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1、www.readinga-Written by Louanne SilverVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.LEVELED BOOK UUnderground CitiesA Reading AZ Level U Leveled BookWord Count:1,177Underground Citieswww.readinga-Underground CitiesLevel U Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Louanne SilverAll rights reserve
2、d.www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL UQ4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAPhoto Credits:Front cover,back cover,page 5:REX USA/Patrick Frilet;title page:CuboImages srl/Alamy;page 3:Vito Arcomano/Marka/age fotostock;page 4:J.Jarvis/Visuals Unlimited,Inc.;page 7:Gavin Hellier/Alamy;page 8:eye35 stock/Ala
3、my;page 9:Ekaterina Fribus/iStock/Thinkstock;page 10(main):REX USA/Brendan Beirne;pages 10(inset),11:David Wall/Alamy;page 12:Hunt Midwest;page 13(main):Mike Booth/Alamy;page 13(inset):Medioimages/Photodisc/Thinkstock;page 14(top):Luong Thai Linh/epa/Corbis;page 14(center right):Walter Bibikow/JAI/C
4、orbis;page 14(bottom right):Photo Japan/AlamyIllustration credits:Page 6:Learning A-Z/Signe NordinFront and back cover,title page,page 3:Caves and passages in the underground city of Derinkuyu in Cappadocia,Turkey.Written by Louanne SilverUnderground Cities34Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Ancient C
5、ities .5 Derinkuyu,Turkey .5 City of Caves,Nottingham,England .7Modern Cities .9 Coober Pedy,Australia .9 SubTropolis,Kansas City,Missouri,United States .12Future Underground Cities .15Glossary .16IntroductionYouve probably heard about animals that live underground.Ants,moles,groundhogs,and prairie
6、dogs are just a few examples.But did you ever hear of people living underground?People around the world have lived underground for hundreds,and in some cases,thousands of years.In some places,they still do.Visiting some of these places reveals many different reasons for choosing these unusual dwelli
7、ngs.Residents may have been seeking protection from enemies or weather,an affordable way to live,or simply more living space.Whatever the reason,underground cities are found all over the world.The naked mole rat is one of many types of animals that live underground.Underground Cities Level U56Ancien
8、t CitiesDerinkuyu,TurkeyThe Cappadocia(kap-uh-DOH-shee-yuh)region of central Turkey is known for its ancient underground cities.More than two hundred multilevel underground cities have been discovered in the area.One of the best known is Derinkuyu(deh-rin-KOO-yoo).This ancient city was carved into t
9、he soft,volcanic rock that is common in the region.This city includes caves and other land features that were first formed naturally by wind and water.As a result,archaeologists have no way of knowing exactly when it was built.Building Derinkuyu was an amazing feat of engineering.The city was at lea
10、st eleven stories deep,though only eight stories have been excavated.Thousands of air shafts made breathing possible at the deepest levels.Scientists say that in order to construct the city,the original builders must have known a lot about engineering.Because the rock is so soft,the pillars needed t
11、o be very strong so the tunnels wouldnt collapse.This approach worked well because no evidence of collapses has yet been found.Derinkuyu had room for about twenty thousand people as well as their food and livestock.Stone doors weighing 454 kilograms(1,000 lbs.)could close off the entire city from th
12、e inside,and each floor could be closed off from the other floors.Evidence suggests that Derinkuyu was built underground to hide people and supplies during invasions.The city included homes,stables,storage rooms,a school,and a supply of freshwater.A tunnel 9 kilometers(6 mi.)long connects Derinkuyu
13、with Kaymakli,another underground city.A local Cappadocian resident accidentally discovered the city while breaking through a wall to expand his own cave home in 1963.This carved rock interior of a cave house is found on the fourth floor underground in Derinkuyu.1The Underground City of Derinkuyu21
14、Entrance2 Exit Area open to publicKEYUnderground Cities Level U78City of Caves Nottingham,EnglandAnother ancient city lies beneath the streets of Nottingham,England.The City of Caves was carved into sandstone so soft that the material can be shaped with simple hand tools.Unlike Derinkuyu,it didnt us
15、e existing caves but instead was cut into solid rock.This ancient city has close to five hundred caves,all of which were carved by hand.Evidence suggests that people lived in the City of Caves from as far back as the eleventh century until at least the mid-1800s.The people of Nottingham used the cav
16、es as homes,work areas,and cellars.One area,called Drury Hill,was once a wealthy neighborhood but turned into a slum by the nineteenth century.Poor families lived in single-room basements,some of which still remain today.These underground living areas were so overcrowded that diseases spread easily.
