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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.WritingDo you think King John was a good ruler?Write a paragraph to support your position including citations from the text to support your claim.Social StudiesCompare and contrast the influence of the English royal family and the church in th
2、e creation of the Great Charter.ConnectionsThe Great CharterA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:1,839www.readinga-LEVELED BOOK Z2Written by David DreierThe Great CharterYZ1Z2www.readinga-In what ways did the Great Charter become a powerful symbol of freedom?Focus QuestionWritten by David Dr
3、eierThe Great CharterThe Great CharterLevel Z2 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by David DreierAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover(main):Andrew Matthews/EMPPL PA Wire/AP Images;front cover(background),pages 5(background),10,12(top),14(background),16:iStock/Peter Zelei;title pag
4、e:Christies Images/Corbis;page 3:Matt Rourke/AP Images;pages 4,17:Lebrecht Music&Arts/Lebrecht Music&Arts/Corbis;pages 5(main),12(bottom):Heritage Image Partnership Ltd/Alamy;page 6:Leonard de Selva/Corbis;page 7:itdarbs/Alamy;pages 8:Leemage/Corbis;page 9:Classic Image/Alamy;page 11:Mary Evans Pict
5、ure Library/Edwin Mullan Collection;page 14(main):Kumar Sriskandan/Alamy;page 18:Clare Kendall/British Library/REX/AP ImagesabideaffixingbaptismsbaronscharterexcommunicatedfeudalgrievanceshumbledjustificationmercenarynullifiedoathpacifyingpenitentregentscutagetyrannyWords to KnowCorrelationLEVEL Z2Y
6、ZN/A70+Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3Table of ContentsDetested King John .4The Barons Organize.9Runnymede and a Faithless King .13Aftermath .17Glossary.19 The Great Charter Level Z24Detested King JohnIn the late twelfth century,the people of England suffered greatly under the rule of several ki
7、ngs who seemed not to care about anyone or anything but themselves.The troubles started during the time of King Richard I,known as Richard the Lionheart.During his ten-year reign,England was nearly bankrupted.The king taxed the English people heavily to pay for his participation in the Third Crusade
8、.While Richard was away at war,his youngest brother,John,tried unsuccessfully to take the throne.On his way home from the failed crusade,Richard was captured and held prisoner in Austria.His captors demanded an enormous ransom for his release.After gaining his freedom,Richard forgave his brother and
9、 imposed more taxes for a war in France to defend his holdings there.He died in France in 1199 from an arrow wound.Before dying,he named John as his successor to the throne.John was the youngest of four boys and not expected to become king of England.5The last thing the people of England wanted when
10、 John became king was to be squeezed for more taxes.Unfortunately,that is exactly what happened.John turned out to be a terrible king in almost every respect.He infuriated the barons,not only through heavy taxation but also by seizing their property and insulting the honor of their wives and daughte
11、rs.To protect himself from rebellion,John took many hostages from noble families.When he needed gold,he would ransom the hostages back to their families.Sometimes he killed themeven if the ransom had been paid.The BaronsIn medieval England,a baron was any noble who had received land from a superior
12、in return for loyalty and military service.Higher-ranking barons received their land from the king,but they could in turn give parcels of their land to lesser barons.In 1214,the barons swore an oath to achieve fair treatment from the king.The Great Charter Level Z26John added to his offenses in 1203
13、 with a terrible family crime.His fifteen-year-old nephew in France,Arthur,was favored by King Philip II of France to be the ruler of England.Arthur was thus a rival for the English throne,which John could not tolerate.Johns forces captured the lad,who then disappeared.It was generally assumed that
14、John ordered Arthur murdered,and there were rumors that John committed the vile act himself.King Philip II transformed France from a small feudal state into one of the most powerful countries in Europe.7In 1204,John suffered a major defeat in France.That year,Philip defeated a mercenary army of John
15、s and reclaimed most of the French territory that had been held by Englands royal family.Johns loss of the French lands caused him to be scorned as well as hated by many of his subjects.Meanwhile,John continued to stir up trouble wherever he could.In 1205,the archbishop of Canterbury died,and Englan
16、d needed a new archbishop.Pope Innocent III wanted the position to go to an English cardinal,Stephen Langton.John had his own ideas.He insisted that an English bishop,John de Gray,obtain the post.He was adamant about it,and when he didnt get his way,he began persecuting the English clergy and confis
