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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.WritingWrite a journal entry from the perspective of a Native American during the building of the Transcontinental Railroad.Discuss the impact of the railroad on your family and how you feel about it.Social StudiesConstruct a timeline of the b
2、uilding of the Transcontinental Railroad.Include at least five events on your timeline.ConnectionsThe Transcontinental RailroadA Reading AZ Level Z2 Leveled BookWord Count:2,403www.readinga-Written by Katherine FollettLEVELED BOOK Z2XZ1Z2TheTranscontinentalRailroadwww.readinga-How did the Transconti
3、nental Railroad connect the eastern and western United States?Focus QuestionTheTranscontinentalRailroadWritten by Katherine FollettThe Transcontinental RailroadLevel Z2 Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Katherine FollettAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover,title page,pages 14,
4、19,20:ArtToday;page 3:courtesy of Andrew J.Russell/Library of Congress,P&P Div,Civil War Photographs Collection,LC-USZC4-4589;page 5:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div,Civil War Photograph Collection LC-USZ62-124420;page 6:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div,Civil War Photograph Collection
5、LC-DIG-cwpb-00260;pages 8(top left,top center,top right),12,15,17:The Granger Collection,NYC;page 8(bottom left):California State Library/AP Images;page 8(bottom right):Bettmann/Corbis;page 9:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div,John C.H.Grabill Collection LC-DIG-ppmsc-02535;page 10:courtesy of L
6、ibrary of Congress,P&P Div,Frank and Frances Carpenter Collection LC-DIG-ppmsc-01808;page 11:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div,FSA/OWI Collection LC-USF33-012438-M1;page 16:courtesy of Library of Congress,P&P Div,John C.H.Grabill Collection LC-DIG-ppmsc-02539;page 21:Andrew Russell/Union Pacif
7、ic/AP Imagesdiligently discrimination engineers immigrants infamous laborers portrayed pursuit settlers telegraph treacherous veteransWords to KnowCorrelationLEVEL Z2YZN/A70+Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3Table of ContentsIntroduction .4Who Will Build the Railroad?.6Who Will Win the Race?.9Who W
8、ill Conquer the Mountains?.14Where Will They Meet?.20Conclusion .22Glossary .23Index .24 The Transcontinental Railroad Level Z24IntroductionOne hundred and fifty years ago,it could take six months to travel overland from New York City to San Francisco.That meant if you left New York in April,the beg
9、inning of spring,you would not arrive in California until October,during the chilly days of fall.Over the long months of traveling,you would have to transport all of your food or hunt and gather it from the wild.There were few maps,so it was easy to get lost.There were also few towns or forts along
10、the way,so it was difficult to find someone to ask for help or directions.You would have to cross freezing,windswept prairies,roasting deserts,and treacherous mountains,all on foot or horseback,or in a creaky horse-or ox-drawn wagon that would often break down.Yet thousands of people were making thi
11、s journey across the United States to California every year.The West Coast offered rich farmland,wonderful weather,and best of all,gold.Many people at the time also believed in Manifest Destinythe idea that the United States should grow to include all the land from coast to coast.If only there were
12、some way to get people and supplies to and from California more quickly and safely.5At the time,the fastest way to travel was by railroad.Railroads crisscrossed the eastern United States as far west as Chicago,Illinois,and Omaha,Nebraska,traveling at speeds averaging 25 miles(40 km)per hour.Building
13、 a railroad across the United States would allow settlers to get to California much faster.It would also allow the settlers in California and all across the West to reach the East Coast to order goods,send and receive mail,and visit loved ones they may not have seen for years.The booming state of Ca
14、lifornia would have a link to the businesses and government of the East.The East would have a link to the gold in California to boost the economy.But how could anyone build something as big and expensive as a railroad across the immense,rugged American West?A busy eastern railroad stationThe Transco
15、ntinental Railroad Level Z26Who Will Build the Railroad?People had wanted a transcontinental railroad for years.But no one had built one for many reasons.First,building a railroad of that size was far too expensive for any one person or company to pay for.Second,the technology of the time did not se
16、em advanced enough for such a big job.Engineers had no calculators,no computers,and no airplanes to photograph and chart the land in fact,there were hardly any maps of the areas the railroad would cross.Most important,the Northern and Southern states were fighting each other in the Civil War.Even pr
