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1、Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.WritingWrite an essay describing the significance of the area between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where the ancient Mesopotamians settled.Social StudiesName another important contribution of the Sumerians.Write a script for a commercial to
2、 advertise this new technology.Present it to your class.ConnectionsAncient MesopotamiaA Reading AZ Level W Leveled BookWord Count:1,301www.readinga-Ancient MesopotamiaAncient MesopotamiaWritten by Susan LennoxLEVELED BOOK WWZZ1www.readinga-Written by Susan LennoxAncient MesopotamiaWhat were the impo
3、rtant features of ancient Mesopotamia?Focus QuestionFront cover:A harp owned by a Sumerian princess featured a bulls head.Title page:A sculpture of a lion-headed eagle was found at a Sumerian archaeological site.Page 3:A clay tablet was used to keep records.The pictures were carved in the clay with
4、a sharp tool.Photo Credits:Front cover:DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini/Getty Images;title page:DEA/A.DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images;page 3:Ann Ronan Pictures/Print Collector/Hulton Archive/Getty Images;page 5:CM Dixon/Print Collector/Hulton Archive/Getty Images;page 6:PRISMA ARC
5、HIVO/Alamy Stock Photo;page 7(top):DEA PICTURE LIBRARY/De Agostini Picture Library/Getty Images;page 7(bottom):KAZUHIRO NOGI/AFP/Getty Images;page 8:Prisma/UIG/Universal Images Group/Getty Images;page 9:dpa picture alliance archive/Alamy Stock Photo;page 10:DEA/G.DAGLI ORTI/De Agostini/Getty Images;
6、page 11:Gianni Dagli Orti/REX/Shutterstock;page 13(left):iStock/TimAbramowitz;page 13(right):iStock/SvetlanaK;page 14(top):iStock/MACIEJ NOSKOWSKI;page 14(center):iStock/1001nights;page 14(bottom):iStock/benedek;page 15:Leemage/Corbis Historical/Getty ImagesWords to Knowabstractcity-states civilized
7、 cuneiform demigod empire nomadic phonologicpictographs raids stele zigguratCorrelationLEVEL WS4040Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAAncient MesopotamiaLevel W Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Susan LennoxAll rights reserved.www.readinga-3Table of ContentsIntroduction .4The Ubaid .5Uruk,the First
8、City .7Warring City-States .11Prosperity and Advancement .13Fall of an Empire .15Glossary .16Ancient Mesopotamia Level W4IntroductionHuman beings have been around for a long time.For much of that time,they lived in groups of families or tribes.It took a while for them to form civilized societies.A c
9、ivilized society is one with rules that help people live and work together.One of the earliest civilized societies was found in ancient Mesopotamia.Mesopotamia was located where Turkey,Syria,Iraq,and Kuwait are now.This“land between two rivers”was the place where civilization was born.The name Mesop
10、otamia means“the land between two rivers.”This refers to its location between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.Ancient Mesopotamia 50002150 bceMEDITERRANEAN SEABLACK SEACASPIAN SEAUrLagashUmmaBabylonUrukMariAKKADFERTILE CRESCENTFERTILE CRESCENTEuphrates RiverTigris RiverAFRICAEUROPE5The UbaidAncient
11、Mesopotamian civilization started between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.That land came to be known as the Fertile Crescent.The first people to live in Mesopotamia settled the southern part of that region.Today,this area is Iraq and Kuwait.In modern times,ancient stone tools,bricks,and pottery were
12、 found near the Euphrates River.These items told stories about the lives of the early people.Researchers learned that farming settlements began there as early as 5000 bce.They named these early settlers the Ubaid after the site where the items were discovered.A small box thought to be a case for a m
13、usical instrument shows life in early Mesopotamia.Ancient Mesopotamia Level W6The Ubaid were the first people to settle the land known as Sumer.Before the Ubaid formed settlements,they were nomadic hunters and gatherers.They roamed from place to place in search of food and water.In time,the Ubaid fo
14、und ways to live in one place.They drained marshes and grew crops in the rich soil.They built canals to bring water to drier areas.They made pottery from river clay.In addition,they wove baskets from plant stems that grew in shallow water.The river did not only meet their personal needs.It also gave
