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1、LacrosseA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:1,707WritingAnalyze the similarities and differences between lacrosse and soccer,lacrosse and hockey,and lacrosse and basketball.Write a paper explaining how lacrosse is similar to and different from these popular sports.Social StudiesResearch to l
2、earn more about five important events that led to the development of lacrosse in North America.On a map,label the locations where the events took place,including years the events happened.Present the events on your map to a group.ConnectionsVisit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.ww
3、w.readinga-Written by Evan RussellLacrosseLEVELED BOOK ZLEVELED BOOK Zwww.readinga-What makes lacrosse a thrilling and fast-paced sport?Focus QuestionWritten by Evan RussellLacrosseLacrosseSpectacular Sports Level Z Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Evan RussellAll rights reserved.www.readinga-adap
4、tedagilitycradlegravitatedhumanitarianindigenousinductedmainstreammaneuveringritespiritualzoningWords to KnowFront and back cover:College women compete in Hamden,Connecticut.Title page:Loyola University Greyhounds and the Air Force Academy Falcons face off at Mile High School in Denver,Colorado.Page
5、 3:Women practice for the national championship in 1926.Photo Credits:Front cover,back cover:Enigma/Alamy;title page:Larry Clouse/CALSP/AP Images;page 3:Underwood&Underwood/Corbis;pages 4,12:ZUMA Press,Inc./Alamy Stock Photo;page 5:Granger,NYC;page 6:Corbis;page 8:Lacrosse,The Canadian Winners cheer
6、ing the United Kingdom,1908(b/w photo),English Photographer,(20th century)/London Metropolitan Archives,City of London/Bridgeman Images;page 10(left):Ed Wolfstein/Icon SMI/Corbis;page 10(right):Jonathan Larsen/Diadem Images/Alamy Stock Photo;page 11:Antony McAulay/123RF;page 13(top):Chris Polk/R-POL
7、K/AP Images;page 13(bottom):Kevin Rivoli/AP Images;page 14(top):Nicholas Lisi/The Post-Standard/Landov;page 14(bottom):Maryland Athletics;page 15:Jim Boardman/123RFCorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA3Lacrosse Level ZTable of ContentsWhy Is Lacrosse Spectacular?.4Where Did Lac
8、rosse Begin?.5A Sport for Everyone .8Basic Rules of Play .10Lacrosse Heroes .13A Traditional Game for the Future .15Glossary .164A Cornell University player runs with the ball in a lacrosse match against Syracuse University.Why Is Lacrosse Spectacular?The thrilling game of lacrosse comes from one of
9、 the oldest competitive field sports in the world.Europeans arriving in North America adapted lacrosse from a game that First Nations(Native)people played in various forms for centuries.Lacrosse is the fastest field game there is and one of the most challenging and exciting to play and watch.The spo
10、rt has much in common with three extremely popular sportssoccer,hockey,and basketballyet for various reasons,for much of the twentieth century only a relatively small number of athletes in a few regions played lacrosse.However,the sports popularity is booming,and lacrosse is entering the mainstream
11、of sports todayespecially as a youth sport.5Early lacrosse competitions were huge and could last up to three days.Lacrosse Level ZWhere Did Lacrosse Begin?Experts think lacrosse developed among the Algonquin tribes in the St.Lawrence River valley,in present-day Canada and New York.In time,the game s
12、pread far to the west and south.Different tribes called the game different names,but the Algonquin name for lacrosse is baggataway.The original form of the game was very different from the version of lacrosse that is played today.The field of play could cover miles,and each side would rarely have fe
13、wer than one hundred playerssometimes as many as one thousand.Still,most tribes used curved sticks that were 3 to 4 feet(0.91.2 m)long,with a net attached to pass,carry,and shoot a ball made of stuffed deerskin.6First Nations people considered lacrosse a sacred rite watched over by the gods,and many
14、 tribes called it the Creators game.They used the game to toughen and strengthen young men,to settle major tribal disputes and conflicts,and to reinforce tribal fellowships.In 1834,a local tribe played a demonstration match for a predominantly white Canadian audience at a racecourse in Montreal,Queb
15、ec.The game took hold in the region,and before long there were many white and First Nations lacrosse clubs in Canada.In 1860,a Montreal dentist named George Beers codified,or wrote a rulebook for,the game.Because his rules are the foundation of the rules used today,Beers is called the“father of mode
16、rn lacrosse.”Beers addressed the size of the stick,ball,and goal,as well as the number of players and the dimensions of the playing field.A sketch by artist H.W.Hall shows First Nations and other players in a well-attended lacrosse game in Canada.7Lacrosse Level ZThe game took off in the United Stat
17、es in the 1870s.Lacrosse clubs sprang up in New York City,Baltimore,Boston,Philadelphia,and Newport,Rhode Island.Male students played lacrosse in private schools and elite colleges throughout the Northeast,and Rosabelle Sinclair,a member of the first international Scottish team,introduced womens lac
