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1、雅思写作和口语短语归纳（发展）1facilitate the development of sth.促进某事物的发展This company facilitated the development of cloud computing with some of its large-scale research projects.通过一批大规模的研究项目，这个公司促进了云计算技术的发展。inhibit the development of sth. /arrest the development of sth.阻碍某事物的发展Failure to establish an efficient t
2、ransport network inhibited/arrested the development of international trade.建立有效运输网络的失败严重阻碍了国际贸易的发展。accompany sth.伴随着某事物Changing seasons accompany our planets revolution around the sun.季节的变换伴随着地球绕太阳的旋转。2lag behind落后,发展滞后The auto industry in this country is starting to lag behind that in other countri
3、es.Screensavers are no longer a necessity for us. 屏幕保护程序对我们来说已经不再是必需的了。sth remains a necessity （某事物）仍然是必需的In that period, barriers to trade were high and thus operationally-independent branches remained a necessity.在现阶段，贸易壁垒仍然很高，所以可以自主运营的分公司仍然是非 常必需的。17be counterproductive适得其反的，距离预期目标越来越远的The contin
4、uous use of chemicals for the control of pests is proving to be counterproductive.为了控制害虫而持续使用化学药品正在被证明适得其反。cause as many problems as sth solves （某种发展）所带来的问题和它 解决的问题一样多This solution may cause as many problems as it solves. 这个解决方案所带来的新问题和它解决的问题一样多。not etched / carved in stone （某事物）并不是一成不变的The rules ar
5、e not etched/carved in stone ； they can be altered to suit the changing circumstances.规则并非是一成不变的，它们可以随着局面的改变也随之有所调整。not set in stone不是一成不变的These issues should be discussed - nothing is set in stone.这些问题是可以讨论的一一没有什么是一成不变的。19an age-old problem存在多年的问题New strategies are needed to combat the age-old prob
6、lem of discrimination at work.对于存在多年的工作上的歧视问题，确实需要新的策略来予以解决。an enduring problem 持续存在的问题Even though many countries have agreed to join hands to solve environmental problems, the lack of coordination of policies and programmes remains an enduring problem.尽管许多国家同意联合起来解决环境问题，但合作中出现的缺乏协 调和缺乏统一规范现象还有待解决。p
7、ose a problem for sb.对来说是一个有待解决的问题The fact that the costs were so high must have posed a problem for the company.事实上如此大的花费对于公司来说是个有待解决的问题。pose a threat to sth.对某事物构成威胁The continuous use of chemicals for the control of pests, which poses a threat to agricultural crops and human health, is proving to
8、be counterproductive.为控制害虫持续使用化学药品从而对农作物和人类健康构成威胁的 做法正在被证明适得其反。21thriving economy高速发展的经济A low-carbon British economy would be a more thriving economy.一个低碳的英国经济将会发展得更加高速。sluggish economy停滞不前的经济The UK economy has been very sluggish these past few years.在过去的几年中，英国经济一直停滞不前。这个国家的汽车产业开始落后于其他国家的水平。make imp
9、rovements 获得进展Some improvements were made in radio communication during WorldWar II.在第二次世界大战期间无线电通讯获得了一些进展。forge ahead高速发展Information technology has forged ahead in the last two decades. 在过去的20年里，信息技术经历了高速发展。has improved beyond all recognition 已经今三日昔比Working conditions at the company have improved b
10、eyond all recognition during the past two decades.在过去的20年间，在公司的工作条件早已今非昔比了。3be an instrument of social change是一种引起社会变革的因素Some people believe that art is the most important instrument of social 有些人相信艺术是引起社会变革的最重要的因素。bring sth to a standstill 停滞不前The crisis is threatening to bring the economy to a sta
11、ndstill.这场危机使我们的经济有荷不前的危险。be unchanged维持不变The principle of float glass is unchanged since the 1950s.浮法玻璃的原理自二十世纪五十年代起就再未改变过。4There has been a shift in发生某种改变There has been a major shift in public opinion.公众的想法有了显著的改变。shift emphasis / attention / focus from. to.把重点/注意力/焦点转 到上面The governments economic
