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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.The Panama CanalA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:2,166WritingConsider the pros and cons of building the Panama Canal.Write an essay explaining whether the benefits gained from the project were worth the sacrifice and cost.Social St
2、udiesResearch President Roosevelts visit to Panama.Write a summary explaining the reasons Roosevelt thought it was important for the United States to become involved in the building of the Panama Canal.Connectionswww.readinga-www.readinga-XZ1Z2Written by John PerritanoThe Panama CanalLEVELED BOOK Z2
3、XZ1Z220malaria(n.)a dangerous tropical disease spread by mosquitoes(p.12)marine(adj.)of or relating to the sea(p.4)morale(n.)confidence or enthusiasm of an individual or a group when working toward a goal(p.14)naval(adj.)of or relating to a navy(p.11)perished(v.)died,especially in a sudden,violent,o
4、r unexpected way (p.9)refurbishing(v.)changing or repairing something to improve it(p.14)scale(v.)to climb something high or steep;to reach the highest point of something(p.15)stalled(v.)stopped moving forward or suddenly stopped working (p.9)transcontinental extending across a continent(adj.)(p.6)w
5、ww.readinga-Written by John PerritanoThe Panama CanalWhy is the Panama Canal considered a colossal engineering feat?Focus Question2019Glossaryaccommodate(v.)to have or make enough room or space for someone or something(p.18)canal(n.)a waterway dug across land and used for transportation (p.4)commerc
6、e(n.)the buying and selling of goods;business or trade(p.5)contracted(v.)caught or developed an illness or disease(p.13)coup(n.)the sudden overthrow of leadership,usually of a government or business,by a small group(p.11)engineering(n.)the work of designing and building things using science and math
7、(p.4)ingenuity(n.)cleverness or skill in solving a problem or challenge(p.4)isthmus(n.)a narrow strip of land connecting two larger landmasses(p.4)locks(n.)gated sections in rivers or canals in which the water level is raised and lowered to allow ships and boats to pass(p.4)The Panama Canal Level Z2
8、The Panama CanalLevel Z2 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by John PerritanoAll rights reserved.www.readinga-accommodatecanalcommercecontractedcoupengineeringingenuityisthmuslocksmalariamarinemoralenavalperishedrefurbishingscalestalledtranscontinentalWords to KnowFront and back covers:The luxury cruis
9、e ship Dawn Princess moves through the Pedro Miguel locks in the Panama Canal.Title page:Workers construct a lock and lock gates in a section of the canal in 1913.Page 3:Ships pass through the Gatun locks on the eastern side of the Panama Canal.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:David Parker/Alamy
10、;title page:Library of Congress/Corbis Historical/Getty Images;page 3:Bettmann/Corbis/Getty Images;page 4:PF-(bygone)/Alamy;page 11(main):AP Images;page 11(inset):Everett Collection Historical/Alamy;page 13:Everett Collection Inc/Alamy;page 16:Danielho/iStock/ThinkstockIllustration Credit:Page 16:il
11、lustration by Laszlo Veres/Learning A-ZCorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA193Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Treacherous Crossings .6The French Take Charge .8The Americans Take Over .10Battling the Mosquito .12“Make the Dirt Fly”.13Old Timer .18Glossary .19The Panama Canal
12、Level Z218Old TimerThe United States controlled the canal until the end of 1999,when Panama took it over as part of a treaty agreement.By the early twenty-first century,the canal was showing its age.More than fourteen thousand ships and three hundred million tons of cargo were passing through its lo
13、cks annually.It badly needed a makeover to allow it to handle larger ships and resolve the problem of traffic jams.In 2006,the people of Panama voted to build two new sets of locks and two new navigation lanes to connect those locks to the existing channels.In 2016,forty-thousand workers completed t
14、he$5.4 billion,ten-year construction project.The new locks allow the canal to accommodate modern sailing vessels,effectively doubling the amount of cargo it can handle each day.Since the new locks are wider,they also allow tugboats,rather than mule locomotives,to guide ships through the system.The e
15、xpansion is yet another marvel of engineering in the canals long history.4IntroductionIt was a modern marvel that began as a seemingly impossible dream.Yet that dream became reality on August 15,1914,when the cargo ship Ancon eased through narrow locks and around towering mountains on its journey we
16、st via the newly opened Panama Canal.For so many,the Ancons voyage was a day of triumph.A journey that in prior years had taken months to complete could now be accomplished in a matter of days,thanks to a combination of human ingenuity,American technology,and the sweat of thousands of laborers.The c
17、onstruction of the fifty-mile-long canal was a colossal engineering feat the likes of which the world had never before witnessed.Workers spent ten years gouging earth from the isthmus and beating back countless obstacles in an effort to create a new water route for commercial,military,and recreation