18、rosse at Bryn Mawr School in Baltimore.Only teams at these schools played the game.For this reason,people considered lacrosse a gentlemans sportone that was played for the sake of the game,and not for paying audiences,much less advertisers.As a result,many talented athletes who might have helped the
19、 sport grow had no interest in it.Instead,they gravitated toward sports where they might find fame and fortune.Another reason lacrosse stalled in the United States was a lack of equipment,including sticks,or crosses.Until the 1970s,only certain Mohawk craftsmen in Ontario,Canada made crosses.The spo
20、rt was unpopular in the United States,so there was little demand for sporting-goods manufacturers to mass-produce sticks the way they did baseball gloves and basketballs.When cheaper sticks made of lightweight metal hit the market in the 1970s,lacrosse began to really take off in the United States.8
21、Lacrosse has been included in the Summer Olympics twice,in 1904 and 1908.This photo shows the Canadian winners in 1908.A Sport for Everyone Today,men,women,boys,and girls all over the world enjoy lacrosse.In iceless hockey rinks,some teams play an indoor version of the game called box lacrosse.Teams
22、 typically play traditional outdoor lacrosse tournaments in football stadiums.There are many different levels of lacrosse.The Federation of International Lacrosse includes nations from across the globe and holds mens and womens World Championship tournaments every four years.In North America,there a
23、re two professional-level leagues.Major League Lacrosse represents outdoor lacrosse,consisting of eight teams,and the National Lacrosse League represents the indoor,box lacrosse league,consisting of nine teams.Mens and womens teams play lacrosse competitively in colleges throughout the United States
24、 and Canada.Although lacrosse has long been hugely popular and competitive in northeastern colleges,interest in it is rapidly spreading,and it is now a significant college sport.9Global LacrosseGlobal LacrosseMembers of the Federation of International LacrosseASIAAFRICANORTH AMERICASOUTH AMERICAEURO
25、PEAUSTRALIALacrosse Level ZIn the United States,lacrosse is growing most rapidly at the youth level,as well as in high schools.As the game is embraced by youth across the country,its popularity at the college and professional levels will certainly increase.Outside North America,there have always bee
26、n small groups of dedicated lacrosse enthusiasts in Australia and England.Northern England,especially the area around the large city of Manchester,has produced some of the finest lacrosse players ever.Over the last thirty years,lacrosse has been growing in popularity throughout Europe and East Asia
27、and all over the globe.Lacrosse may one day become the next huge international sport.Equator10Lacrosse EquipmentLacrosse EquipmentWomen wear less protective gear because their game allows less physical contact.Goalkeepers often wear throat protectors and more chest protection.helmetglovescrossemouth
28、 guardshoulder padsarm protectorsrib padscleatsMensWomenseye maskBasic Rules of PlayLacrosse shares many aspects with soccer,hockey,and basketball,but lacrosse is definitely unique.The most distinctive feature of lacrosse is the crosse itselfthe stick every player uses to cradle,catch,pass,and shoot
29、 the lacrosse ball.Cradling is the back-and-forth motion of a crosse head that keeps the ball in place while a player runs.No one but the goalie may touch the ball with his or her hands(in that way,the rules are the same as those for soccer).11Mens Lacrosse FieldMens Lacrosse FieldADADMMADGattackerA
30、midfielderMdefenderDgoalkeeperGMDADMMMADAGwing areawing areamidfield linesidelinesidelineattack/defensive areaattack/defensive areacreasegoalLacrosse Level ZThe shaft of a crosse is between 2 and 5 feet(0.61.5 m)long,and at the top is a triangular head that is fitted with a net.The goalkeepers cross
31、e head is larger.The goal is 6 feet(1.8 m)high and 6 feet across.The ball is rubber and about 8 inches(20 cm)in circumference.In mens lacrosse,the field is 110 yards(101 m)long and 60 yards(55 m)wide.There is a midfield line,marked with an X at the center,where two opposing players face off at the s
32、tart of every period.At the blow of a whistle,they each try to get control of the ball.Each team has ten players:three attackers who stay on the opposing teams half of the field,three defenders who stay on their side of the field,three midfielders who cover the entire field,and a goalkeeper.Womens l
33、acrosse fields have fewer markings.There are ten players on mens teams and twelve on womens.12The object of the game is to score the most goals by hurling or bouncing the ball into the opponents net.After the face-off,the player with the ball runs toward the other teams end of the field.That player
34、can try to get the ball into the goal or pass the ball to an attacker on his or her team who is in good position to score.The defensive players on the other team try to defend their goal and get the ball away from the attacking team.To get the ball,defensive players can poke the ball carrier with th
35、eir sticks or slap at his or her stick to make the ball fly out of the carriers crosse.There are no tie games in lacrosse;sudden-death overtime settles a tied match.The playing time is one hour.Mens lacrosse is separated into four fifteen-minute quarters;womens lacrosse is separated into two halves.