17、ior to the start of the war,the states had disagreed about whether the railroad should cross the northern or southern half of the country.The final route,proposed by railroad engineer Theodore Judah,ran along the 41st parallel,north of the Mason-Dixon Line.Civil War soldiers using railroad equipment
18、7In July of 1862,Congress passed the Pacific Railroad Act,declaring that a transcontinental railroad and telegraph line must be built from the Missouri River to the Pacific Ocean.The act called for two companies to share the cost of building it.The Central Pacific Railroad would start laying track e
19、ast from Sacramento,California,and the Union Pacific would work west from Omaha,Nebraska.The government would give both companies huge areas of land on either side of the track they built.They could sell this land to pay for the railroad.The act also called for the railroad and telegraph lines to be
20、 secured for government use for postal,military,and other uses as it deemed necessary.Northern StatesTerritoriesSouthern StatesDisputed AreasMason-Dixon LineCaliforniaOregonSacramentoThe vast area of non-state territory had no railroads,leaving California and Oregon unconnected to the rest of the Un
21、ited States.The United States in 1862OmahaNThe Transcontinental Railroad Level Z28This two-company system cleverly ensured that the railroad would be built quickly because it set the two companies against each other in a race.The company that built the most track would get the most money.The Union P
22、acific was headed by Thomas Durant,a shrewd businessman who held a medical degree.The Central Pacific was owned by four gold-rush businessmen known as the“big four”:Mark Hopkins,Collis Huntington,Charles Crocker,and Leland Stanford,who was then the governor of California and later the founder of Sta
23、nford University.Immediately,these competitive men began the task.The Central Pacific started work in January 1863 just outside Sacramento,California.Mark HopkinsCollis HuntingtonCharles CrockerLeland StanfordThomas DurantThe owners of the Union Pacific Railroad(Thomas Durant)and the Central Pacific
24、 Railroad(all others)9Who Will Win the Race?The Civil War and financial trouble held back the Union Pacific Railroad for two years.The war was taking up all of the iron,gunpowder,and workers that the railroad needed for building track.But work got underway soon after the war ended in 1865.By 1866,it
25、 looked as though the Union Pacific would easily win the race.The crews of workers were quickly laying down the railroad across the Nebraska prairie west of Omaha.First,surveying crews studied the land,making measurements and putting stakes in the ground to mark precisely where the track would go.Se
26、cond,a crew of graders went out.They removed any trees and other vegetation,filled in any low spots,and dug away any high spots to make a flat,smooth track.In the level land of the plains,the graders often had little to do.Finally,the tracklayers came.Surveyors carefully measure distance and elevati
27、on.The Transcontinental Railroad Level Z210Laying the track required several groups of workers.First,a team of men laid down wooden timbers called ties across the track.Next,other men dragged the heavy iron rails into place while gaugers ensured that the rails were the correct distance apart.Then,an
28、other group of men with heavy sledgehammers pounded in iron spikes and bolts that held the rails to the ties.Finally,a last group of men carried in wheelbarrows and wagonloads of sand and gravel,called ballast,to fill in around the new tracks.Using this system,the Union Pacific Railroad could lay 2
29、or 3 miles(35 km)of track in a single day.The men on the left are hauling a heavy iron rail.11Right behind all of these crews,the very first train to cross the expanse rolled down the new track.This train was pulled by a steam-powered locomotive.The train carried all of the wood,rails,iron spikes,to
30、ols,and ballast the crews needed.It also had cars with sleeping areas,a kitchen and food,repair shops,and goods such as clothing.It was like a rolling town that built itself as it went.The citizens of this working town were mostly immigrants from Ireland,Germany,and the Netherlands;Civil War veteran
31、s;and freed African American slaves.The newspapers portrayed the Union Pacific workers as tough,proud men who worked diligently all week and gambled on Sunday,their day off.They built the railroad across the plains with incredible speed,quickly reaching the Rocky Mountains.A lunch break on the jobTh
32、e Transcontinental Railroad Level Z212But for another group of people,the advancing track was the beginning of the end of their way of life.The Native Americans of the Great Plains,including the Sioux,Arapaho,and Cheyenne,understandably did not like the railroad.The buffalo,which the Native American
33、s depended on for their entire existence,would not migrate across the tracks.Train passengers shot buffalo by the thousands just for sport,and within a few years the animals were almost totally gone.Without the buffalo,the Native Americans could not survive as they had.Settlers slaughtered the buffa
