or writing (p.15)g
12、lyph(n.)a picture or other character with special meaning that is often carved into something(p.6)interpret(v.)to tell or explain the meaning of something (p.7)undergrowth(n.)shrubs and small trees growing under large trees (p.4)Arrows Level R1718The Drinking GourdOnce they cracked the code,it was n
13、ot difficult to read the message.“I know what it says,Papa!It says,Follow the Drinking Gourd.But I dont know what the message means.Do you know what it means?”“The Drinking Gourd is the group of seven stars now called the Big Dipper,which can always be found in the northern sky.Escaping slaves follo
14、wed the Drinking Gourd from safe house to safe house until they reached their freedom.”The sun began to set,and tiny slivers of light flickered through the branches.Meanwhile,Poloma took her flashlight from her backpack,turned it on,and grabbed her grandfathers hand.By the time they returned to the
15、other side of the stream,the sun had completely disappeared.Poloma stopped and studied the sky.“Are you looking for the Drinking Gourd?”her grandfather asked.“There it is!”Poloma pointed to a bright shape in the sky.“Shall we follow it?”“Its your decision.Are we heading north?”Arrows Level R34Table
16、of ContentsThe First Arrow.4Questions .8Answers .11Cracking the Code .14The Drinking Gourd.17Glossary .20The First ArrowPoloma was tossing her new ball high into the air when she discovered the first arrow in the forest.When her ball came down,it bounced off a tree trunk,hit a log,and came to rest a
17、t the base of a boulder.She was digging the ball out from the heavy undergrowth when she noticed the arrow.It was carved into the lower part of the massive rock.Arrows Level R34Table of ContentsThe First Arrow.4Questions .8Answers .11Cracking the Code .14The Drinking Gourd.17Glossary .20The First Ar
18、rowPoloma was tossing her new ball high into the air when she discovered the first arrow in the forest.When her ball came down,it bounced off a tree trunk,hit a log,and came to rest at the base of a boulder.She was digging the ball out from the heavy undergrowth when she noticed the arrow.It was car
19、ved into the lower part of the massive rock.Arrows Level R1718The Drinking GourdOnce they cracked the code,it was not difficult to read the message.“I know what it says,Papa!It says,Follow the Drinking Gourd.But I dont know what the message means.Do you know what it means?”“The Drinking Gourd is the
20、 group of seven stars now called the Big Dipper,which can always be found in the northern sky.Escaping slaves followed the Drinking Gourd from safe house to safe house until they reached their freedom.”The sun began to set,and tiny slivers of light flickered through the branches.Meanwhile,Poloma too
21、k her flashlight from her backpack,turned it on,and grabbed her grandfathers hand.By the time they returned to the other side of the stream,the sun had completely disappeared.Poloma stopped and studied the sky.“Are you looking for the Drinking Gourd?”her grandfather asked.“There it is!”Poloma pointe
22、d to a bright shape in the sky.“Shall we follow it?”“Its your decision.Are we heading north?”Arrows Level R1516“Do you remember what the code was,Papa?”“Read the letters again and maybe that will help me.”Poloma read the letters slowly.g p m m p x u i f e s j o l j o h h p v s eShe was about to ask
23、her grandfather what the letters meant when she noticed something in the cipher that she had seen in codes she had deciphered before.Most sentences contained at least one small common word,and this one was no different.“I think I see some interesting letters,”she said.“Lets say the letters form word
24、s.One of the words has three letters.Lets guess that its a common word.”“.like and?”suggested Papa.Poloma and Papa were quiet for several minutes as they thought about the three letters.“I dont think its and,”Papa said.“The letters dont make sense.”“Maybe the letters uif stand for the in some way,”P
25、oloma said.Papa smiled.“What letter comes before u in the alphabet?”he said.“T,”Poloma said.“And the letter h comes before i,and the letter e comes before f.This is a substitute-letter cipher,Papa!”“Yes!I remember now!During the Civil War,some Northern spies used a code called the advance cipher.The
26、y advanced each letter one letter of the alphabet.”Arrows Level R56Poloma grabbed her ball and raced home.Her grandfather was resting on the porch swing.His eyes were closed,and for a moment she wondered if she should wake him with the news.“Youve discovered something,”he said softly,when she was se
27、ttled beside him.“I can tell by the way youre fidgeting.”“Ive found an arrow,Papa!”Poloma said.“And where is this arrow that excites you so much?”her grandfather asked.Poloma told her grandfather about the bouncing ball,the boulder,and the strange arrow carved into the rock.“Do you think the arrow i
28、s a glyph like the ones in my code books?”Poloma asked.“Maybe its a Mayan hieroglyphic.The Mayans used tiny pictures instead of words and letters.Maybe they carved that arrow,”Poloma guessed.Papa pulled himself out of the swing and smiled down at his granddaughter.“Thats an interesting idea,”he said
29、.“But I doubt the Mayans were carving rocks around here.The Mayans lived farther south,in Mexico and Central America.However,your arrow might be part of a code of some kind.“Come on,”her grandfather said,“I think we should visit this mysterious arrow.”Arrows Level R56Poloma grabbed her ball and race
30、d home.Her grandfather was resting on the porch swing.His eyes were closed,and for a moment she wondered if she should wake him with the news.“Youve discovered something,”he said softly,when she was settled beside him.“I can tell by the way youre fidgeting.”“Ive found an arrow,Papa!”Poloma said.“And
