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1、SatellitesA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:1,827Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.www.readinga-Written by Lori PolydorosLEVELED BOOK ZSatellitesSatelliteswww.readinga-SatellitesLevel Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Lori PolydorosIllustrations by Craig Frederick
2、All rights reserved.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAPhoto Credits:Front cover:courtesy of NASA/JHU APL;back cover,title page:courtesy of NASA;page 3:courtesy of NASA/Kepler Mission/Wendy Stenzel;pages 4,5(Earth,satellite),10(Earth,satellite),16(satellite),24(s
3、atellite):ArtToday;pages 5(Mars,Jupiter,Saturn),16:Jupiterimages Corporation;page 5(Io):courtesy of NASA/JPL/University of Arizona;page 5(Callisto):courtesy of NASA/JPL/DLR;page 6:courtesy of NASA/WMAP Science Team;page 7:courtesy of NASA/JPL/Deep Space Network;page 8:courtesy of ESA-GOCE High Level
4、 Processing Facility;page 9:courtesy of NASA/JSC/Orbital Debris Program Office;page 11:Jakob Kamender/123RF;page 12:courtesy of Robert Simmon/NASA/Earth Observatory;page 13:courtesy of NASA/GSFC/MITI/ERSDAC/JAROS,and U.S./Japan ASTER Science Team;page 14:courtesy of NASA/MODIS Rapid Response Team;pa
5、ge 15:courtesy of NOAA/NESDIS/SSD;page 17:courtesy of Space Telescope Science Institute/NASA;page 18:Detlev Van Ravenswaay/SPL/Photo Researchers,Inc.;page 19:courtesy of STS-130 Crew,NASA;page 20:courtesy of Space Telescope Science Institute/NASA;page 22:Sergei Chirikov/epa/Corbis;page 24:Andrey Pro
6、khorov/iSFront cover:The STEREO mission studies Sun-Earth relationships,severe solar eruptions,and helps weather-detection satellites.Back cover:The Mir Russian space station docked with the space shuttle Atlantis in 1995.Title page:Environmental satellite GOES is designed to help with severe storm
7、warnings and global resource management.Written by Lori PolydorosSatellites Level Z34Table of ContentsSatellites 101.4Satellite Anatomy .6Outstanding Orbits.8Satellites Work.11First Satellites.18The International Space Station .19Satellite Rescue .21Satellite Funerals.21Conclusion .22Glossary .23Ind
8、ex .24Satellites 101A satellite is any object in space that orbits,or revolves around,another object.There are two kindsnatural and artificial satellites.The Moon is a natural satellite that revolves around Earth.All of the planets in our Solar System are natural satellites of the Sun.Artificial sat
9、ellites are made by humans.The eight planets of our solar system are satellites that orbit the Sun.MercuryEarthJupiterUranusSunVenusMarsSaturnNeptuneOur Solar SystemSatellites Level Z56Artificial satellites are high-tech tools that orbit Earth.They are like space robots that do many jobs people cant
10、.Even though we often arent aware of them,artificial satellites have played an important part in our lives since Sputnik I was launched in 1957.Artificial satellites allow us to do everyday things,such as use our cell phones and select TV programs from hundreds of domestic and international channels
11、.Satellites help captains navigate ships,and meteorologists predict the path of dangerous storms.Thousands of satellites now orbit Earth.Similar to satellites are space probes,which usually explore other planets,moons,or asteroids within our Solar System.They can also travel to the far reaches of sp
12、ace,sending back valuable information.Satellite AnatomySatellites are built for specific jobs.On the outside,they may look like a barrel or a windmill and have paddles,solar panels,or sails.Inside,satellites contain mission-specific scientific instruments.The payload includes whatever tools the sate
13、llite needs to perform its work,such as sensitive antennas,high-resolution cameras,and communication electronics.The bus is the part that carries the payload.The bus holds all the parts together;provides the electrical power for the computers and communication equipment,and the power to move the sat
14、ellite forward.Solar SensationSatellites use solar energy from the Sun to run their equipment.The flaps,wings,panels,or the satellites shell can be covered with solar cells.These cells convert the Suns energy to electricity.A satellite never pays an electric bill!EarthMarsJupiterSaturnSpace probeIll
15、ustration not to scaleSatellites Level Z78Computers function as the satellites brain.The computers receive information,interpret it,and send messages back to Earth.Advanced digital cameras serve as the satellites eyes.Sensors are other important parts that recognize light and color,heat,water,minera
16、ls,and gases.Sensors record changes in what is being observed.Radios on the satellite send information back to Earth where antennas receive the signals.Outstanding OrbitsArtificial satellites use gravity to stay in their orbits.Earths gravity pulls everything toward the center of the planet.To stay
17、in Earths orbit,a satellites speed must adjust to the tiniest changes in the pull of gravity.The satellites speed works against Earths gravity just enough so that it doesnt go speeding into space or falling back to Earth.Rockets carry satellites to different types and heights of orbits,based on the
