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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Alexander the GreatA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:2,266WritingResearch two kings who ruled Macedonia before Alexander.Write an essay comparing Alexander the Great to these kings.Social StudiesResearch more information about the c
2、ustoms of ancient Macedonia and Persia.Write an essay comparing the two cultures.Connectionswww.readinga-Written by Jan C.KrausAlexander the GreatAlexander the GreatLEVELED BOOK Z2LEVELED BOOK Z2www.readinga-How did Alexander the Great use his education and training to build his empire?Focus Questio
3、nWritten by Jan C.KrausAlexander the GreatCorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAAlexander the GreatWorld Leaders Level Z2 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Jan C.KrausAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Front cover:Alexander the Great accepts the surrender of an enemy in India.T
4、itle page:A statue of Alexander the GreatPage 3:Artwork shows Alexander training his horse named Bucephalus.Photo Credits:Front cover,page 19(top right):Granger,NYC;title page:Mohamed Osama/123RF;page 3:Universal Images Group/Universal Images Group/SuperStock;page 5:Classic Image/Alamy Stock Photo;p
5、age 6:robertharding/robertharding/SuperStock;page 7:PanosKarapanagiotis/iStock/Thinkstock;pages 12,16,19(bottom left):akg-images/Peter Connolly/The Image Works;pages 13,19(bottom right):Alexander the Great at the Battle of Issus,Greek/Museo Archeologico Nazionale,Taranto,Puglia,Italy/Mondadori Elect
6、a/Bridgeman Images;page 18:2317900 Ontario Ltd.Spirer/123RF;page 19(top left):Rare Ancient Greek Coin,Gold Stater,Macedonia,Alexander the Great 336 BC/Hoberman/UIG/Bridgeman Images;page 19(center left):The Taming of Bucephalus,McConnell,James Edwin/Private Collection/Look and Learn/Bridgeman Imagesa
7、mbitiousassassinatedbotanistscavalrycity-statesethicsflankedfleetinfantryphilosopherregentsurveyorsWords to Know3Alexander the Great Level Z2Table of ContentsAlexander the Great,King of the World .4Growing Up as a Prince .5Becoming a King .8Conquering the World .9The Legacy of Alexander the Great .1
8、8Glossary .204BLACK SEAMEDITERRANEAN SEAEuphrates RiverHydaspes RiverARABIAN SEACASPIAN SEAPERSIAINDIAASIA MINORMACEDONIAEGYPTRED SEAPERSIAN GULFNile RiverAlexandriaTaxilaBabylonAlexanders Empire at Its Peak,323 bcAlexanders Empire at Its Peak,323 bcAlexanders empireExploration routeAlexander the Gr
9、eat,King of the World More than 2,300 years ago in the city of Pella in the kingdom of Macedonia,a prince named Alexander III was born.In his short life,Alexander would conquer nations and kingdoms in lands near and far and would become one of the most significant leaders the world had ever known.Al
10、exander was not only a conqueror with a drive for land and power,but also an explorer with a tremendous drive to go beyond places anyone had ever traveled before.Taught by one of the most learned men of his time,Aristotle,Alexander appreciated new ideas and had a thirst for knowledge.He wanted to go
11、 farther and learn more.5CallisthenesCallisthenesAlexander the Great Level Z2Growing Up as a Prince Alexander was born in 356 bc.King Philip II,his ambitious father,had learned about military strategy from observing the strong armies of neighboring Greece while he was captive there as a young man.Wh
12、en he returned home,he seized the Macedonian throne from Amyntas,his nephew.Philip established his rule of Macedonia and the surrounding Greek states with a superior and well-trained army.Having learned from the best generals of his time and still at an early age,Philip became a very powerful man.Al
13、exanders mother,Olympias,was not a native-born Macedonian and feared that because of this fact,Alexander might not inherit the throne and she would lose her position.She raised her son to be king and would settle for nothing else.How do we know about a man who lived so long ago?A man named Callisthe
14、nes(kuh-LIS-thuh-neez)documented Alexanders life.Fortunately,other historians consulted Callistheness account before it was lost forever.Much of what we know about Alexander comes from these later writings.6A statue of Alexander riding his horse Bucephalus stands in Pella,Greece,today.Alexander inhe
15、rited the ambitions of both parents.At the age of twelve,he demonstrated his strong will when his father refused to buy a superb but nervous horse named Bucephalus(byoo-SEF-uh-luhs).Noticing that the unbroken horse was frightened by its shadow,Alexander stepped in and took control.He knew that by us
16、ing the reins to turn Bucephaluss head away from his shadow,he could calm it down.Alexander then jumped on the horses back and rode away with ease.Bucephalus became his constant companion.As a prince growing up,Alexander made friends with other boys of the noble class.He gained a lasting friendship