18、al marine traffic between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Ancon makes the first trip through the newly built Panama Canal in 1914.17Locks are watertight chambers with huge steel doors at each end.In a lock,engineers can raise and lower the water level.When a ship wants to pass through a lock,the fro
19、nt door opens,allowing the ship to sail into the chamber.Once inside,the chamber door closes.Engineers then open valves,which allow water to flow into the compartment from the lock above the ship.As a result,the water level increases,raising the ship up to the level of the next lock.The ship rises t
20、hrough three locks until it reaches the inland lake.At the other end,the reverse happens.Instead of adding water to a lock,engineers drain the water.When that happens,the ship is lowered to the level of the next lock.How the Panama Canal WorksLock gateSea level1 Ship moves into open lock2 Lock gates
21、 close and lock fills with water,raising the ship to the level of the next lock3 More locks raise the ship until it is the height of Gatun Lake 4 Ship crosses Gatun Lake to the locks on the far side,where the process is reversedGatun locksPedro Miguel locksMiraflores locksGatun LakeMiraflores LakePa
22、cific OceanCaribbean SeaHeight of Gatun LakeLockSide view of the lock system as seen from the north.(not to scale)4321234The Panama Canal Level Z25The opening of the Panama Canal not only spurred global commerce but also helped establish the United States as a world power.Nearly one hundred years la
23、ter,thousands of ships,from yachts to aircraft carriers,use the canal to cross from one mighty ocean to the other.PACIFIC OCEANEquatorUnited StatesSOUTH AMERICAATLANTIC OCEANCARIBBEAN SEANew YorkSan FranciscoPanama CanalNow Thats a Shortcut!Trip through Panama Canal:5,300 miles(8,370 km)Trip around
24、South America:13,000 miles(20,900 km)KEYThe Panama Canal Level Z216also began building Gatun Dam across the powerful Chagres River.The dam would hold back the waters of Gatun Lake,the largest artificial lake in the world at that time.When workers finished the canal in 1914,the locks worked just as p
25、lanned.The Panama Canal soon became an important navigation route.The canal solved one transportation problem but created another.The canal split Panama and made it difficult to move people and goods across the country.For years,people relied on barges and ferryboats to cross the canal.Eventually,na
26、rrow swing bridges were built at the Miraflores and Gatun locks,but these could be used only when no ships were passing.The best solution was a permanent bridge that would always be open to traffic.In 1962,the four-lane Bridge of the Americas at the Pacific entrance to the canal was completed.A seco
27、nd bridge was built 9 miles(14.5 km)north of the Bridge of the Americas in 2004 to help reduce traffic jams on the Pan-American Highway.Bridge of the Americas6Treacherous CrossingsThe idea of linking the Atlantic and Pacific with a canal was born well before the twentieth century.Early Spanish explo
28、rers were the first to envision a waterway between the two oceans,but the Spanish lacked the engineering ability to undertake such a venture in the 1700s.In the early 1800s,the British and French governments independently developed their own plans for building a canal but did not follow through.It w
29、as not until 1848 that the notion of a “cross-isthmus”canal secured itself in the public imagination.That was the year gold was discovered in a streambed at Sutters Mill in California,sparking a great westward migration of hopeful fortune seekers from the East.When the gold rush began,the country wa
30、s still young,with no transcontinental railroad or stagecoach route connecting the East and West Coasts.Much of the area west of the Mississippi was wild and unsettled.Those who ventured west found the overland trek across mountains,plains,and deserts dangerous and long.Many travelers instead chose
31、to make the somewhat less hazardous sea journey.Traveling from New York to San Francisco by boat was far less dangerous but took much longer than the overland route.Seagoing prospectors had 15the project.The Chagres River,which ran high along the mountains,was also an obstacle.To solve these problem
32、s,Stevens proposed building a series of lockseach more than three football fields longover the mountains.Stevens also decided to dam the Chagres River and create a huge lake that would receive and deliver the waters from and to the locks.The locks would function as staircases,allowing ships to scale
33、 the mountain,cross the new lake at the top,and descend the other side.Stevens directed workers to dig from both ends of the lock site and meet in the middle.Each lock was 70 feet(21.3 m)deep and 110 feet(33.5 m)wide.Building these monster locks took four years.Stevens,although highly successful,une
