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1、www.readinga-ArrowsArrowsA Reading AZ Level Y Leveled BookWord Count:2,341Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by Dina AnastasioIllustrated by David CockcroftLEVELED BOOK YRUYWritten by Dina AnastasioIllustrated by David CockcroftArrows ArrowsLevel Y Leveled Book Learning
2、 AZWritten by Dina AnastasioIllustrated by David CockcroftAll rights reserved.www.readinga-www.readinga-Photo Credits:Page 7:Rodger Mallison/MCT/Landov The photograph on page 7 shows the Choctaw Telephone Squad at Camp Merritt,New Jersey,on June 7,1919.From right to left:Captain E.H.Horner(Commandin
3、g)Private James Davenport,Choctaw,age 27 Corporal James Edwards,Choctaw,age 20 Corporal Calvin Wilson,Choctaw,age 24 Private Mitchell Bobbs,Choctaw,age 25 Corporal Taylor Lewis,Choctaw,age 22CorrelationLEVEL YT4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA34Table of ContentsThe First Arrow.4Questions .8Answ
4、ers .12Cracking the Code .16The Drinking Gourd.20Glossary .23The first arrowPoloma was flinging her new ball high into the air when she made her unexpected discovery of the first arrow in the forest.That particular Mississippi morning,she was aiming for the Sun,launching the ball higher and higher,w
5、hen it came down and bounced away.The fast-moving ball careened off a tree trunk and ricocheted off a log,eventually coming to rest near a large,moss-covered boulder.While disentangling the ball from the matted tendrils of undergrowth,Poloma noticed the mysterious arrow carved into the lower part of
6、 the massive rock.Arrows Level Y56The arrow looked like a simple carving,but almost immediately Poloma realized shed made a significant discovery.She scooped up her ball and scampered home to where her grandfather rested on the porch.His eyes appeared closed,and for a moment she wondered if she shou
7、ld disturb him with the news.“Youve discovered something special,”he said softly,stretching awake,while his granddaughter took a seat on the swing next to him.“Youre absolutely fidgeting with excitement.”“Ive found an arrow,Papa!”Poloma enthusiastically kicked her feet,sending the swing swaying back
8、 and forth like a pendulum,making a gentle rhythmic sound.“And where is this amazing arrow that excites you so much?”Poloma told her grandfather about the bouncing ball,the boulder,and the arrow that was carved near the base of the rock.“Do you think the arrow is a glyph like the ones in my code boo
9、ks?”Poloma asked.“Maybe its a Mayan hieroglyphic;the Mayans used tiny pictures instead of words and letters.Maybe the Mayans carved the arrow,”Poloma guessed.Papa pulled himself out of the swing and smiled down at his granddaughter.“Thats an extremely good question,”he said,“but I doubt that the May
10、ans carved rocks around here because the Mayans lived hundreds of miles south of here in Mexico and Central America.However,your arrow might indeed represent some strange code,but before we jump to any irrational conclusions,lets conduct a little research to find out.”Arrows Level Y78Polomas grandfa
11、ther knew about codes;in fact,he was a veteran who had been decorated for his work with cryptography during World War II.Papa and other Native American Code Talkers had helped the United States and its allies win the war by sending secret messages.“Will you tell me again,Papa?”Poloma pleaded.She lov
12、ed to hear the Code Talker story,even though shed heard it many times before.She especially enjoyed hearing about the Mississippi Choctaw Code Talkers like her grandfather.“Come,”her grandfather said,as he took her hand,“I think we should visit your puzzling arrow,and Ill tell you about the Code Tal
13、kers as we walk through the woods.”As they made their way toward the boulder,Papa recounted the story of the Code Talkers and how they had sent messages that no one else could interpret.Questions“We spoke into walkie-talkie radios,”he explained,“and we only used Choctaw words that would be unintelli
14、gible to outsiders.The Code Talker on the other end received my message and translated it into English for Allied soldiers.If enemies were listening,they wouldnt be able to comprehend any words whatsoever.”This group of Oklahoma Choctaw soldiers from World War I paved the way for other native langua
15、ges to be used as codes in World War II.Arrows Level Y910Poloma and her grandfather were at the boulder now.They knelt down,and Poloma pointed to the roughly carved arrow.Wind and rain had eroded the arrows edges so that it was nearly invisible to anyone who was not carefully examining the stone.“Wh
16、at do you think it means?”she asked.Papa traced his finger back and forth over the carving.“I cant say for certain,”he said.“Its a very old carving,but its hard to estimate how old.Its a difficult and complicated process to determine how old a carving is.”“How do people know?”Poloma asked.“Well,ther
