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1、www.readinga-VikingsVikingsA Reading AZ Level Z Leveled BookWord Count:2,146Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.Written by William Houseman Illustrated by Maria VorisLEVELED BOOK ZTWZWritten by William HousemanIllustrated by Maria VorisVikings VikingsLevel Z Leveled Book Learnin
2、g AZWritten by William HousemanIllustrated by Maria VorisAll rights reserved.www.readinga-www.readinga-CorrelationLEVEL ZUVN/A50Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRA34table of ContentsIntroduction.4Viking Warriors .9Viking Ships.10Discovering a New Land .12Eric the Red .14Leif Ericson.16Other Viking Co
3、nquests.20Glossary .22Index .24IntroduCtIonWhat do you think of when you hear the word Vikings?Were Vikings fierce warriors or skilled explorers?Do you think of them as merchants who traveled the world,or do you think of them as epic poets?The Vikings excelled at all these roles and were also accomp
4、lished scientists,farmers,shipwrights,and fisherfolk.We tend to think of Vikings as large and powerful raiders whose quick attacks from the sea struck fear and terror into the hearts of people across Europe.It is true that the Vikings were brave warriors who seldom lost a battle and that their reput
5、ation as fierce fighters scared everyone.Yet,their greatest attributes may have been their love of exploration and their courage to seek the edges of the vast,unknown ocean.Vikings Level Z56The great age of the Vikings spanned the years between ad 793 and 1066.In that short amount of time,the Viking
6、s ranged far from their harsh northern homelands,sailing west to discover Iceland,Greenland,and North America,long before Christopher Columbus was even born.Seeking riches,they invaded many cities throughout Europe,Russia,North Africa,and even the Middle East.Their ships were fast and could carry ma
7、ny warriors.Some of their ships even carried horses.Using their sailing skills,thirst for adventure,and bravery,the Vikings conquered many lands.People during the Viking age called Vikings the Nordic people,or Norsemenmen from the north.They were as harsh and rugged as the coastal lands from which t
8、hey camelands that we now know as Norway,Sweden,and Denmark.At that early time,all Nordic people spoke one language.That language has been almost entirely preserved in the modern-day speech of the people of Iceland.The Vikings of Denmark headed south.The Vikings of Sweden went into Eastern Europe.An
9、d the Vikings of Norway headed west.All of them greatly influenced the lands they invaded and changed the course of history wherever they went.Viking expansion routesGREENLANDICELANDNORTH AMERICA(VINLAND)EUROPEAFRICADENMARKAT L A N T I C O C E A NNORWAYSWEDENNVikings Level Z78The unguarded small tow
10、ns and monasteries along the coasts of Britain and France were easy targets.Monasteries were frequent targets of Viking raids because they had few defenses and often contained many valuable objects.As pagans,the Vikings did not consider monasteries to be off-limits from attack.Raiding Vikings would
11、sail in quickly and steal the years harvest and other valuables from villages.After the success of these early raids,they soon began to raid larger towns and even major cities.Eventually they attacked Paris and Hamburgtwo of the largest cities of Europe at that time.However,Vikings were not only int
12、erested in plunder.They also settled peacefully in many areas and established trade routes in many parts of the world.Vikings settling in Ireland founded the city of Dublin,which eventually became the capital.Vikings traveling east founded the country of Russia.It was natural for Nordic people to se
13、ek their fortune on the ocean.Many of them were trained from a young age to be skilled sailors and navigators.Some sailed away for the adventure.Others did it because they could not earn their living at home.Within each family,only the oldest son inherited the familys land.Younger sons could work fo
14、r the oldest son,or leave the area.Because of this rule,many young men went to sea to find their fortunes.Some turned to fishing or trading.Others made their living by stealing.The word Viking comes from an Old Norse word vik,meaning a bay or fjord.A Viking was a person from the fjords or bays where
15、 ships would arrive and depart.To go“a-Viking”was to strike out in ships with the goal of raiding or plundering nearby lands.Many Norsemen went“a-Viking”for part of the year to supplement their families incomes.The shallow Viking longship was built to be similar in the front,the bow,and the back,the
16、 stern.This design allowed the crew to immediately row away from the coast without turning around the ship.Do You Know?Do You Know?Vikings Level Z910VIkIng warrIorsVikings are often pictured as tall,muscular people wearing helmets with horns.In fact,many Viking helmets were decorated,but they most l
17、ikely did not have horns.Metal helmets were expensive,and leather caps and shields were a much more common form of defense.Some Vikings also used chain mail shirts,known as byrnies,for protection.Spears and axes were the most common Viking weapons.Many warriors also used swords,knives,or bows.Berser