17、cating church lands.John de Gray was one of the few men that King John trusted throughout his life,so he was given an elaborate tomb in York,England.The Great Charter Level Z28Johns rebuke to the pontiff resulted in a strong response:in 1208,Pope Innocent laid all of England under an interdict,closi
18、ng the doors of Englands churches.No church clergy could perform masses,nor could they marry anyone or perform baptisms or funerals.When John still would not relent,the pope excommunicated him.Nonetheless,John continued to alienate Innocent,seizing more property and revenue belonging to the church.I
19、n exasperation,the pope created an alliance with the French king,Philip,with the aim of invading England and deposing John.John realized at this point that he was in a dire situation.So in 1213,he finally agreed to allow Cardinal Langton to become archbishop.John didnt stop there,however;to the amaz
20、ement of all,he humbled himself to Innocent and offered to make the pope the feudal overlord of England.The delighted Innocent accepted the offer at once and pardoned the penitent king.Johns bold move was a masterstroke,as overnight he went from being a cornered outcast to having a powerful friend a
21、nd ally:the Roman Catholic Church.Innocent III was pope for eighteen years.9The Barons Organize Archbishop Langton had been an ardent opponent of Johns early on,and he remained one.Despite the popes newfound affection for John and Langtons own elevation to archbishop,Langton was determined that John
22、 be removed from power.Langton became an advisor to a group of some two hundred barons who also wanted to get rid of the king.Not all the barons were against John.A few,including his advisor William Marshal,were committed to working for a reconciliation between the nobility and the king.Many people
23、thought Marshal was the most formidable knight in England and respected him for his character and loyalty.He had served four kings,including John,and became a liaison between the barons and John in negotiations.William Marshals official title was the first earl of Pembroke.The Great Charter Level Z2
24、10The barons first met as a group in July 1213 in the town of St.Albans,near London.At this meeting,the barons consideredthen rejectedthe idea of killing John.They decided to try more peaceful means of obtaining their ends.They pushed John to uphold King Henry Is Coronation Charter,which had been ap
25、proved more than one hundred years earlier.The Coronation Charter spelled out the basic laws that the king would follow when dealing with the nobles,church officials,and the common people of England.John agreed that he would uphold Henrys Coronation Charter and abide by the laws set forth in it.Bury
26、 St.EdmundsEnglandFranceEnglish ChannelEnglandLondonRunnymedeSt.AlbansMeetings of Barons,1213121511When John broke his promise to uphold the Coronation Charter,the barons met again in November 1214 in the town of Bury St.Edmunds to discuss their options.To support their cause,Archbishop Langton cite
27、d relevant passages of the Bible and the Coronation Charter,which included some protections from royal tyranny.Langton argued that it provided a historical justification for the barons challenge to John.Robert Fitzwalter,a baron on Langtons side who became the leader of the barons,was instrumental i
28、n guiding their plans.Stephen Langton(center,in purple)was the archbishop of Canterbury for almost twenty-two years.The Great Charter Level Z212At the Bury St.Edmunds meeting,the barons began to flex their muscles.They decided to pay no further scutage to John for his military campaigns in France,an
29、d they went a step further by drawing up a list of demands to be presented to the king.The list was based on the Coronation Charter with some additional provisions stating that the king had to live by the same laws as all other people.If John refused to accept the barons demands,they would take up a
30、rms against him.In January 1215,Fitzwalter and a few other barons met with John to express their unhappiness with his reign and to present the A Despised TaxOne form of taxation used to excess by King John and hated by the barons was called scutage.This was a payment made in lieu of military service
31、 by barons who declined to join the king in a war.John used the funds raised from scutage to pay for mercenaries to fill out his ranks.The barons met with King John several times to present their ideas and needs.13draft of their charter.The negotiations did not go well.John told them he would reply
32、to their grievances by Easter,but he did not.The barons then proceeded with their plans to present John with a formal list of demands,and at the same time they began preparing for war.Runnymede and a Faithless KingThe Magna Carta,or Great Charter,was the barons final attempt to curb Johns excesses b
33、efore resorting to war.The initial Latin documentknown as the Articles of the Baronslisted sixty-three demands.Among the many clauses of the articles were provisions shielding the barons from abusive royal power and excessive taxation.The document also called for protecting the rights of the English