18、jobs they need to do.Satellites closer to Earth are in low-Earth orbit,which can be 200500 miles(321804 km)high.Gravity is stronger closer to Earth so these satellites must travel at about 17,000 miles per hour(27,358 kph)to keep from falling back to Earth.Higher-orbiting satellites can travel more
19、slowly because gravitys pull isnt as strong.Linking Up!Downlinking is when a satellite converts the information it collects into a radio signal and sends it back to Earth.These signals travel through space and are received at an Earth Station,or dish.Sending signals back up to a satellite is called
20、uplinking.A collection of Earth Stations are arranged to receive satellite signals.The first global gravity model based on GOCE satellite data was presented in mid-2010.The GOCE satellite has the capability to map the tiny variations in Earths gravity pull.Satellites Level Z910Satellites orbit Earth
21、 according to the job they do.Equatorial OrbitPolar OrbitLow-Earth OrbitHunks of Junk!A space shuttle traveling in low-Earth orbit smacked into a fleck of paint that dug a pit in a window nearly a quarter-inch(6.35 mm)wide!Space might seem empty,but whats really out there is an orbiting garbage dump
22、leftovers from early space missions such as gloves,lens caps,bolts,rocket motors,and meteoroids,too.These objects slam into spacecraft at speeds of 170,000 mph(273,588 kph)or more,causing serious damage.Satellite missions have helped NASA chart over 370,000 known pieces of space junk.After six years
23、 in space,the satellites came home riddled with pits,cracks,and holes from space debris!Satellites that follow a lopsided elliptical,or oval-shaped,orbit do so to get a closer view of Earth.At 540 miles(869 km)up,satellites in polar orbit travel from pole to pole and circle the Earth eighteen times
24、a day!Other satellites orbit over the equator 22,300 miles(35,888 km)up.They move at the same speed that the Earth is turning.These satellites are in stationary orbits,meaning it takes 24 hours for the satellite to circle our planet.The Earth takes 24 hours to spin on its axis,so these satellites ap
25、pear to stay over the same spot!Satellites Level Z1112Satellites WorkScientists design satellites to collect many different types of information.Scientists design and place them into orbit according to what kind of data they are collecting.Communication satellites,or comsats,allow us to use cell pho
26、nes and send emails and faxes across the globe.They allow us to broadcast television and radio programs around the world,and make phone calls while flying in an airplane!The first live broadcast across the Atlantic Ocean was made in 1962 by an experimental satellite called Telstar.Before then,news h
27、ad to travel by telegraph,telephone,or cables.Now,we can communicate with the most remote places by bouncing a signal across multiple satellites.Earth observational satellites collect information on temperature,oceans,wildfires,animals,and even volcanoes!Sometimes,these satellites are called environ
28、mental satellites.They record changes in the Earths surface and atmosphere,including pollution and destruction of forests caused by human activity.They use powerful cameras to take pictures using light rays,X-rays,and radio waves.Environmentalists,farmers,miners,and fishermen find this information i
29、ncreasingly valuable.Other satellites such as military,or spy,satellites have taken pictures of Earth since 1960.Officially named reconnaissance satellites,or spysats,they spy on other nations.Spysats relay coded messages,monitor nuclear weapons,observe enemy armies,and can eavesdrop on many forms o
30、f electronic communication.Environmental satellites monitor the impact from deforestation or sediment clogging rivers and harbors.People with satellite TV downlink the satellite signal directly into their homes.Satellites Level Z1314The advanced technology developed for use in spysats has been expan
31、ded for other uses.Industries use imaging satellites to find oil or mineral sites.Law enforcement uses them to find where illegal drugs are grown.Satellites have even traced pollution back to the polluters.Research satellites have helped us map Earth in greater detail than we could ever do before.On
32、e satellite program tracks meteors that get too close to Earth.It also monitors ongoing tests of ways to divert or destroy threatening meteors before they can collide with Earth.Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI or STAR WARS)In 1983,then-U.S.President Ronald Regan announced research into the develop
33、ment of a space-based defense system.A network of defense satellites would detect enemy missiles in time for the missiles to be destroyed while they were in the air.The system was never completed.Image of New York City,taken from a research satelliteSatellites in EmergenciesBoth communication and mi