17、e are many ways.Remember the cave paintings we saw last summer,and the ancient fossils and bones we saw at the natural history museum?Scientists use a method called carbon dating to figure out how old those things are.”“Can we use it to find out how old our arrow is?”Poloma asked.“Possiblysomeone co
18、uld date the plants in the cracks nearest to the carving,”Papa told her.“But lets try an alternative method.Lets study the arrow and its environment for more clues.”Poloma peered at the arrow for a long time.Suddenly,she had an idea.“I know!”she shouted.“Maybe we should explore where the arrow is po
19、inting?”The arrow was pointing toward another boulder nearby.Poloma and Papa followed it and found the second arrow almost immediately.The second arrow was pointing in the same direction as the first so they followed that one,too.It led to another boulder,and another arrow,which led to yet another,a
20、nd then another arrow.There were six arrows in all.Arrows Level Y1112“What do you think it means,Papa?”Poloma asked as she ran her finger over the sixth arrow.“I think it means we should look for the next arrow,”Papa laughed.“The arrows are sending us somewhere for some inexplicable reason,and Im ch
21、amping at the bit to see where and why.”They continued on in the direction the arrows had been leading them but saw no more boulders.The arrows led them abruptly toward a stream.“What should we do?”Poloma asked.“I suppose we should cross the stream.It looks very shallow,so if we tiptoe from stone to
22、 stone,perhaps well find another arrow on the other side.Hold my hand tight;well cross together.”AnswersThey crossed the stream,holding hands,stepping carefully.When they reached the other side,they nearly toppled over the next boulder.It was almost entirely obscured by a grove of old pine trees at
23、the top of an embankment.“Do you think theres anything carved on it?”Poloma asked.“Lets take a look,”Papa said.They knelt down together,side by side,and examined the boulder.At first they couldnt find an arrow or any other carving,and they were about to give up when Poloma screeched.Arrows Level Y13
24、14“I found something!I found something!”she shouted as she leaned closer to the boulder and scraped off some dried and shriveled moss with her fingers.“Look,Papa!Its not an arrow at alltheres a bunch of letters carved into the bottom of the boulder!I wonder if we can make them out.”“Im afraid youll
25、have to read them to me.”Papa stood up slowly,rubbing his knees.“Glaucoma and rheumatism arent the best assets for would-be explorers.Ill never be able to read those tiny marks with my poor eyesight,and my joints are aching from all this crawling around in the brush.”Poloma crawled closer to the bou
26、lder and pored over the letters.It took her a long time,but she was finally able to read them all.“They dont make sense as words from any language Ive ever seen,”she said.“Ill say them to you,but it looks like gibberish to me.”Poloma read each letter out loud,very slowly.g p m m p x u i f e s j o l
27、j o h h p v s eWhen she was finished,she said,“Maybe theyre a code.Do you think they could be a code,Papa?”“Read them again,”Papa said.“Maybe I can make some sense of them if you read them again.”Poloma said the series of letters again.As she recited them,she could hear her grandfathers footsteps.He
28、 was anxiously walking with a measured gait through the dead leaves and pine needles.Papa always paced when he had something important to mull over.Arrows Level Y1516“Do they mean anything to you?”she asked when she was done.“Im not exactly sure,”Papa told her.“But I think its a cipher,and I think I
29、 recognize it.”Poloma knew what a cipher was.It was a code that substituted letters or numbers for the real letters in a message.“Ciphers like that one have been used in many wars to conceal strategic information from the enemy,”Papa explained.“Reading a message created with a cipher is easy if you
30、know the key to the code.”Cracking the Code“Did you use a cipher in the war?”Poloma asked.“We used a kind of cipher,substituting Choctaw names of things found in nature for military equipment like tanks and machine guns.I also heard about some very complicated cryptograms used in World War II.The Ge
31、rmans had a very sophisticated device called the Enigma Machine that was a kind of mechanical computer that substituted letters for other letters.But the first substitution cipher was invented by the Roman emperor Julius Caesar more than 2,000 years ago.”“I wonder if these letters were used in a war
32、,too,”Poloma pondered.Papa contemplated that.He paced for a very long time,and then he halted beside his granddaughter and cleared his throat.“I think I remember something,”he said.“As you may recall,a great war took place right around here.”“The Civil Warright,Papa?”Poloma asked.Arrows Level Y1718“
33、Yes.About 150 years ago,the Civil War was fought to free the slaves in the South.I think I recall reading that the soldiers and spies in the North used a special cipher.”“Do you remember what it was,Papa?”“It was similar to the Caesar Cipher.Read me the letters again.”Poloma read the letters slowly.
