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1、www.readinga-Visit www.readinga- for thousands of books and materials.LEVELED BOOK RLORWritten by Rus BuyokWoods of WonderA Reading AZ Level R Leveled BookWord Count:877Woods of Wonderwww.readinga-Woods of WonderWritten by Rus BuyokCorrelationLEVEL RN3030Fountas&PinnellReading RecoveryDRAWoods of Wo
2、nderLevel R Leveled Book Learning AZWritten by Rus BuyokAll rights reserved.www.readinga-Photo Credits:Front cover,page 8(bottom right):Gary Moon/age fotostock/SuperStock;back cover:Dennis Sabo/Alamy;title page:MIXA/Alamy;Page 4:William Manning/123RF;page 7:Mike Theiss/National Geographic Stock;page
3、 8(top):Robert Harding Picture Library/SuperStock;page 8(bottom left):fotototo/Blickwinkel/age fotostock;page 9:Daniel Dempster Photography/Alamy;page 10(top):Stephen Dalton/Minden Pictures;page 10(bottom):Shattil&Rozinski/NPL/Minden Pictures;page 11:Kazuma Anezaki/Nature Production/Minden Pictures;
4、page 12(left):Hiroya Minakuchi/Minden Pictures;page 12(right):Susumu Ishie/Nature Production/Minden Pictures;page 13:Wild Wonders of Europe/Schandy/Minden Pictures;page 14(top):Cyril Ruoso/JH Editorial/Minden Pictures;page 14(bottom):Cultura RM/Alamy Stock Photo;page 15:Danita Delimont/Alamy34Table
5、of ContentsOh,Thats Old!.4United States .7Japan .11Russia .13The Future of Old-Growth Forests.15Glossary .16Oh,Thats Old!Imagine youre in a dark,lovely forest.Trees with trunks wider than cars tower overhead and block almost all the sunlight.Small ferns and other plants soak up what little light the
6、y can find.Pine needles and other dead leaves cover the ground.Like something out of a fairy tale,an old-growth forest is a place of wonder and mystery.Great Smoky Mountains National Park,United StatesGreat Smoky Mountains National Park,United StatesSequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks,United Sta
7、tesSequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks,United StatesWestern Caucasus,RussiaWestern Caucasus,RussiaShirakami-Sanchi,JapanShirakami-Sanchi,JapanFour Old-Growth Forests Around the WorldWoods of Wonder Level R56For some old-growth forests,this scene wouldnt be far from the truth.Others might look qu
8、ite different.Some old-growth forests have only one type of tree,while others have many.Some may have trees that seem to touch the sky,while others have trees shorter than a house.Because of this variety,scientists do not have one definition for old-growth forests.Still,they have found some features
9、 that many old-growth forests share.Many scientists agree that an old-growth forest must be at least 150 years old.The age of each tree in the forest may vary widely,however.The forests structure must also be complex.This means that the canopy must have varying layers with large trees,both living an
10、d dead(or dying).Fallen trees create holes in the canopy where young trees can find the sunlight to grow.Fallen trees and upright dead trees,called snags,provide food and shelter for many animals,plants,and fungi.Some of these species live nowhere else on Earth.Old-growth forests are some of the mos
11、t beautiful and scientifically interesting places on Earth.Yet because of humans,many of them have shrunk or disappeared.By carefully studying and protecting the ones that remain,we can understand the complex and delicate ecosystems they create.Forest LevelsForest LevelsForest LevelsCanopyTall trees
12、 like pines,maples,and oaksUnderstorySmall trees and bushesForest floorGrasses,mosses,ferns,and logsWoods of Wonder Level R78Sequoia vs.RedwoodGiant redwoods and giant sequoias both grow in California.They have the same color bark.Both are huge,but theyre different.Giant redwoods are the tallest tre
13、es in the world.They can reach up to 378 feet(115 m)!Giant sequoias are the largest.At up to 40 feet(12 m)in diameter,they can grow almost twice as wide as redwoods.Redwoods grow best in fog.Sequoias need dry heat for their cones to open.Redwoods grow near sea level.Sequoias grow at 5,000 to 7,000 f
14、eet(1,524 to 2,134 m).United StatesSequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks in California together cover more than 1,353 square miles(3,504 sq km).They hold more than 300 square miles(777 sq km)of old-growth forest.This forest includes a variety of tree species,mostly coniferous but deciduous as well
15、.One of the most amazing of these is the giant sequoia.Found only in California,these huge trees are among the oldest on Earth.They can live for more than 3,000 years.A giant sequoia known as the General Sherman Tree is the largest tree in the world.Thousands of creatures live in the park,including
16、the Pacific fisher.This relative of the weasel lives under the thick canopy in old-growth forests.It hunts birds and small mammalsbut its favorite meal is porcupine.Because its habitat is limited to old-growth forests,it is now rare in California,Oregon,and Washington.The General Sherman Tree is the