18、kers were special Viking warriors who fought without wearing any armor.They often wore the skins of bears or wolves and fought in a rage so great that they would ignore any wounds they received during battle.The sight of berserkers preparing for battle convinced many opponents to hand over their val
19、uables without a fight.In ad 911 the Frankish king offered an invading Viking army land along the northern coast of France if they would leave the city of Paris alone.That area of France is still known today as Normandy(the“land of the North-men”).VIkIng shIpsEach type of Viking ship was built for a
20、 different use.Some were built to cross the narrow sea passages,or fjords.Others were used to carry cargo along the trade routes between towns.Larger ships were built to be coastal traders or seagoing warships.Different woods were used in each type of ship.Most Viking warships were made of oak becau
21、se oak is a very strong wood,and also because oak was sacred to their warrior god,Odin.Their fast ships,called dragons,often had a carved dragons head high on the bow.The dragons head warned others of the mighty warriors aboard these ships.Vikings Level Z11Viking warships had a shallow draft,meaning
22、 that the bottom of the ship,or hull,wasnt deep.This design allowed the ships to sail in very shallow waters.Because of this feature,Viking ships were not limited to docking in ports and could appear anywhere.They could sail right onto the shore.Warriors could leap from the ship to the beach,ready f
23、or battle.The ability to land anywhere along the coast by surprise gave the Vikings a huge advantage in battle.People along the coasts and rivers lived in fear because no one knew where the Vikings might strike next.Despite their fearsome reputation,not all Vikings remained warriors or raiders.Vikin
24、gs often settled down and stayed in the lands they conquered.They put away their swords to become farmers and traders.They worked hard and lived honestly.dIsCoVerIng a new landOne brave Viking,Gardard Svavarsson,wanted to find new,unknown lands.He sailed far to the north and west.After many difficul
25、t days at sea,the Viking pioneer found a large uninhabited island.Today,the island he discovered is known as Iceland.Years later,Icelands good location attracted another man who was searching for a new home.His name was Folke Vilgerdsson,and he was from Norway.At the time,Norway was ruled by a stric
26、t king.The king had little tolerance for anyone who did not follow his rules.The kings rules were very demanding,and many people were unhappy.The king feared that some of his subjects might attempt to overthrow him and end his rule.He banished Folke and others who wouldnt follow his rules,forcing th
27、em to leave Norway forever.Many English names for the days of the week come from the Vikings.“Tuesday”comes from“Tyrs day,”named after the Norse god of war.“Wednesday”comes from“Wodens Day,”after the Norse god Odin.“Thursday”comes from“Thors Day,”named after the Norse god of thunder.“Friday”comes fr
28、om“Friggs Day,”named after the Norse goddess Frigg.Do You Know?Do You Know?12Vikings Level Z1314Folke,along with several other exiled families,sailed to Iceland.They built a village on the island and,within fifty years,four hundred people lived in this new country.The new settlers in Iceland created
29、 one of the first democracies.In a democratic government,people can vote on ideas,laws,and rulers.The idea or person with the most votes usually wins.Iceland continued to attract strong,brave people who wanted to have a voice in their own lives.The settlement was a success.Iceland eventually grew to
30、 become one of the happiest and most successful countries in the world.erIC the redIceland seemed like an ideal place to live,but not everyone fit in there.Most people in Iceland wanted a peaceful life.One reckless man,named Eric the Red,found himself in constant trouble with the authorities.He was
31、a bold and hotheaded man who always seemed to be arguing and brawling with others.One day he killed three men in a fight.Eventually the officials of Iceland grew tired of dealing with Erics lawlessness and ordered him to leave.Eric had heard rumors of a land even farther west than Iceland.Because he
32、 was forced to leave Iceland anyway,he decided to set sail for this unknown land,not knowing if it even existed.Eric the Red was named for his thick red hair.Vikings Level Z1516Eric the Red sailed west and found this rumored new land after only two days.He wanted other settlers to come there to star
33、t new lives.He told them stories about how green it was.He said it had rich valleys and game animals to hunt.He named this new land he had found Greenland.People believed his stories.The next year,Eric returned to Greenland,leading a group of twenty-five ships filled with people.They expected an eas