34、xpectedly resigned from the project in 1907.Roosevelt then sent Major George Washington Goethals of the Army Corps of Engineers to Panama.Goethals took over as supervisor and oversaw the building of the canal.Much of Stevenss work up to that point had involved setting up systems,fixing problems,and
35、starting to excavate the landscape.Under Goethalss command,construction could begin on the canals three sets of locks.Work crews The Panama Canal Level Z27two route choices.They could sail to Panama,travel by land across the isthmus,then board a second vessel and sail to California.Otherwise,they ha
36、d to make the whole journey by ship and round Cape Horn at the southern tip of South America.The second choice was longer and more hazardous due to heavy winds and rough seas encountered on the way.The journey across the isthmus took about a week,but it was far from comfortable or pleasant.Travelers
37、 were transported first by dugout canoe on the Chagres River,then by mule on an old Spanish trail.In the mid-1800s,a group of Americans decided to construct a railroad across Panama to make the journey easier.Construction began in 1850,and by 1855 trains were running regularly along the 47-mile(75.6
38、 km)rail line connecting the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the narrow isthmus.Although the rail line had improved speed and ease of transport,many people felt that a canal would be the best way to travel across the isthmus.A Frenchman,Ferdinand de Lesseps,had successfully supervised construction of
39、 the 102-mile(164 km)Suez Canal in Egypt.Who better to oversee construction of a shorter canal across the isthmus?The Panama Canal Level Z214With the project in peril,Wallace resigned.His replacement was a hard-driving engineer named John Stevens.Stevens came to Panama as morale sagged,his seventeen
40、 thousand workers anxious for a new leader to provide direction and motivate them to carry on.Stevens,well aware of the problems that plagued the project,took time to survey the situation and plan carefully.He knew the mightiest steam shovels were no use if the dirt they excavated was not immediatel
41、y hauled away,so he stopped all digging.He began organizing systems that would support the massive excavation project,constructing roads and refurbishing parts of the old Panama Railway.Stevens also recognized the importance of maintaining a skilled and motivated workforce.He built churches,hospital
42、s,mess halls,and schools to improve worker morale.Housing for skilled U.S.workers and their families was provided rent-free,and dances and band concerts were held every weekend.When Stevens took charge,he also changed construction plans for the canal.The original plan called for workers to dig the c
43、anal at sea level.To do that,they would have to dig through the mountains,which would have added years to 8The French Take ChargeIn 1879,a group of French businessmen formed a company to dig a canal across Panama,with the experienced de Lesseps at the helm.De Lesseps was sure that the shorter Panama
44、 Canal could be completed in half the timeten yearsit had taken to build the Suez Canal.First,France had to sign a treaty with Colombia,which owned the PACIFIC OCEANGULF OF PANAMACARIBBEAN SEAPanamaPanama CityPanama CanalColombiaCosta RicaA Land Called PanamaPanama is a curved ribbon of land connect
45、ing Central and South America.Panama is the narrowest strip of land that separates the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.Hot,humid,and often rainy,Panama is a diverse land with thick jungles and many types of plants and animals.13Gorgass ideas worked,and by August 1906 the number of yellow fever cases was
46、 reduced to just twenty-seven.By November,the number of cases contracted dropped to onethe last yellow fever victim Gorgas would see.Malaria proved a greater challenge,but even there Gorgass efforts saw results.The death rate from malaria had fallen to less than 1 percent by early 1910.“Make the Dir
47、t Fly”The world watched as construction began in 1904 under the experienced eye of an engineer named John Wallace.Roosevelt ordered Wallace to“make the dirt fly,”but that proved a difficult order to obey.The dirt excavated by the steam shovels was not dryit was thick,sticky mud.Almost as soon as a s
48、hovelful was removed,more mud slid back down into the freshly dug trenches.By June 1905,most American workers had left Panama,overwhelmed by the seemingly endless and trying work.Workers use steam-powered machines to cut through the mountains in the middle of Panama in 1913.The Panama Canal Level Z2
49、9isthmus at that time.Then de Lesseps and his assistant,Philippe Bunau-Varilla,moved armies of workers and heavy machinery to the isthmus to begin digging.While de Lesseps was an enthusiastic project manager,he was not much of an engineer.He failed to recognize the very different challenges that the
50、 Panamanian mountain jungle presented compared to the flat,sandy lands of Egypt.Digging started slowly as workers carved out tiny slices of the jungle.Day after day,week after week,workers labored through steady downpours in stifling heat.Many workers perished in mudslides,while countless others die