17、 largest tree on the planet(but not the tallest).FisherWoods of Wonder Level RSequoiaRedwood910Tough,Not TallNot all old-growth forests feature towering trees.In some harsh places exposed to fierce and frigid winds,pines,spruces,and other coniferous trees become stunted and twisted.These trees are c
18、alled Krummholz,a German word meaning“crooked wood.”They live near the Arctic and near timberline,the boundary on a mountain where the trees stop growing.They never grow much over 6 feet(1.8 m)tall,but dont let their size fool you:Some are one thousand years old.Across the United States in the Appal
19、achian Mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee,Great Smoky Mountains National Park covers more than 800 square miles(2,072 sq km).Almost all of the park is forest,with old-growth forests only making up about 25 percent.Deciduous trees make up most of the old-growth forests in this area.Species inc
20、lude dogwood,Carolina silverbell,magnolia,American beech,yellow bird,and maple,among others.The endangered Carolina northern flying squirrel makes its home among these trees.These small mammals dont actually fly.They use skin attached at their front and back paws to glide.They mostly eat fungi and l
21、ichens but may also feed on fruits and nuts.Without the old-growth forest,these animals would vanish.Autumn is colorful in Great Smoky Mountains National Park.Northern flying squirrelWoods of Wonder Level R1112JapanIn the northern part of Japan sits Shirakami-Sanchi.Its one of the last untouched old
22、-growth forests in East Asia.Made up mostly of Seibolds beech trees,the area covers just 65 square miles(170 sq km)of the Shirakami Mountains.Forests like this one once covered most of northern Japan,but many have been cut down.Almost completely untouched by humans,Shirakami-Sanchi has no trails or
23、structures.Because of its steep slopes,no trees have been cut down.Wildlife within the area is protected,although hunters called Matagi are sometimes allowed to hunt bears as part of their religion.The forest is also home to the Japanese serow.This goatlike animal is only found here and in two other
24、 small areas in Japan.More than 2,100 insect species and 87 bird species live in the forestsincluding the black woodpecker,an endangered species in Japan.Japanese serowBlack woodpeckersA Seibolds beech tree reaches for the sun in Shirakami-Sanchi,Japan.Woods of Wonder Level R1314RussiaRussias Wester
25、n Caucasus region stretches about 1,062 square miles(2,750 sq km)from the Black Sea to the Caucasus Mountains.Protected within Caucasus State Biosphere Reserve and Sochi National Park,this area shows great diversity.Coniferous trees make up most of the forests.Different species,such as pine,cedar,fi
26、r,and spruceas well as beech and oak(both deciduous)grow in different areas and at different elevations.A variety of endangered animals make their home in these forests.Some scientists think that a very small number of endangered snow leopards survive there.No sightings have been reported for years,
27、but scientists still find signs of the large cats,such as paw prints and scat.The endangered wisent,or European bison,has also been returned to the forest.The last wild wisent was killed in the Western Caucasus in 1927.People set captive wisents free in the area in 1940.Fallen trees like this fir ca
28、n nurse along other plants in this old-growth forest in the Caucasus region of Russia.WisentsSnow leopardsWoods of Wonder Level R1516The Future of Old-Growth ForestsOld-growth forests often contain very complex ecosystems that have been supporting life for hundreds or even thousands of years.Governm
29、ents,national parks,and organizations protect many of these places.However,other old-growth forests,both small and large,are in danger.Human actions can damage or destroy these delicate ecosystems.Once gone,the beauty and scientific information that these old-growth forests hold may be lost forever.
30、Glossarycanopy(n.)the part of a forest where the tops of trees form a dense layer of foliage(p.5)coniferous(adj.)referring to a large group of plants,mostly trees,that grow cones and have leaves shaped like needles or scales(p.7)deciduous(adj.)having leaves that drop off in the fall and grow back in
31、 the spring(p.7)diversity(n.)a wide variety of many things(p.13)ecosystems(n.)communities of living things together with their habitat (p.6)endangered(adj.)in danger of dying out completely(p.10)old-growth(adj.)of or relating to very old forests(p.4)reserve(n.)a place where wild plants and animals are protected(p.13)species(n.)a group of living things that are physically similar and can reproduce(p.5)Laws prevent logging in some old-growth forests but not others.People continue to debate how much protection is enough.Woods of Wonder Level R