17、During World War II(19391945),people used the caves as air raid shelters when England was bombed.In the late 1960s,work began on a shopping center above the caves,which were going to be filled in with concrete.After the public decided against it,the local historical society arranged for the caves to
18、 be declared an ancient monument.As a result,most of the caves were preserved.They have been open to the public since 1978.Polish Salt MineThe worlds most unusual salt mine lies deep beneath the ground in southern Poland.The town of Wieliczka(vee-LEECH-ka)was founded in the thirteenth century to min
19、e nearby underground salt deposits.Over the centuries,the miners created dozens of carved statues(right),as well as chapels and a huge cathedral,out of rock salt.The salt mining ended in 1996.Nottingham Castle sits on top of the underground City of Caves.Underground Cities Level U910Modern CitiesCoo
20、ber Pedy,AustraliaA remote area of South Australia contains a mine with some of Earths greatest treasures.Coober Pedy produces more opals than anywhere else in the world.These unusual gemstones are valued for their changing colors.Opals have been mined in Coober Pedy since 1915.Because of the extrem
21、e summer heatas high as 40C(104F)many miners live in homes carved into hillsides.These cavelike homes,called dugouts,cost about the same to build as aboveground homes.However,because the temperature underground stays constant,residents dont need air-conditioning in the summer or heat in the winter.H
22、omes arent the only structures built underground.The town also has subterranean shops,museums,and churches.Coober Pedy attracts people from around the world.Visitors can tour a working opal mine,learn about the history of the area,explore underground homes,and dig for opals.During their visit,they c
23、an even stay in an underground hotel!Do You Know?The name Coober Pedy comes from the Australian Aboriginal words kupa piti,which mean“white man in a hole.”Julie Knight,a resident of Coober Pedy,has this to say about subterranean living:“Living underground is better than normal housing.There are no w
24、indows in any of the rooms except along the front.Windows are usually kept to a minimum because of our climate.The more windows,the more heat.All rooms have a small air vent to allow natural air circulation.Since hot air rises,it all goes up and out.”The Underground Motel near the opal mines in Coob
25、er Pedy,Australia,welcomes visitors year round.This opal is like those mined in Coober Pedy.Underground Cities Level U1112“The temperature is a constant 2325 degrees Celsius(73F77F)year round,so there are no heating or cooling costs.One room has an airshaft that lets in a circle of light.Other rooms
26、 are pitch black until you turn on the light.“Older dugouts in Coober Pedy were dug by hand with a pick.Some residents leave the pick marks on the walls as reminders of how hard it was to dig there in the early days.Others paint their dugouts,usually white to make them brighter and lighter.There is
27、very little dust inside.Dugouts are soundproof,blocking out traffic and neighbor noise.I think Im pretty lucky to be living in such a unique home,so full of character.”SubTropolisKansas City,Missouri,United StatesLying below the Worlds of Fun and Oceans of Fun theme parks in Kansas City,Missouri,is
28、a different kind of world known as SubTropolis.SubTropolis calls itself“the worlds largest underground business complex.”Originally a limestone mine,the enormous underground space is now rented out to a variety of businesses for storage,manufacturing,printing,and other purposes.The complex is comple
29、tely protected from the outdoors,so its tenants never have to worry about rain,snow,ice,wind,or other rough weather conditions.Even though the employees dont look up and see the sky in SubTropolis,the interior is painted white,which makes it seem light and bright.Originally a one-room home,Fayes His
30、toric Underground House was converted into a full house,including a swimming pool.A semi-truck drives along 11.3 kilometers(7 mi.)of paved underground roads in SubTropolis.Underground Cities Level U1314Underground temperatures and humidity are constant.As a result,businesses use roughly one-quarter
31、of the electricity that they would aboveground,and theres no problem with moisture build-up.Because of this minimal use of electricity,one tenant calls SubTropolis truly environmentally friendly.Also,due to the constant climate underground,many treasures are safely stored in SubTropolis.These includ
32、e millions of U.S.Postal Service collectable stamps and old,original film reels from classic movies and TV shows.The first tunnels under Dover Castle were built in the thirteenth century for soldiers to launch surprise attacks on invading enemies.During the Napoleonic Wars(17931815),seven more tunne
33、ls were added to accommodate up to two thousand troops.The tunnels were used as recently as World War II as a military command center(pictured above).They are the only underground barracks ever built in Britain.Dover CastleUnderground Shopping Around the WorldMany places around the world have large
34、underground districts.Here are some:Vincom Mega Mall Royal City(top)in Hanoi,Vietnam,is an entertainment complex as well as an underground mall.It contains over six hundred shops,a water park,an ice-skating rink,and game centers.Instead of a food court,it has a food street with roughly two hundred r
35、estaurants.Okhotny Ryad in Moscow,Russia,is a three-story underground shopping mall that connects to a subway station.To protect neighboring buildings during construction,the stations walls were built aboveground and then lowered into the ground.Japans largest underground shopping district is the Um
36、eda underground mall in the city of Osaka.The mall connects with several subway stations next to hotels,banks,and high-rise office buildings.A giant red Ferris wheel sits atop a nine-story building.Underground Cities Level U1516Future Underground CitiesAlthough many underground shopping areas exist
37、around the world,no new large underground cities are being built today.However,individuals in many countries are building subterranean homes.Underground dwellers say that their homes use less energy,cost less to maintain,and offer more privacy than aboveground homes.Because of skyscrapers,todays cit
38、ies seem to be growing up toward the sky.In the future,they may instead grow down.Glossaryarchaeologists(n.)scientists who study the remains of ancient cultures(p.5)circulation(n.)the movement of air or water through a system(p.10)complex(n.)a group of buildings close to one another,used for a commo
39、n purpose(p.12)dwellings(n.)buildings or shelters in which people live;residences(p.4)engineering(n.)the work of designing and building things using science and math(p.5)excavated(v.)uncovered or dug out(p.5)humidity(n.)the amount of moisture in the air(p.13)mine(n.)a place where minerals are taken
40、from the ground by digging or blasting(p.9)pillars(n.)posts or columns used for support,usually made of stone,wood,or metal(p.6)preserved(adj.)kept in the same condition;protected from harm(p.8)residents(n.)people or other animals that live in a place(p.4)subterranean(adj.)underground(p.9)1 Derinkuy
41、u,Turkey2 City of Caves,Nottingham,England3 Wieliczka,Poland4 Coober Pedy,Australia5 SubTropolis,Kansas City,Missouri,United States6 Dover,England7 Vincom Mega Mall Royal City,Hanoi,Vietnam8 Okhotny Ryad,Moscow,Russia9 Umeda District,Osaka,Japan526381794ATLANTIC OCEANSOUTH AMERICANORTH AMERICAASIAAFRICAAUSTRALIAEUROPEINDIAN OCEANA World View:Underground Cities and Shopping CentersUnderground Cities Level U