15、 the Ubaid goods to trade with others.Trade routes from Asia and Europe went through the rich plains of Sumeria.Traders provided items that the Ubaid could not grow or make themselves.A lions head was found at a famous Ubaid site.7Uruk,the First CityOver the years,there were more settlements in the
16、Fertile Crescent.Some grew to become true cities.A number became city-states.The most important of these was Uruk(modern-day Warka,Iraq).At one point,Uruk had up to eighty thousand people.The city covered more than 2.6 square kilometers(1 sq.mi.)and had large buildings made of mud bricks.A huge zigg
17、urat,or temple,was a center of worship.A drawing(top)shows a ziggurat from ancient Mesopotamia.The stone base of Uruks ziggurat(bottom)still sits at its original site.Ancient Mesopotamia Level W8A tablet written in cuneiform script from about 2350 bce shows monthly grain amounts.Uruk was where Mesop
18、otamian pictographs first appeared.Pictographs are symbols used in writing.This early written language grew out of Uruks role as a center of trade and business.Simple images were marked on clay tablets to add up workers pay and as a record of goods.Over time,pictographs changed into a system of writ
19、ing known as cuneiform.Cuneiform symbols stood for sounds rather than objects.These sound symbols could be used to write in any language.9This phonologic system had several advantages over a pictographic system.Since the same set of symbols could be shuffled to form different words,fewer symbols wer
20、e needed.The system also made it easier to express abstract concepts that would be difficult to show as pictures.Clay tablets marked with cuneiform symbols gave information about Sumerian life during that time.The people of Uruk and other city-states lived in organized societies.Women had many of th
21、e same rights as men.At the highest level of society was a priest-king.That person led others,such as a leader of the plow,leader of the law,and so on.City rulers used trade to show how important they were.Having rare and valuable items was a way to show off their power.Ancient PaycheckMany bowls su
22、ch as this one were produced in Uruk.They were used as measuring tools to pay workers in bowls of grain.The clay tablet was used for keeping track of the measured goods.Ancient Mesopotamia Level W10One of the most famous rulers was King Gilgamesh(Bilgames in Sumerian).Gilgamesh is believed to have r
23、uled Uruk around 2700 bce.He became an epic hero of song and legend.Poems were written about his 126-year rule.He was said to be a demigod,the son of a human king and a Sumerian mother-goddess.Gilgamesh is known for building the huge wall that protected Uruk.That wall still stands today.In 2003,Germ
24、an scientists found a tomb in a Euphrates riverbed that they thought belonged to Gilgamesh.It was similar to the tomb described in the epic.The Epic of GilgameshThe Epic of Gilgamesh is a collection of ancient Mesopotamian poems.It tells of the exciting adventures of an ancient kings battles and vic
25、tories.It is thought to be the oldest epic in history.Stone tablets on which the poem is written date back to about 2100 bce.The epic tale describes Gilgamesh wearing the skins of lions he killed.11Warring City-StatesAs the Sumerian city-states grew and thrived,they began to fight with each other fo
26、r control of the region.War became more and more common.The earliest detailed record of Sumerian warfare shows a battle between the city-states of Lagash and Umma in 2525 bce.Figures on an upright stone post called a stele(STEE-lee)show soldiers carrying swords,spears,and shields into battle.Trade r
27、outes supplied the materials needed to craft the tools of war.Blacksmiths had discovered that two soft metals,copper and tin,could be combined to make a harder substance.This metal,known as bronze,was used in swords and spear tips.Tin,however,was rare.It could only be gotten from central Asian or Eu
28、ropean traders.Blocking trade routes was a way to keep weapons out of the hands of an opposing army.This piece from a stele is one of the oldest known historical documents.It shows the war between Lagash and Umma.Ancient Mesopotamia Level W12The Sumerians constant fighting stopped when King Sargon o
29、f Akkad(in southern Mesopotamia)took control of the region in about 2340 bce.He united the city-states into the Akkadian Empire.Sargon kept order by placing key trusted allies in positions of power.The kings followers continued this practice.The Akkadian empire lasted until 2150 bce.At its peak,it s