17、in a young man named Hephaestion.The two boys trained for war and studied together.Hephaestion would eventually become a loyal officer in Alexanders army.7Alexander the Great Level Z2As king of Macedonia,Alexanders father was often away as he gained control of other parts of Greece.Philip entrusted
18、his sons education and training to experts in areas that would prepare Alexander to become king.In order to be proficient in battle,young men in Greece first learned to ride horses and hunt.These skills,along with fighting with a sword,javelin,and bow,would allow them to succeed in brutal battles.Me
19、n were expected to pass tests of manhood by killing a wild boar and killing a man in battle.Alexander succeeded at both.As part of his education and training,Alexander also studied history,politics,and ethics.When he was thirteen,his father brought Aristotle,a well-known Greek philosopher,to Macedon
20、ia to be Alexanders teacher.People respected Aristotle for his intelligence and knowledge.Aristotle inspired Alexanders interest in literature,science,medicine,and philosophy.His lifelong appreciation of culture and art are also attributed to Aristotles teachings.A statue of Aristotle is on display
21、at his birthplace in Stagira,Greece.8Becoming a King Philip left Macedonia for battle in 340 bc and put Alexander in charge as regent.At sixteen,Alexander stopped a small revolution in Philips absence.While still in his teens,Alexander commanded a section of troops during some of his fathers battles
22、.Alexander honed military skills that prepared him to be king,but things changed in 337 bc when Philip divorced Olympias and married a native Macedonian.If Philip and his new wife had a child,Alexanders claim to the throne would be threatened.At this time,Philip started to think more about expanding
23、 his empire.Persia,the dominant empire of Asia,was an enemy of Greece.Darius I and his son Xerxes(ZURK-seez)had taken lands claimed by Greece more than one hundred years earlier.Philip wanted to take back some of the lands.He also planned to expand his empire and wealth by conquering Asia with his r
24、ecently gained Greek allies,the League of Corinth.The league was an organization unifying Greek city-states armies in order to liberate Greek cities that had been captured by Persians.In 336 bc,as Alexander and his mother feared,Philips wife gave birth to a daughter.In the same year,King Philip was
25、assassinated.9Macedonia and the City-StatesMacedonia and the City-StatesBLACK SEAAEGEAN SEAMACEDONIAASIA MINOR(PERSIAN EMPIRE)PellaDelphiThebesAthensCorinthThere were several Greek city-states,each with its own capital.This map shows some of the most powerful capitals.The areas surrounding the capit
26、als formed the states.Alexander the Great Level Z2Olympias had Philips new wife and baby killed.Alexander became king at the age of twenty.Conquering the WorldAlexanders first order of business after becoming king was to call on the support of his fathers army.Alexander had earned the trust of the s
27、oldiers while under his fathers command,and he needed a strong army to attack Persia,now under the rule of Darius III.He intended to follow through with his fathers plan to rule Persia.10Alexander would need more than just his fathers army.As a member of the League of Corinth,Macedonia was supported
28、 by most of Greeces other city-states.However,some leaders in Thebes and other Greek states had not been in support of Philips growing power,and an increasing number did not want to support Alexanders ambitious plans.Alexander was facing the possibility of a revolution that could put an end to the M
29、acedonian control of Greece and thwart his plans to move into Asia.Determined not to lose control of Greece,Alexander met any opposition head-on.He was a very persuasive speaker,but he was also not against using intimidation or force in order to maintain control.For example,when Thebes and other Gre
30、ek city-states of the League of Corinth,as well as the territories surrounding Macedonia,began to oppose Alexander,his army stopped the rebellion and made an example of the people of Thebes by killing six thousand citizens and selling another thirty thousand into slavery.His severe actions secured t
31、he submission of all the Greek city-states.A year after becoming king,Alexander was ready to carry out his plan to travel to new lands,explore new cultures,and conquer the Persian Empire.11Alexanders Route Through Asia MinorAlexanders Route Through Asia MinorBLACK SEASEA OF MARMARAGranicus RiverMEDI
32、TERRANEAN SEAAEGEAN SEAMACEDONIAGordiumIssusHellespontASIA MINOR(PERSIAN EMPIRE)Asia Minor(Turkey today)was the northernmost part of the Persian Empire.Alexander the Great Level Z2In the spring of 334 bc,Alexander began his march to Asia.Alexander took with him a host of botanists,zoologists,and sur
33、veyors to study the lands he was about to see.He traveled by boat through the Hellespont,a narrow waterway that connects the Aegean Sea to the Sea of Marmara.When he landed in Asia Minor(now Turkey),Alexander threw his spear into the ground,staking his claim with dramatic flair.His gesture was inten