34、lo and left them to rot.13The railroad also brought a flood of settlers to the plains.New and budding towns cropped up at every place the railroad crews rested.Some of the towns would fade away as soon as the railroad advanced along its path.Others would become important cities such as Reno,Nevada,a
35、nd Albuquerque,New Mexico.Settlers began farming and building their homes on land that had always been occupied by Native Americans.They did not ask the Native Americans for permission or offer them payment.The trains also brought litter,noise,air pollution,and prairie fires caused by sparks from th
36、e wood-or coal-burning engines.As the Union Pacific advanced across the West,Native Americans raided and looted the construction crews and then vanished before pursuit could be organized.They stole supplies and livestock,and even killed the workers.The Union Pacific demanded that the army protect th
37、e workers and the railroad.Soon,Generals Ulysses S.Grant and William Tecumseh Sherman ordered large numbers of soldiers to ride with surveyors,and they engaged in many skirmishes with the Native Americans.In time,the tribes of the plains,like the buffalo,had all but disappeared.The military could no
38、t guard all the miles of track,so railroad officials hired marksmen to protect some areas of track.The Transcontinental Railroad Level Z214Who Will Conquer the Mountains?Meanwhile,the Central Pacific was going agonizingly slowly.Right away,the company had to cut a track into the steep and snowy Sier
39、ra Nevada mountains.Their route went over the infamous Donner Pass,California,where a group of pioneers had starved horribly in 1846 when they were stranded in fierce winter snowstorms.Because trains at the time could not climb steep hills or go around sharp corners,the workers somehow had to make t
40、he jagged mountains into a smooth,gently rising trail.Workers had to build a railroad across these mountains.15The workers cut away the solid granite mountainsides and filled in gorges and ravines with rocks and soil,wheelbarrow by wheelbarrow.It was slow,painful work,and very few people wanted to d
41、o it.Most young men had come to California to try to strike gold.Almost all of the men hired by the Central Pacific Railroad quit within a week to seek their fortunes elsewhere.Finally,the Central Pacific reluctantly hired a small group of Chinese workers.Many Chinese people had left their homeland
42、due to poverty and overpopulation.Many were drawn to California in search of the Jinshan(jeen-shahn),or Mountain of Gold,just as the people Chinese workers loading ballast to fill in under a trackThe Transcontinental Railroad Level Z216of the Eastern United States were.There was an incredible amount
43、 of discrimination against Chinese people in California at the time.The railroad bosses thought that they were small and weak.The bosses were only convinced to hire them when someone pointed out that their ancestors had built the Great Wall of China.By 1868,Chinese workers would comprise at least 80
44、 percent of the Central Pacifics workforce.To get the railroad over the Sierra Nevada mountains,the Chinese workers had to cut fifteen tunnels through solid rock.They used only hand drills,sledgehammers,and loose gunpowder.Loose gunpowder blasts away a section of mountain.17Through the winter,a tota
45、l of forty-four snowstorms buried the mountains.The workers built tunnels,sleeping areas,and workspaces under an average of 18 feet(5.5 m)of snow.Because these were only the grading crews,not the tracklayers,there was no track where trains could transport supplies to the work site.Everything had to
46、be hauled up the side of the mountain by ox wagon or by hand.The most famous accomplishment of the Chinese workers was to cut a track into the side of an enormous cliff they called Cape Horn.Chinese workers constructing a tunnelThe Transcontinental Railroad Level Z218Accounts of the feat say they us
47、ed an old,but dangerous,technique that had been used in China.Workers wove reed baskets big enough to hold two men.They lowered workers in the baskets from the top of the cliff.The workers bored holes into the sides of the cliff,stuffed the holes with black powder,lit a fuse,and then shouted to the
48、men above.The men at the top hauled up the baskets as fast as they could,hoping to pull everyone out of danger before the blast.Do You Know?Why did the Chinese workers do so well?Part of the reason is that they stayed healthy while many other workers became sick.There were many things about Chinese
49、culture that kept the workers in good health:They ate a low-fat,healthy diet with lots of fresh fruit and vegetables that they carried themselves.Many other workers ate a heavier,less healthy diet of meat,potatoes,cabbage,bread,and butter.They drank tea rather than water or beer.The hot tea kept the
50、m warm,and boiling the water killed harmful germs in the water supply.At the time,Chinese culture valued cleanliness and bathing much more than American culture did.The workers bathed often,which kept germs off their bodies.19But with these accomplishments came tragedy.Accidents crushed hands,feet,a