30、tretched from the Mediterranean Sea to Arabia and from Iran to what is now Turkey.The Akkadians did not speak Sumerian.However,they used Sumerian cuneiform script to write in their own language.The Sumerian languages were only used in important ceremonies.The earliest Sumerian writings in which the
31、author was known were poems by Sargons daughter Enheduanna.She served as high priestess in the city of Ur.Among her poems were many verses praising Inanna,the most popular goddess in Mesopotamia.Sargons Akkadian EmpireMEDITERRANEAN SEACASPIAN SEAEgyptSyriaAkkadEMPIRE OF SARGONEMPIRE OF SARGON13Prosp
32、erity and AdvancementPeace during the Akkadian empire brought progress to Mesopotamia.Under Akkadian rule,Mesopotamia created the first mail system.Clay tablets were marked with cuneiform messages,then wrapped in clay envelopes.An envelope was pressed with the seal of the sender and the name and add
33、ress of the receiver.The clay envelope had to be broken in order to get to the message inside.This kept anyone but the receiver from reading it.A central government carried out laws and regulations.Trade grew and expanded.Business deals used cylinder sealscarved tubes that were pressed into clay.Pre
34、ssing ones seal into the clay was like signing ones name today.The Mesopotamians also developed the idea of numerical place value.The way we measure time uses this same system from long ago.A System of SixtyWe use number base systems to count certain things.For example,when counting dozens of eggs,w
35、e use base twelve:twelve eggs equal one dozen.When we count time,we use a system created by the ancient Mesopotamiansbase sixty.There are sixty seconds in one minute and sixty minutes in one hour.Ancient Mesopotamia Level W14Around 3500 bce,the Sumerians began using a round flat mechanical device to
36、 make clay bowls.The potters wheel sat horizontally on an axis and,when spun,allowed the potter to make a bowl with even edges and surfaces.It took a while for the Sumerians to use it to easily move objects and transport people.After much experimenting,the Sumerians tried attaching one wheel to each
37、 side of a single axle.The result made it easy to carry loads.The cart rolled across the ground with minimal effort.Other civilizations copied the Sumerians invention,and wheels were soon used across the world.The Sumerians invention of the wheel was one of the most important technological advances
38、in human history.15Fall of an EmpireThe Akkadian Empire ended in about 2150 bce after many revolts and an invasion by the Gutians(GOO-tee-uhnz).The Gutians came from the mountains to the north and held regular raids on the outer parts of the kingdom.This made it unsafe for Akkadians to travel or wor
39、k in the fields.In time,the Gutian nomads took over Akkad,and the Akkadian Empire collapsed.The Gutians let the canals fall apart and brought on a terrible famine.Their 125-year rule of Sumer led to what came to be known as the Dark Age of Mesopotamia.It was not until the seventeenth century bce tha
40、t Mesopotamia would return as a thriving empire called Babylonia.A statue shows Gudea,a Gutian prince who ruled Lagash between 2144 and 2124 bce.Ancient Mesopotamia Level W16Glossaryabstract(adj.)existing as or relating to an idea rather than a physical thing;not concrete(p.9)city-states(n.)cities o
41、r urban areas that act as independent countries(p.7)civilized(adj.)having an advanced level of social order and cultural development(p.4)cuneiform(n.)a system of writing made up of wedge-shaped characters,used in parts of the ancient Middle East(p.8)demigod(n.)a being from mythology who is part huma
42、n and part god(p.10)empire(n.)a collection of nations or people ruled by one person or government(p.12)nomadic(adj.)moving from place to place without a permanent home(p.6)phonologic of or relating to the study of speech (adj.)sounds within or among languages(p.9)pictographs(n.)symbols or pictures t
43、hat represent words or ideas(p.8)raids(n.)sudden invasions or surprise attacks (p.15)stele(n.)a large,upright slab or column of rock,usually inscribed with designs or words that commemorate something or someone;stela(p.11)ziggurat(n.)a rectangular structure in ancient Mesopotamia with steps up the sides and a temple at the top(p.7)