34、ded to pay tribute to the warriors and heroes who came before him.Soon after,Alexander and his army encountered the Persian army at the Granicus River.Both armies were made up of foot soldiers and soldiers on horseback.12Foot soldiers in phalanx formation moved in after the cavalry to fight anyone l
35、eft standing.The Persian king,Darius III,did not join in the fight.Historians say the Persian army was not as prepared as the Macedonian army and didnt have a strong plan.Alexanders speed and stronger weapons overwhelmed them.Alexander and his men won the battle.In the heat of the fight,which probab
36、ly lasted about an hour,Alexander was almost killed by an ax but was said to have been saved by one of his childhood companions.The Persian army was faced with a well-trained Greek army of thousands,including masterful archers,a cavalry,and an infantry.The army also used a tight formation of foot so
37、ldiers called a phalanx,in which soldiers marched shoulder to shoulder wearing helmets and body armor,and carrying shields,daggers,and spears.13A stone carving depicts Alexander on his horse in the Battle of Issus.Alexander the Great Level Z2None of this would amount to anything,however,without Alex
38、anders strong vision and leadership.He led by example and went ahead of his armies in battle.When they went without water,he did,too.When horses died and soldiers were forced to walk,Alexander walked as well.He employed weapons experts and engineers,communicated his military strategies deftly,and ba
39、ttled with speed and flexibility.Alexander continued to reclaim cities along the Aegean Sea.In the fall of 333 bc,Darius III and his army faced Alexander and the Greek army in the Battle of Issus.This time,the Persian army outnumbered the Macedonians.Alexander led his infantry,flanked by cavalry,int
40、o battle.Despite the numbers of Persian soldiers,Alexanders army won the bloody battle,but Darius fled to Babylonabandoning his army as well as his wife and children who were captured.This was a decisive win;it meant that Alexander was a step closer to ruling the Persian Empire.14Next,Alexander head
41、ed south to conquer the Persian fleet by capturing the cities along the Mediterranean Sea in Syria and Phoenicia(Lebanon today).Those that didnt surrender faced bloodshed.The city of Tyre resisted for seven months and Alexanders army killed many of its citizens before it was finally defeated.With Ty
42、re captured,Alexander and his men continued along the shore,arriving in Egypt in the fall of 332 bc.The Persian leader there quickly surrendered,letting Alexander take control.The Greeks and Macedonians respected Egypt and its history as a civilization that had lasted for centuries.Alexander appoint
43、ed Egyptian governors and encouraged Egyptian religion.Egypt,weary of Persian rule and many wars,welcomed him.While there,Alexander founded the city of Alexandria where the Nile River flows into the Mediterranean Sea.It was the first of twenty cities that would bear his name,but it was the only one
44、that would be created according to his plans.With his new city underway,Alexander was ready to expand his empire again by conquering new sections of the Persian Empire.He left Egypt in the summer of 331 bc and reached the city of Babylon in Mesopotamia(now Iraq).He then moved farther east by crossin
45、g the Euphrates 15Alexander the Great Level Z2River,which flows into the Persian Gulf.He was near his old enemy Darius.After the defeat at Issus,Darius rebuilt the Persian army and prepared to meet Alexander again.In October of 331 bc,the two armies fought in the Battle of Gaugamela.Once again,the P
46、ersians outnumbered the Macedonians,but this time they were gathered and ready for battle before the Macedonian army even reached the village.Nonetheless,Alexander,his officers,and his army overwhelmed Darius and the Persians.Darius again fled the battlefield in defeat.The Macedonian army lost one t
47、housand soldiers,while the Persians lost more than fifty thousand.The victory at the Battle of Gaugamela put Alexander even closer to becoming the new ruler of the Persian Empire.Embracing that thought,Alexander moved quickly through Asia to establish his rule,further exploring the culture of Persia
48、 and attempting to capture Darius.Before he was able to,however,Bessus,a local ruler,killed Darius,made himself king,and planned to continue to fight Alexander.Alexander shifted his focus to defeating Bessus,eventually capturing him and having him killed for murdering Darius.16This painting depicts
49、the Battle of the Hydaspes.Alexander was in new territory in many of his travels.His military expertise is evident in his ability to make quick decisions in battles.Alexander took control of more land and people,and in 324 bc he married a local princess as well as Stateira,the daughter of Darius III
50、.Many of his officers married Persian women as well.After that,his lifestyle transformed to include Persian ways.He began dressing in Persian clothing and even expected Macedonians to honor him as the Persians didwith low bows.The Macedonians did not all agree with Alexanders changes,and many who ha