34、litary spy satellites are important in major emergencies.Disasters often destroy all means of transportation and other forms of communication,but satellite signals are not affected.Radio and TV stations use mobile satellite dishes as ground stations.This allows signals to be sent up to a communicati
35、on satellite,which then beams the signal around the world or bounces it to another satellite.Satellites can show the extent of a major disaster area.Satellites Level Z1516Weather satellites save lives.They monitor weather systems,wind speeds,rainfall,and much more.Weather satellites warn us about da
36、ngerous storms,such as hurricanes or typhoons.Earlier warning and more accurate information allow people more time to either prepare for the storm or evacuate the area.Meteorologists,scientists who study Earths atmosphere,weather,and climate,can make better forecasts using satellites.Weather satelli
37、tes use cameras and tools that measure the temperature in the atmosphere.They can help ships in the ocean by detecting snow and ice at sea.Large ships and planes cannot stay on course without navigational satellites to help them find their way.Global Positioning System,or GPS,receives radio signals
38、from three satellites that are used to pinpoint an exact location anywhere.Astronomical satellites have the ultimate view of the universe!They look deep into space at the Moon,Sun,planets,stars,and galaxies.Scientists use these research satellites to study waves and particles moving through space in
39、 the hope of understanding more about our universe.Infrared satellites are probing the darkest corners of space and relaying images never thought possibleof objects we couldnt see before.Working TogetherMeteorologists use weather satellites in different orbits to help them make the best observations
40、.Two satellites circle Earth over the poles.Another set of these satellites orbit Earth at the equator.Weather satellites predict and track storm systems around the world.Go GPS!GPS was originally developed for military use,but now people across the globe are using this satellite technology to deter
41、mine where they are.Many cars now have small GPS monitors that can tell drivers how to get from one place to the next.But GPS isnt perfectit can be disturbed by electrical storms,solar flares,computer failure,or power failures.Satellites Level Z1718The Hubble Space Telescope is the most famous U.S.a
42、stronomical satellite.The“ultimate telescope”was launched into its low-Earth orbit in 1990,and after twenty years of performance beyond any expectation,the last of its series of refurbishing missions gave it a final tune-up.It received new cameras,new batteries and gyroscopes,a Cosmic Origins Spectr
43、ograph,and a renewed expectation of perhaps another ten years of taking pictures in deep space.As it continues to orbit Earth at 17,000 miles per hour,the Hubbles reflecting telescopes,high-powered cameras,sensors,and other tools act as“eyes”to the universe.In its first twenty years,these eyes have
44、recorded more than 45 terabytes of data,which is enough information to fill about 5,800 DVDs.The Hubble helped scientists understand star birth and death,black holes,and the evolution of galaxies.First SatellitesFamous scientist Isaac Newton first came up with the idea for an artificial satellite in
45、 1687 after realizing that Earths gravity held the Moon in its orbit.The former Soviet Union took Newtons advice almost 300 years later when it launched the first object into space,the satellite Sputnik I.Sputnik I was about the size of a basketball and had four antennas that sent out radio signals.
46、It circled Earth in 98 minutes in an elliptical orbit.The launch of Sputnik I surprised Americans and marked the beginning of the space race between the two countries.After six months,Sputnik I slowly fell back to Earth,burning up in the atmosphere.Living CargoTo prove that a living thing could surv
47、ive in space,the Soviet Union sent a dog,named Laika,aboard its second satellite,Sputnik II in 1957.She became the worlds first space traveler.Sadly,Sputnik II was not made to return to Earth and Laika died.Satellites Level Z1920The International Space StationSpace stations allow astronauts to live
48、and work while orbiting Earth for extended periods of time.In 2000,the first crew boarded the International Space Station,or ISS.Then,it was the newest and largest thing in space.Before the ISS,the Russian space station,Mir,was the largest and most famous space station ever built.This 130-ton statio
49、n stayed in space for 15 years.Mirs final size was about 98 feet long and 45 feet wide and had six components.By 2010,the ISS had grown to be about four times larger than Mir,with a living and work space equal to a 747 jumbo-jet.The ISS has almost an acre of solar panels to power it!ISS travels in l
50、ow-Earth orbit about 250 miles(402 km)up,which allows people and equipment to be ferried back and forth with launch vehicles,such as Russias Soyuz rocket or the U.S.space shuttle.The ISS can make excellent Earth observations because it covers 85 percent of the globe at this orbit.The ISS has the mos