31、 where is this arrow that excites you so much?”her grandfather asked.Poloma told her grandfather about the bouncing ball,the boulder,and the strange arrow carved into the rock.“Do you think the arrow is a glyph like the ones in my code books?”Poloma asked.“Maybe its a Mayan hieroglyphic.The Mayans u
32、sed tiny pictures instead of words and letters.Maybe they carved that arrow,”Poloma guessed.Papa pulled himself out of the swing and smiled down at his granddaughter.“Thats an interesting idea,”he said.“But I doubt the Mayans were carving rocks around here.The Mayans lived farther south,in Mexico an
33、d Central America.However,your arrow might be part of a code of some kind.“Come on,”her grandfather said,“I think we should visit this mysterious arrow.”Arrows Level R1516“Do you remember what the code was,Papa?”“Read the letters again and maybe that will help me.”Poloma read the letters slowly.g p
34、m m p x u i f e s j o l j o h h p v s eShe was about to ask her grandfather what the letters meant when she noticed something in the cipher that she had seen in codes she had deciphered before.Most sentences contained at least one small common word,and this one was no different.“I think I see some i
35、nteresting letters,”she said.“Lets say the letters form words.One of the words has three letters.Lets guess that its a common word.”“.like and?”suggested Papa.Poloma and Papa were quiet for several minutes as they thought about the three letters.“I dont think its and,”Papa said.“The letters dont mak
36、e sense.”“Maybe the letters uif stand for the in some way,”Poloma said.Papa smiled.“What letter comes before u in the alphabet?”he said.“T,”Poloma said.“And the letter h comes before i,and the letter e comes before f.This is a substitute-letter cipher,Papa!”“Yes!I remember now!During the Civil War,s
37、ome Northern spies used a code called the advance cipher.They advanced each letter one letter of the alphabet.”Arrows Level R1314Poloma knew what a cipher was.It was a code that substituted letters or numbers for the real letters in a message.She knew ciphers were used in wars to keep the enemy from
38、 learning about battle plans.Now they had to crack the code.“Did you use a cipher in the war?”Poloma asked.“I saw them used in World War II.Ciphers that substitute letters for other letters have been used since the time of Julius Caesar,more than two thousand years ago,”said Papa.Cracking the Code“I
39、 wonder if these letters were used in a war,”Poloma said.Papa had to think about that.He paced for a very long time,and then he stopped beside his granddaughter and cleared his throat.“I think I remember something,”he said.“As you know,a great war took place right around here.”“The Civil Warright,Pa
40、pa?”Poloma said.“Yes.About 150 years ago,the Civil War was fought to free the slaves in the South.I can recall reading that the soldiers and spies in the North used a special code.”Arrows Level R78Polomas grandfather knew a lot about codes.In fact,he had won a medal for his code work during World Wa
41、r II.Papa and other Native American Code Talkers had helped the United States and its allies win the war by sending secret messages.Poloma loved to hear the story of the Code Talkers,even though she had heard it many times before.She especially liked to hear about Mississippi Choctaw Code Talkers li
42、ke her grandfather.As they made their way toward the boulder,Papa told Poloma how the Code Talkers sent messages that only other Code Talkers could interpret.Questions“We spoke into walkie-talkie radios,”he explained.“There was a Code Talker on each end,and we would only use Choctaw words that no on
43、e else could understand.Someone would give me the message that I was to pass on,and I would speak the words in Choctaw.If the enemy was listening in on the radio,they wouldnt be able to understand what we were saying.”This group of Oklahoma Choctaw soldiers from World War I paved the way for other n
44、ative languages to be used as codes in World War II.Arrows Level R78Polomas grandfather knew a lot about codes.In fact,he had won a medal for his code work during World War II.Papa and other Native American Code Talkers had helped the United States and its allies win the war by sending secret messag
45、es.Poloma loved to hear the story of the Code Talkers,even though she had heard it many times before.She especially liked to hear about Mississippi Choctaw Code Talkers like her grandfather.As they made their way toward the boulder,Papa told Poloma how the Code Talkers sent messages that only other
46、Code Talkers could interpret.Questions“We spoke into walkie-talkie radios,”he explained.“There was a Code Talker on each end,and we would only use Choctaw words that no one else could understand.Someone would give me the message that I was to pass on,and I would speak the words in Choctaw.If the ene
47、my was listening in on the radio,they wouldnt be able to understand what we were saying.”This group of Oklahoma Choctaw soldiers from World War I paved the way for other native languages to be used as codes in World War II.Arrows Level R1314Poloma knew what a cipher was.It was a code that substitute
48、d letters or numbers for the real letters in a message.She knew ciphers were used in wars to keep the enemy from learning about battle plans.Now they had to crack the code.“Did you use a cipher in the war?”Poloma asked.“I saw them used in World War II.Ciphers that substitute letters for other letter
49、s have been used since the time of Julius Caesar,more than two thousand years ago,”said Papa.Cracking the Code“I wonder if these letters were used in a war,”Poloma said.Papa had to think about that.He paced for a very long time,and then he stopped beside his granddaughter and cleared his throat.“I t
50、hink I remember something,”he said.“As you know,a great war took place right around here.”“The Civil Warright,Papa?”Poloma said.“Yes.About 150 years ago,the Civil War was fought to free the slaves in the South.I can recall reading that the soldiers and spies in the North used a special code.”Arrows