34、g p m m p x u i f e s j o l j o h h p v s ePapa shook his head and placed a gentle hand on his granddaughters shoulder.“You forgot the spaces,”he said.“Read the letters again,and dont forget the spaces between the words.”Poloma read the letters again.This time she was careful to pause whenever she s
35、aw a space.g p m m p x u i f e s j o l j o h h p v s eAs she was repeating the letters,she remembered something that she had noticed in codes she had deciphered before.Most sentences contained at least one short common word,and this one was no exception.“I think I see some interesting patterns of le
36、tters,”she said.“Lets say the letters combine to form words.One of the words has three letters.Lets assume that its a common word .”“.like and?”“Or the,”Poloma suggested.“There has to be one common word in a sentence.”Poloma and Papa were quiet for several minutes as they considered the three letter
37、s.“I dont think its and,”Papa said.“The letters dont make sense.”“But it could be the,”Poloma said.“Maybe the letters uif stand for the in some way.”Arrows Level Y1920Papa was smiling now.“You are a brilliant girl,”he said.“What letter precedes u in the alphabet?”“T,”Poloma said.“And the letter h co
38、mes before i,and the letter e comes before f.This is a substitute-letter cipher,Papa!”“Yes!I remember now!During the Civil War,some Northern spies and soldiers used a code called the advance cipher.They advanced each letter one letter of the alphabet.”The Drinking GourdOnce they had cracked the code
39、,it was easy to read the message.“I know what it says,Papa.It says,Follow the Drinking Gourd.But I dont know what the message means.Do you know what it means?”Papa was pacing again now,and Poloma could tell that he was meditating on the significance of what they had found.“Before the end of the war,
40、”he said,“many slaves longed to escape to freedom in the North.They followed what was called the Underground Railroad,which wasnt literally a railroad,but instead was a series of routes and directions and safe houses that led the slaves northward.Some slaves who had escaped returned to help other sl
41、aves.”“But who carved the arrows,Papa?”“Im not sure if well ever know that,”Papa said.“It might have been a Northern spy trying to help.It might have been a returning slave who had learned the cipher in the North.Or maybe it had nothing to do with the war.Who knows?Maybe some children were playing a
42、 game.”Arrows Level Y2122“Did escaping slaves ever carve directions in trees or rocks?”Poloma asked.“Ive never heard of such an occurrence,but every day people uncover new information about the Underground Railroad.Just recently,someone discovered a hidden tunnel and a secret room in a house in Iowa
43、 where slaves hid out on their journey north to Canada.Many escaping slaves traveled all the way north to Canada after the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 made it more difficult for them to find freedom in the northern United States.”“What does Follow the Drinking Gourd mean?”Poloma asked.“The Drinking G
44、ourd is the constellation of seven stars now called the Big Dipper,which can always be found in the northern sky of the United States.Slaves followed the Drinking Gourd from safe house to safe house,until they finally reached freedom.”The Sun was beginning to set,and tiny slivers of light were flick
45、ering through the branches.Poloma took her flashlight from her backpack,turned it on,and took her grandfathers hand.By the time they were back on the other side of the stream,the Sun had disappeared.Poloma stopped and scanned the sky.“Are you looking for the Drinking Gourd?”her grandfather asked.“Th
46、ere it is!”Poloma was pointing to the bright cluster of stars in the sky.“Shall we follow it?”“Its your decision.Are we heading north?”Poloma thought about that for a moment.The Drinking Gourd would lead them back across the stream,past the boulder with the cipher,and on to places north.“We need to
47、go south,Papa.”Poloma and Papa turned.They moved slowly,like creeping night creatures.The light from Polomas flashlight led them away from the North Star,past the arrows pointing the other way,out of the woods,and home.Arrows Level Y2324Glossarycarbon dating(n.)a test to determine age that analyzes
48、the content of carbon,an element in organic material(p.9)Code Native Americans who usedTalkers(n.)their native languages as codes during World Wars I and II(p.7)comprehend(v.)understand fully(p.8)contemplated(v.)thought over deeply(p.16)cryptograms(n.)coded messages(p.16)cryptography(n.)secret writi
49、ng using a cipher or code(p.7)deciphered(v.)worked out the meaning of a secret message or writing (p.18)decorated(v.)awarded medals for performing well in the military(p.7)embankment(n.)a raised section of earth,often bordering a body of water or a road(p.12)gibberish(n.)a language that has no meani
50、ng or makes no sense (p.13)glyph(n.)a picture or other character with special meaning that is often carved into something(p.6)interpret(v.)tell or explain the meaning or significance of something(p.8)irrational(adj.)not making logical sense(p.6)Choctaw(n.)a member of a group of Native Americans in t