36、Other differences between mens and womens lacrosse are the zoning of the field and the number of players in womens lacrosse there are twelve players on the field for each side instead of ten.Womens lacrosse also allows much less physical contact than the mens game.What all kinds of lacrosse share is
37、 speed,speed,speed!The running,maneuvering,and complex teamwork of the players is breathtaking to behold,and shots on goal can easily exceed 100 miles(161 km)per hour.13Lacrosse Level ZLacrosse HeroesLegendary goalkeeper Oren R.Lyons grew up on the Onondaga Reservation and went on to do important wo
38、rk off the lacrosse field.Oren played for Syracuse University and was named All-American athlete there in 1957.It was after his sporting career,though,that he began his most important work.Today,he is a spiritual leader called a Faithkeeper of the Onondaga,one of the six nations of the Iroquois Conf
39、ederacy.His humanitarian efforts have helped indigenous people around the world.Considered one of footballs all-time great players,Jim Brown was inducted into the pro football Hall of Fame in 1971.Jims first love,however,was lacrosse,and many consider him Americas greatest-ever player of the sport.R
40、aised in Manhasset,New York,on Long Island(an area with a longtime lacrosse culture),Jim excelled in the sport at Syracuse University and always saw the game as the ultimate outlet for his athleticism.Oren LyonsJim Brown14Like Jim Brown and Oren Lyons Jr.,Gary Gait played for Syracuse University.Gar
41、y,along with his twin brother,Paul,broke almost every collegiate record there was to break.The two forever changed lacrosse play in terms of speed and trick ball handling.Gary went on to a successful career in both the National Lacrosse League and Major League Lacrosse,and he remains Syracuses all-t
42、ime leading goal scorer.He currently coaches the womens lacrosse team there.Jen Adams is the head coach of the womens team at Loyola University in Maryland.Before that,this young Australian came to America and shattered many records in womens lacrosse.She is famous for her speed and agility on the f
43、ield,and for her great team play and sportsmanship.Jen scored a record 445 goal points playing for the University of Maryland Terrapins,and in 2009,she played for the Australian team at the Womens Lacrosse World Cup.Gary GaitJen Adams15High school teams compete in a match in the Oregon High School L
44、acrosse Association.The sport is more popular now than ever.Lacrosse Level ZA Traditional Game for the FutureFor hundreds of years,First Nations people played the traditional game that became known as lacrosse.It was a deeply spiritual and political tradition for many tribes.Today,lacrosse lives on
45、for people all around the world.Lacrosse is a fast-growing sport that more and more people are embracing.The speed of the game,its unique challenges,and the interactive team play make it simply irresistible to young athletes,and as a result,youth clubs are popping up across North America.Who knows w
46、here or when the next Jen Adams or Jim Brown will show up in the lacrosse world?16Glossaryadapted(v.)changed to fit a new or specific situation or environment(p.4)agility(n.)the ability to move quickly and easily(p.14)cradle(v.)to gently hold or support someone or something(p.10)gravitated(v.)moved
47、toward or became interested in something or someone(p.7)humanitarian(adj.)of or related to a person or group that helps people,especially by eliminating pain and suffering (p.13)indigenous(adj.)native to a particular place(p.13)inducted(v.)formally made part of or admitted as a member of a group or
48、organization(p.13)mainstream(n.)the dominant ideas,behaviors,or trends of a group(p.4)maneuvering(v.)moving around;guiding the motion of something(p.12)rite(n.)a ceremony or ritual to honor a religious or other solemn occasion(p.6)spiritual(adj.)related to spirit,soul,or a divine being(p.13)zoning(n.)the act of designating or marking off an area that has unique features or a special set of rules(p.12)