34、 Church and specified that no free citizens would be imprisoned or punished without first being tried in a court of law.To make certain that John would honor the charter,it provided for an elected committee of twenty-five barons who would be authorized to assure the kings compliancewith force,if nec
35、essary.In May 1215,a group of barons seized London,the most important city in England,further weakening Johns position.Reluctantly,the king agreed to meet with the barons to discuss their grievances.The Great Charter Level Z214The meeting began on June 15,1215,in a large meadow at Runnymede,a town o
36、n the River Thames west of London.Archbishop Langton mediated between John on one side and Fitzwalter,about forty other barons,and several leading churchmen on the other.A tent with a small throne was set up for the king.When John arrived,he wasted little time with formalities,declaring that he agre
37、ed with the entire contents of the charter and affixing his royal seal to the document,swearing an oath that he would uphold it.In the days after the meeting,copies of the Great Charteralso written in Latinwere copied out by scribes and distributed.Few“Signing”the Magna CartaMost illustrations depic
38、ting the meeting at Runnymede show King John signing the Magna Carta with a quill pen,but that is inaccurate.The Magna Carta was formalized with the kings seal.Virtually all medieval documents were made official in this way.An engraved design on a handheld seal or signet ring was pressed into a blob
39、 of soft,warm wax,which then hardened.A seal could be applied to the document itself but more often was placed on a ribbon or cord attached to the bottom of the document.15believed that the king would abide by his oath to uphold the charter.John could break a solemn oath as easily as snapping a dry
40、twig.The barons feared that John would disregard the charter as soon as he could do so safely.The king proved to be just as faithless as everyone suspected he would be.He wanted no part of the charter,and he called on his ally Pope Innocent for help.Innocent took Johns side,and in August 1215 the po
41、pe nullified the charter,thereby freeing John from all its provisions.That was the final straw for the barons.Although some,including Marshal,remained loyal to the crown,a large group of them,led by Fitzwalter,launched a civil war and invited Philips son,Prince Louis of France,to join the fight with
42、 the intention of putting him on the throne once they were victorious.Louis raised an army and invaded England.In 1216,there were completely unexpected developments.Pope Innocent died in July from a fever.In October,John also died,felled by dysentery while confronting Louiss forces.Johns nine-year-o
43、ld son,Henry III,then became king.In service to his fifth king,Marshal,now aged seventy,became regent to the young king,who The Great Charter Level Z216April 1199John becomes king of England.July 1205Archbishop of Canterbury dies.March 1208Pope Innocent III lays England under an interdict.May 1213 K
44、ing John bows to the pope and allows Stephen Langton to become archbishop of Canterbury.July 1213The barons meet as a group for the first time in St.Albans.November 1214The barons meet as a group for the second time in Bury St.Edmunds.January 1215Robert Fitzwalter and a few other barons meet with Ki
45、ng John.May 1215The barons seize London.June 1215King John signs the Great Charter.August 1215Pope Innocent III nullifies the charter.July 1216Pope Innocent III dies.October 1216King John dies and his son,Henry,becomes king of England.September 1217William Marshal defeats the barons and ends the civ
46、il war.November 1217King Henry III reissues the charter.Events of the Great Charter17was too young to understand the dangerous situation he was in.Henry relied on Marshals experience and guidance to bring the rebellion to an end.Nonetheless,the civil war continued.As regent,Marshal advised Henry to
47、reissue the charter and prove to the barons that he was not like his father.AftermathMarshal proved his worth to the English throne.In 1217,he brought the rebel barons to heel and ejected Prince Louis from England.Henry reissued the Great Charter,pacifying the barons who had doubted that his reign w
48、ould differ much from Johns.They trusted Marshals word that the king would abide by the charter.Henry turned eighteen in 1225 and again reissued the Great Charter,thereby reinforcing his pledge to be a law-abiding ruler.Henry accepted that no one was above the lawnot even the king of England.The cha
49、rter was reissued one more time,in 1297,during the reign of Henrys son,King Edward I.In many paintings Henry III looks just like his father,John I.The Great Charter Level Z218The Great Charter became a powerful symbol of liberty and the principle that no one is above the law.It served as the basis f
50、or English Common Law with its clauses detailing that everyone must be treated as innocent until proven guilty and that everyone is entitled to a trial by a jury of their peers.Many of the ideas presented in the charter deeply influenced political thinking in Europe.More than five hundred years late