34、y journey,but the sea was very rough and stormy.Only fourteen of the twenty-five ships reached Greenland safely.The settlers who did arrive built two new communities about 644 kilometers(400 mi)apart.They set up a democratic government like the one in Iceland.Within ten years,nearly 3,000 adventurou
35、s people had come to live in Greenland.Greenland is the worlds largest island.Today,about 56,000 people live there.leIf erICsonPerhaps the most famous Viking of all was the second son of Eric the Red.His name was Leif(pronounced leaf).In the Viking tradition,because he was“Erics son,”his name became
36、 Leif Ericson.Like most Vikings,Leif trained to be a warrior and sailor.Because he was the second son,he wasnt awarded land to farm by his family.He wasnt sure what he wanted to do with his life.Leif decided to sail to Norway,his familys original homeland.Nine hundred of the most commonly used words
37、 in English come from the Vikings(including sky,skin,scrape,skirt,husband,bubble,and window).Leif Ericson is one of the most famous explorers in history.Do You Know?Do You Know?Vikings Level Z1718While he was in Norway,Leif heard a remarkable tale told by a trader.The traders ship had been caught in
38、 a terrible storm and blown far off course.While trying to find his way back home,the man had seen a new coast that wasnt on his map.He didnt know exactly where he had been when he saw this coastline,but he described it clearly.Leif Ericson learned everything he could from the trader about this unch
39、arted land.He bought the mans ship.He and a small crew retraced the traders route,looking for this mysterious coast.Finally,they saw a place that looked like the land of the mans description.They found vines with fruit growing there,so they called it Vinland.Today,no one knows exactly where Vinland
40、was.But archaeologists have discovered the remains of a small Viking outpost in Newfoundland,Canada,that was settled at about this time.Leif and his crew built a house and spent the winter in Vinland.They sailed home to Greenland the next year.But their adventure was not over.During their return voy
41、age,Leif found a wrecked trading ship and valiantly rescued the crew.As a reward,he was given all the ships cargo.These adventures earned him the name “Leif the Lucky.”Once he returned home,Leif never went on another voyage.Two years later,Leifs father had died,and Leif was running the family farm.H
42、e had no thoughts of sailing again.His younger brother,Thorvald,asked to borrow Leifs ship.He wanted to see for himself this land that Leif had discovered.Thorvald and a crew of thirty sailed along the Vinland coast for two years,exploring the new continent and using Leifs former winter house as a b
43、ase.Serving both old and new religions,this stone was used as a mold to make both metal Christian crosses and the pagan Hammer of Thor(the center shape).Thor was a powerful Viking god.Vikings Level Z1920Their explorations in Vinland brought both discovery and sadness.Their arrival frightened members
44、 of the native tribes,who had never seen Europeans.Small fights broke out.Then,men from Thorvalds crew killed several native fishermen without reason.A few days later,angry native men retaliated by attacking a group of Vikings.The surprised Vikings fought hard but were chased away.Thorvald was wound
45、ed by an arrow.He died of his wound,and his body was buried in Vinland.He became the first European known to have died and been buried in North America.His crew sailed home to Greenland,but other explorers sailed to Vinland over the next three years,including another of Leifs brothers and his sister
46、.Eventually,the Vikings decided that exploring this new land was not worth the trouble it caused,and they abandoned the outpost.other VIkIng ConquestsFor about 275 years,the Vikings swept across Europe in wave after wave.They were hungry to fight and greedy for riches.They built trade stations along
47、 European rivers all the way to the Mediterranean Sea.Viking explorers and raiders even traveled to the Middle East and Asia.The Vikings were skilled people who could do many things well.They were great warriors,sailors,and explorers.Their conquests left lasting marks on world history.They will alwa
48、ys be remembered for their bravery and strength in battle as well as their many explorations.Wagons,furniture,horses,and foods were some of the items known to have been buried with their Viking owners.Vikings Level Z2122glossaryabandoned (v.)left behind(p.19)adventurous (adj.)having a spirit of adve
49、nture;enjoying new challenges and experiences(p.15)archaeologists (n.)people who study ancient cultures(p.17)attributes (n.)characteristics or traits(p.4)banished (v.)forced to leave(p.12)berserkers (n.)special Viking warriors who wore animal skins and fought recklessly in battle(p.9)brawling (v.)fi
50、ghting or arguing in a loud,disruptive way(p.14)byrnies (n.)shirts of chain mail worn as defensive armor(p.9)chain mail (n.)flexible armor made from interlinked metal rings(p.9)draft (n.)the depth of water a ship needs to sail without touching the bottom(p.11)excelled (v.)performed extremely well(p.