12、policy has been to shift the emphasis from the heavy industry to the light industry.政府的经济发展重点开始从重工业转变为轻工业。5the economic swings of boom and slump 经济的起落Employment is subject to the economic swings of boom and slump.就业率是和经济的起伏息息相关的。economic recession 经济衰退In times of economic recession, graduates tend t
13、o seek jobs that offer greater job security.在经济衰退期，毕业生倾向于青睐那些能提供高稳定性的职位。6have / has far-reaching effects产生意义深远的影响The effects of the change will be far-reaching.这次变革所带来的影响意义深远。ripple effect / chain reaction 涟漪效应，连锁反应The war could set off a chain reaction that would put the whole world at risk.这场找争所带来
14、的一系列连锁反应将威胁到整个世界的安危。7knowledge economy 知识经济An inquiring mind and the ability to combine ideas are the essential characteristics of a workforce in the knowledge economy.在当今的知识经济时代，一个人的工作能力的核心基础就是要拥有 一颗求知的心以及整合不同意见的能力。leisure industry 休闲产业The leisure economy is thriving as the amount of money spent on
15、 leisure activities continues to grow.随着投入到休闲活动的资金越来越多，休闲产业开始欣欣向荣起来8relentless urbanisation毫无间断的城市化过程Many people believe that the relentless urbanisation has resulted in urban poverty, joblessness and crime.许多人相信不停歇的城市化过程将最终带来城市内的贫穷、失、业和犯 罪等问题。the influx of的大量涌入The heavy influx of tourists has led t
16、o increased stress on local infrastructure and services.旅游者的大量涌入导致了本地基础设施和服务的巨大压力。9center bussiness district 商业区The central business district is the focal point of this city.一个城市的中央商务区是这座城市的焦点。pedestrian zone/ car-free zone 步行区The car-free zone will protect the environment around the historic city c
17、entre.步行区可以保护城市内历史遗址周围的环境。noisy and smoggy吵闹且空气污染严重的Green cars will free us up from the noisy and smoggy streets. 环保汽车将可以把我们从喧闹且污染严重的街道中解救出来。10be made/rendered obsolete by sth.原本存在的某种工具或技术被新 生事物取代或者淘汰Typewriters have been rendered obsolete by computers.打字机已经被电脑所取代了。be displaced by sth.旧事物由于某种新生事物的出现
18、而不再被人们 所使用Coal has already been largely displaced as a fuel for electricity.作为发电用的燃料，煤炭已经不再被人们当做主要燃料而使用。birth rate出生率The birth rate in England has fallen to an all-time low.英格兰的婴儿出生率降到了历史最低点。population ageing 人口 老龄化Population ageing has emerged in many developing countries as well.人口老龄化在许多发展中国家中是一个普
19、遍的问题。12overcrowded过度拥挤的An estimated 800,000 people are living in overcrowded conditions inLondon,在伦敦，有估计800 000人生活在过度拥挤的环境下。population density 人 口密度The population density of London is more than ten times that of any other British region.伦敦的人口密度要在其他英国地区的十倍以上。13be old-fashioned老式的（在英语中这个词的意义仅是指形式老，但不一
20、定真的是过时的）Old-fashioned as it may be, corporal punishment is often effective in enforcing authority.尽管体罚是如此老式的一种教育形式，但它在实行中往往被证明是非 常有效的。avant-garde （绘画、电影、音乐等）前卫的Audiences have been reminded that they must work very hard to understand this avant-garde film.观众被提醒到他们需要非常努力才能理解这部前卫的电影。14at this stage在现阶段
21、At this stage, its still difficult to say who will win the election.在现阶段要说谁会赢得选举还十分困难。at present目前，现在At present, students can watch films and play computers after the tour.目前，学生们可以在参观之后看电影或者玩电脑游戏。at this point在这个时候At this point, its still hard to predict the winner.在这个时候还很难预测谁会是胜利者。a critical junctu
22、re 关键时期With the economy at a critical juncture, the government is unlikely to make such a risky move.在经济形式如此关键的时刻，政府不太可能做出冒险的行为。15sth has ushered in.某事物带来了（某种新事物或者新的局面）The conference has ushered in a period of international stability and cooperation.这次会议带来了一段国际间稳定合作的时期。has fundamentally changed sth,彻底改变了某事物This film has fundamentally changed the film industry.这部电影从基础上彻底颠覆了电影行业。be a milestone是一个里程碑/转折点Taking this job was a real milestone in his career.获得这份工作是他事业上的一大里程碑。sth is no longer a necessity （某事物）已经不再是必要的